KYC (Yazi Ikhasimende Lakho)

KYC, okuyisifinyezo sokuthi Yazi Ikhasimende Lakho, yinqubo elawulwayo izikhungo zezimali eziyisebenzisayo ukuze ziqinisekise ukuthi amakhasimende azo angobani, ziqonde inhloso yobudlelwano, futhi zihlole ubungozi obulethwa yikhasimende. Kuyisidingo esingokomthetho ezindaweni eziningi futhi kusebenza ngaphambi kokuba i-akhawunti ivulwe futhi ngokuqhubekayo ngemva kwalokho.

I-KYC ikhona ukuvikela izikhungo zezimali ukuthi zingasetshenziswa — ngamabomu noma ngenye indlela — ekushushumbiseni imali, ekuxhaseni ubuphekula, ekukhwabaniseni, ekugwemeni unswinyo nasekugwemeni intela. Ingxenye ebhekene namakhasimende yohlelo olubanzi olumelene nokushushumbiswa kwemali (AML) lokuthobela.

Lesi sibopho asigcini emabhange kuphela. Ngokuvamile sisebenza ezikhungweni zezimali ezincane, ezinyunyaneni zezikweletu nakuma-SACCO, kubanikezeli bezinkokhelo, kubaqhubi bemali yomakhalekhukhwini, kwabashwalense, ezinkampanini zezibambiso, kubanikezeli bezinsiza zezimpahla ze-crypto, futhi ezindaweni eziningi kubameli, kubabhali bamabhuku, kubathengisi bezindlu nakubadayisi bezinsimbi eziyigugu.

Kungani i-KYC ikhona

Umisi wezinga lomhlaba wonke yi- Financial Action Task Force (FATF), inhlangano yamazwe eyasungulwa ngo-1989 izincomo zayo ezakha isisekelo semithetho eminingi kazwelonke ye-AML. Isincomo 10 se-FATF sibeka izibopho zokuhlolisisa amakhasimende, futhi amazwe angamalungu azifaka emthethweni wasekhaya naseziqondisweni zabalawuli.

Ngenxa yokuthi ukuqaliswa kungenziwa ngokwamazwe, amadokhumenti athile, imikhawulo yezimali kanye nezikhathi zokwenziwa ziyehluka ngokwendawo — kodwa uhlaka oluyisisekelo luyefana cishe yonke indawo: khomba ikhasimende, qinisekisa ubunikazi, qonda ubudlelwano, linganisa ubungozi, futhi uqaphe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Izinsika ezine ze-KYC

1. Uhlelo lokuhlonza ikhasimende (CIP)

Ukuqoqa ulwazi lokuhlonza nokuluqinisekisa ngokuluqhathanisa nemithombo ethembekile, ezimele. Kumuntu ngamunye lokhu ngokuvamile kuba igama eligcwele, usuku lokuzalwa, ikheli lokuhlala kanye nenombolo kamazisi ekhishwe uhulumeni. Ukuqinisekisa kungaba ngamadokhumenti (idokhumenti kamazisi kanye nobufakazi bekheli) noma okungelona idokhumenti (ukuqhathanisa imininingwane nohlu lwedatha kazwelonke lwamazisi, ibhuro lezikweletu noma irekhodi le-telecom).

2. Ukuhlola Ikhasimende Ngokucophelela (CDD)

Kudlulela ngale kobunikazi ukuze uqonde ikhasimende: uhlobo nenhloso yobudlelwano, umthombo wezimali olindelekile, iphethini elindelekile lokuthengiselana, kanye — ezinkampanini — nokwakheka kobunikazi nokulawula. I-CDD ikhiqiza isisekelo okwahlulelwa ngaso umsebenzi wesikhathi esizayo.

3. Ukuhlola Okuthuthukisiwe (EDD)

Ukuhlolwa okwengeziwe kwamakhasimende asengcupheni ephezulu. I-EDD ngokuvamile idinga imvume yabaphathi abaphezulu ukuze ikhasimende lamukelwe, ubufakazi obubhaliwe bomthombo wengcebo kanye nowomthombo wezimali, nokubuyekezwa kaningi. Izinto ezivusa lokhu ngokuvamile zihlanganisa:

• Abantu abavezwe kwezepolitiki (PEPs) — abantu abaphethe izikhundla eziphakeme zomphakathi, kanye namalungu emindeni yabo nabasondelene nabo
• Amakhasimende azinze noma athengiselana nezindawo ezinobungozi obukhulu noma ezingaphansi konswinyo
• Izinhlaka eziyinkimbinkimbi zobunikazi, amatrasti, noma izinhlangano ezinamasheya angabhalisiwe
• Amabhizinisi asebenzisa ukheshi omningi, amabhizinisi ahlinzeka ngezinsiza zemali kanye neminye imikhakha enobungozi obukhulu
• Okutholakala emithonjeni yezindaba okungekuhle noma ingcebo engenakuchazwa

4. Ukuqapha okuqhubekayo

I-KYC akusiyona into eyenzeka kanye kuphela. Izikhungo kufanele ziqaphe ukuthengiselana ngokuqhathanisa nephrofayili elindelekile, zihlole amakhasimende ngokubhekisa ezinhlwini zonswinyo nezama-PEP ngokuqhubekayo, zivuselele amarekhodi amakhasimende ngezikhathi ezithile, futhi ziphenye futhi zibike umsebenzi osolisayo ophikweni lukazwelonke lwezobunhloli bezezimali.

Inqubo ye-KYC igxathu negxathu

1. Qoqa ulwazi lokuhlonza namadokhumenti adingekayo ekwamukelweni kwekhasimende.
2. Qinisekisa ulwazi ngokuluqhathanisa nemithombo ezimele — ubhaliso lukazwelonke lwamazisi, ubhaliso lwamabhizinisi, ibhuro lezikweletu, noma ukuhlolwa kobuqiniso bwedokhumenti kanye nokuhlolwa kwebhayometrikhi.
3. Hlola ikhasimende ngokubhekisa ezinhlwini zonswinyo, kuzizindalwazi zama-PEP nasemithonjeni yezindaba enolwazi olungekuhle.
4. Khomba abanikazi abahlomulayo ezinhlanganweni zomthetho — abantu abangokwemvelo abagcina bengabanikazi noma belawula ikhasimende. Izindawo eziningi zisebenzisa umkhawulo wobunikazi ongama-25% njengesiqalo, kanye nokuhlolwa okuhlukile kokulawula.
5. Kala ubungozi bekhasimende, ngokuvamile buhlukaniswe ngamazinga aphansi, aphakathi naphezulu, kuye ngendawo, umkhiqizo, isiteshi, umsebenzi noma imboni, kanye nephrofayili yetransekshini elindelekile.
6. Gunyaza noma udlulise. Amakhasimende anobungozi obuphansi angafaneleka ukuthola ukuhlolwa okwenziwe lula; amakhasimende anobungozi obuphezulu adinga i-EDD nokugunyazwa kwabaphathi abaphezulu.
7. Qapha futhi uvuselele. Ukuqapha amatransekshini kuqhutshwa ngokuqhubekayo; imijikelezo yokubuyekeza ngezikhathi ezithile ivamise ukuba minyaka yonke engozini ephezulu, futhi ibe njalo eminyakeni emibili kuya kwemihlanu engozini ephansi, kube nokubuyekezwa okususelwa ezenzakalweni lapho kukhona okushintshile.

Imibhalo evamile ye-KYC

Abantu ngabanye

• Umazisi onesithombe okhishwe uhulumeni — umazisi kazwelonke, iphasiphothi, ilayisense yokushayela.
• Ubufakazi bekheli — ibhili lezinsiza, isitatimende sasebhange, isivumelwano sokuqasha, noma incwadi evela esiphathimandleni esaziwayo.
• Inombolo yentela noma inombolo kamazisi kazwelonke lapho kusebenza khona.
• Isithombe noma ukuhlolwa kobuphila, ekungenisweni kwedijithali.

Amabhizinisi (Yazi Ibhizinisi Lakho, noma i-KYB)

• Isitifiketi sokubhaliswa kwenkampani noma ukubhaliswa kwebhizinisi.
• Imemorandamu nama-athikili enhlangano, noma imibhalo yomthethosisekelo elinganayo.
• Irejista yabaqondisi nabanikazi bamasheya.
• Ubufakazi bekheli lebhizinisi elibhalisiwe.
• Isinqumo sebhodi noma igunya elikhomba abasayini abagunyaziwe.
• Imibhalo kamazisi yabaqondisi, abasayini abagunyaziwe nabanikazi bangempela.
• Ukubhaliswa kwentela kanye, lapho kufanele khona, nelayisense yokuhweba noma yokusebenza.

i-eKYC nokuqinisekiswa kwedijithali.

eKYC ukwenza nge-elekthronikhi kwezibopho ezifanayo. Esikhundleni sokuqoqa amaphepha, isikhungo siqinisekisa ubunikazi ngezindlela zedijithali:

• Ukuthwebulwa kwedokhumenti kusetshenziswa ukuhlolwa okuzenzakalelayo kobuqiniso.
• Ukufanisa ngebhayometriki — i-selfie noma ukuhlolwa kobuphila kuqhathaniswa nesithombe sikamazisi.
• Ukuqinisekisa okuqondile ngezizindalwazi zikamazisi kazwelonke noma amarejista.
• Ukuqhathanisa idatha yomhlinzeki wenethiwekhi kamakhalekhukhwini kanye nedatha yehhovisi lezikweletu.
• Isiginesha ye-elekthronikhi kanye nokuqoshwa kwemvume okunomkhondo wokuhlolwa.

i-eKYC ifinyeza ukubhaliswa kusuka ezinsukwini kuya emizuzwini futhi isusa ukuncika egatsheni. Iphinde ihlanganise ubungozi: ukuhlasela ngokwethula, ubunikazi obakhiwe kanye nokukhwabaniswa kwemibhalo konke kuqondise ekuhlolweni okuzenzakalelayo, ngakho izikhungo eziningi zigcina ukubuyekezwa okwenziwa ngabantu ezimeni ezingavamile nakumaphrofayili anobungozi obuphezulu.

KYC vs AML vs CDD vs KYB

• AML (Ukulwa Nokushushumbiswa Kwemali): Uhlelo oluphelele lokuthobela — izinqubomgomo, izilawuli, ukuqapha, ukubika, ukuqeqeshwa, kanye nokuhlolwa kwamabhuku.
• KYC (Yazi Ikhasimende Lakho): Ingxenye ebhekene nekhasimende ye-AML — ukukhomba, ukuqinisekisa, nokukala ubungozi bamakhasimende.
• CDD (Ukuhlolwa Okujulile Kwekhasimende): Umsebenzi wokuhlola ngokukhuthala ngaphakathi kwe-KYC — ukuqonda inhloso, umthombo wezimali, nobunikazi.
• KYB (Yazi Ibhizinisi Lakho): I-KYC esetshenziswa kumakhasimende ebhizinisi, kuhlanganise nokukhomba abanikazi bangempela.
• EDD (Ukuhlolwa Okujulile Okuthuthukisiwe): Uhlobo oluthuthukisiwe lwe-CDD lwamakhasimende asengcupheni ephezulu.

Ngamafuphi: i-CDD ne-EDD yizingxenye ze-KYC, i-KYC iyingxenye ye-AML, futhi i-KYB iyi-KYC yezinhlangano.

Izindleko, izithiyo nokubandakanywa kwezezimali.

I-KYC ibeka izindleko zangempela kuzo zombili izinhlangothi zobudlelwano.

Ezikhungweni, kusho ingqalasizinda yokuqinisekisa, ukubhaliselwa ukuhlola, abasebenzi bokuthobela, amasistimu okuqapha nemikhankaso yokuvuselela ngezikhathi ezithile — izindleko ezingaguquki ikakhulukazi ezinomthwalo omkhulu kumaphothifoliyo anamanani amancane, anevolumu ephezulu lapho imali engenayo ngekhasimende ngalinye iphansi.

Kumakhasimende, izidingo zemibhalo zingaba isithiyo. Ubufakazi bekheli bunzima lapho izinhlelo zamakheli zingakahleleki; imibhalo kamazisi ayitholakali kuwo wonke umuntu; amaphepha okubhalisa kwebhizinisi angase aphelelwe yisikhathi noma angatholakali kubahwebi abancane. Kungakho i-FATF kanye nabalawuli bakazwelonke begcizelela ngokusobala indlela esekelwe engozini: ukusebenzisa ukuhlola okwenziwe lula emikhiqizweni enobungozi obuphansi obubonakalayo — ama-akhawunti anamabhalansi amancane, ama-wallet eselula anomkhawulo, izikweletu zenani elincane — ukuze ukuthobela kungabandlululi amakhasimende okuhloswe ukuthi izinhlelo zezezimali ziwafinyelele.

Kukhona futhi ukungezwani okuqhubekayo nomthetho wokuvikelwa kwedatha. I-KYC iphoqa ukuqoqwa nokugcinwa kwedatha yomuntu siqu eningi, kanti izimiso zobumfihlo zidinga ukuncishiswa kwedatha, ukukhawulelwa kwenhloso, ukuphepha kanye nezikhathi ezibekiwe zokugcinwa. Izikhungo kufanele zanelise zombili: qoqa lokho imithetho ye-AML ekudingayo, kugcine isikhathi esibekiwe sokugcinwa, kuvikele, futhi kusule lapho kungekho sibopho esisebenzayo.

Imiphumela ye-KYC ebuthakathaka

Ukuphoqelela kubalulekile futhi kusobala. Abalawuli babeke izinhlawulo ezinkulu kakhulu ezikhungweni ngenxa yokwehluleka kwesistimu ye-KYC ne-AML, futhi imiphumela idlulela ngale kwezinhlawulo iye emiyalweni yokulungisa, emikhawulweni yebhizinisi, ezivumelwaneni zokubambezela ukushushisa, esibophweni somuntu siqu sezikhulu zokuthobela, emibandeleni yelayisense kanye nokuhoxiswa. Ukufinyelela ebhange lokuxhumana — ikhono lokuhambisa imali emazweni ngamazwe — ngokuvamile kuba isisulu sokuqala, okungaba usongo lokuphela esikhungweni esincane.