ROSCA

I-ROSCA — inhlangano yokonga nokubolekisana ejikelezayo — iyiqembu labantu lapho umuntu ngamunye enikela khona inani elinqunyiwe ngezikhathi ezithile esikhwameni esisodwa, esinikezwa ngokugcwele lilunga elilodwa umzuliswano ngamunye kuze kube yilapho wonke amalungu eselitholile kanye. Ayidingi bhange, ayidingi imali evela ngaphandle futhi ayidingi nzalo. Eyaziwa endaweni ngokuthi chilimba, chama, stokvel, susu, tanda namanye amagama amaningi.

Amaphuzu abalulekile

• I-ROSCA iwumbuthano wokonga nokubolekisana ovaliwe: iminikelo ingena, isikhwama sonke siyaphuma, ilunga elilodwa umzuliswano ngamunye, kuze kuphele umjikelezo futhi wonke umuntu asethathile ithuba.
• Ayikho imali egcinwa yiqembu futhi ngokuvamile ayikho inzalo ekhokhiswayo — i-ROSCA ilamula phakathi kwamalungu kunokuba ibolekise wona.
• Amalungu athola kusenesikhathi empeleni ayaboleka; amalungu athola kamuva empeleni ayonga. Isikhundla emzuliswaneni siwukuphela kwento enenani eyabiwayo.
• I-ROSCA ayifani ne-ASCA noma inhlangano yokonga nokubolekisa yasemakhaya (VSLA), lapho imali inqwabelana khona, ibolekiswa ngenzalo, futhi yabiwa ekupheleni komjikelezo.
• Isiyalo sincike esibambisweni senhlalo, hhayi ekuphoqelelweni ngokomthetho, okuyikho kokubili amandla amakhulu endlela kanye nengozi yayo eyinhloko.

Iyini i-ROSCA?

Inhlangano yokonga nokubolekisana ejikelezayo iyindlela endala futhi eyandile kakhulu ye-zimali zeqembu emhlabeni. Isakhiwo sayo sincane ngamabomu: inani elinqunyiwe lamalungu, umnikelo onqunyiwe, inkathi enqunyiwe, kanye no-hlelo olunqunyiwe lokukhokha. Uma le mibandela emine sekuvunyelwene ngayo, uhlelo luziqhuba ngokwalo.

Usomnotho u-F. J. A. Bouman wachaza ama-ROSCA njenge-bhange lomuntu ompofu, lapho imali ingahlali ingenzi lutho kodwa ihamba ngokushesha phakathi kwezandla, isiza izidingo zokusetshenziswa kanye nezokukhiqiza. Lokho kuthwebula umklamo obalulekile: i-ROSCA ayigcini mali. Noma yini engena ngosuku oluthile iphuma ngqo ngalo lolo suku.

Ubulungu ngokuvamile bakhelwa esisekelweni senhlalo esivele sikhona — ozakwethu emsebenzini, abahwebi emakethe, abesifazane endaweni, amalungu ebandla, noma umndeni owandisiwe. Lobu budlelwano obuvele bukhona yibo obenza uhlelo lusebenze, ngoba ngokuvamile asikho isivumelwano, asikho isibambiso futhi akukho ukuphendukela enkantolo.

Isebenza kanjani i-ROSCA

Indlela yokusebenza iqondakala kangcono ngesibonelo.

Amalungu ayishumi avumelana ukunikela ngo-500 inyanga ngayinye izinyanga eziyishumi. Njalo ngenyanga iqembu liqoqa u-5,000 futhi linikeze ilunga elilodwa yonke leyo mali. Ngenyanga yeshumi, ilunga ngalinye selikhokhile u-5,000 futhi lathola u-5,000. Umjikelezo ube usuphela, futhi ngokuvamile iqembu liyakheka kabusha komunye umzuliswano.

Manje bheka ukuthi kwenzekani empeleni kwababili babo:

• Ilungu elathola ngenyanga yoku-1 lakhokha u-500 futhi lahamba no-5,000. Labe selikhokha u-500 njalo ngenyanga ezinyangeni eziyisishiyagalolunye ezalandela. Empeleni, lathatha imalimboleko engenanzalo engu-4,500 futhi layikhokha ngezitolimende eziyisishiyagalolunye.
• Ilungu elathola ngenyanga ye-10 lakhokha u-500 njalo ngenyanga izinyanga eziyishumi futhi lathola u-5,000 ekupheleni. Empeleni, lasebenzisa i-akhawunti yokonga engenanzalo.

Wonke amanye amalungu ahlala endaweni ethile esikalini esiphakathi kwalezi zikhundla ezimbili. Lesi yisici sezomnotho esichazayo se-ROSCA: isamba sihlala silingana ngobukhulu, ngakho okuwukuphela kwento okusatshalaliswayo isikhathi. Izikhundla zakuqala zinenani elingaphezulu kunezakamuva, futhi indlela iqembu eliyisebenzisayo ukuzabela yiyona ehlukanisa uhlobo olulodwa lwe-ROSCA kolunye.

Imigomo evamile

• Umjikelezo: Umjikelezo owodwa ophelele lapho ilungu ngalinye lithola isamba kanye.
• Isamba / ikhithi / isandla: Inani eligcwele eliqoqwa emzuliswaneni futhi likhokhwa ilungu elilodwa.
• Umzuliswano / ithuba: Umcimbi owodwa wokuqoqa nokukhokha.
• Umnikelo: Inani elinqunyiwe ilungu ngalinye elilikhokhayo ngomzuliswano ngamunye.
• Ukulandelana: Ukulandelana lapho amalungu ethola khona isamba.
• Umhleli / umgcini-mali: Ilungu eliqoqayo, elibhalayo, nelikhiphayo imali, lapho iqembu linaye.

Izinhlobo ze-ROSCA

I-ROSCA yokungakhethi noma yelotho. Umamukeli ukhishwa ngenkatho emzuliswaneni ngamunye, abamukeli bangaphambilini bekhishiwe. Akekho owaziyo kusengaphambili ukuthi uzokwehlela kuphi, futhi lokho kwenza uhlelo lube nobulungiswa ngaphambi kwesenzakalo nakuba imiphumela ihluka ngemva kwalokho.

I-ROSCA yokulandelana okunqunyiwe. Ukulandelana kuvunyelwana ngakho ekuqaleni, ngokuvamile ngobudala, ngesidingo, ngokuxoxisana, noma ngokulandelana amalungu ajoyine ngakho. Amalungu amasha ngokuvamile angena ekupheleni komjikelezo.

I-ROSCA yokubhida noma yendali. Amalungu abhida ngenhloso yokuthola ilungelo lokuthatha isamba kusenesikhathi, ngokuvamile ngokunikeza ukwamukela isaphulelo kuso. Isaphulelo sabelwa amalungu asele. Lokhu kuguqula inzalo ecashile ehlobene nesikhundla ibe intengo esobala, enqunywa yimakethe — futhi yiyona ndlela eyenza ukuthi ama-ROSCA okubhida asebenze ngendlela efana kakhulu nemakethe yezikweletu yangempela kunekilabhu yokonga.

I-ROSCA yezimpahla. Iminikelo yenziwa ngokheshi kodwa ukukhokhwa kwenziwa ngezimpahla — izinto zokudla, izinto zokwakha, izinsiza zokulima, izinto zasendlini — ngokuvamile ezithengwa ngobuningi ngesaphulelo. Lezi zivamile njengamasu okuphela konyaka noma enkathi ethile yonyaka futhi zinciphisa ubungozi bokuthi inkokhelo enkulu yokheshi isaphazeke.

I-ROSCA yedijithali. Amapulatifomu asekelwe ezinhlelweni zokusebenza nasemalini yeselula azenzakalela ukuqoqwa, ukuhlelwa, ukugcinwa kwamarekhodi kanye nokukhokha, okunwebisa imodeli ngale kwamaqembu akwazi ukuhlangana ngokomzimba.

ROSCA vs ASCA vs VSLA

Lona umehluko ovame ukuhlanganiswa kakhulu, futhi ubalulekile — lezi zinhlaka ezimbili zinamashidi ebhalansi ahluke ngokuphelele.

• Izimali eziphethwe yiqembu: Akukho ku-ROSCA (kukhokhwa ngokushesha) kanti ku-ASCA / VSLA kuqoqwa esikhwameni sokubolekisa.
• Otholayo: Ilungu elilodwa emzulisweni ngamunye ngokushintshana kanti amalungu afaka isicelo futhi afanelekela ukuthola imalimboleko.
• Inzalo: Ngokuvamile ayikho ku-ROSCA kanti iyakhokhiswa ezimalimbolekweni zamalungu ku-ASCA / VSLA.
• Inani elitholwayo: Linqunyiwe futhi liyalingana kuwo wonke amalungu kanti lilinganiswa nesicelo nekhono lomuntu ngamunye.
• Imbuyiselo kwabongayo: Ayikho ku-ROSCA kanti isabelo esilinganiselwe semali engenayo yenzalo ngesikhathi sokwabiwa.
• Umthwalo wokugcinwa kwamarekhodi: Mncane kanti mkhulu (amabhalansi, inzalo, imibandela yemalimboleko).
• Ukuphela komjikelezo: Uphela lapho wonke umuntu esethole isamba kanye kanti isikhwama kanye nenzuzo kwabiwa ngokulingana.
• Ukuphatha: Kungakahleleki, ngokuvamile kungenawo izikhulu kanti kumiswe ngokusemthethweni ngezikhulu namaleja.

Inhlangano yokonga nokubolekisa (ASCA) igcina futhi ibolekise izimali zayo; inhlangano yokonga nokubolekisa yasemakhaya (VSLA) iwuhlobo lwe-ASCA oluhlelekile nolulandelwa ngendlela ethile olukhuthazwa izinhlangano zentuthuko, ngokuvamile olunebhokisi lokukhiya, umthethosisekelo obhaliwe, isikhwama senhlalakahle kanye nokwabiwa kwaminyaka yonke. Amaqembu amaningi asebenzisa zombili izinhlobo ngesikhathi esisodwa, futhi kwezinye izimakethe igama lendawo lihlanganisa zombili — i-chama yaseKenya, ngokwesibonelo, isetshenziselwa amaqembu ashintshanayo, amaqembu aqongelelayo kanye namakilabhu okutshala imali kuphela ngokufanayo.

I-ROSCA uma iqhathaniswa nezikhungo zezimali ezisemthethweni

• Isimo somthetho: Ngokuvamile akubhalisiwe kanti kubhalisiwe futhi, kulabo abamukela idiphozithi, kunelayisensi.
• Ukuphoqelela: Ingcindezi yomphakathi nedumela kanti inkontileka, isibambiso, izinkantolo, kanye namahhovisi ezikweletu.
• Izindleko: Empeleni akukho lutho uma kuqhathaniswa izinkokhelo zenzalo kanye nezimali zesevisi.
• Imbuyiselo yokonga: Akukho uma kuqhathaniswa nenzalo noma amadividendi.
• Ukuguquguquka kwenani: Iminikelo emisiwe nelinganayo uma kuqhathaniswa naleyo ehambisana nesidingo namandla omuntu ngamunye.
• Ukutholakala kwemali: Kutholakala kuphela ngesikhathi sakho uma kuqhathaniswa nokutholakala lapho kufunwa noma lapho imalimboleko igunyazwa.
• Ukuvikeleka: Akukho uma kuqhathaniswa nokugadwa ngokucophelela kanye neziqinisekiso zamadiphozithi lapho zikhona.
• Ukugcinwa kwamarekhodi: Ngokuvamile kuba ngokungahlelekile noma ngomlomo uma kuqhathaniswa namarekhodi ahlolekayo abikwa esikhungweni sezikweletu.

Kungani ama-ROSCA esebenza

Ayithuluzi lokuzibophezela. Ukonga uwedwa kudinga ukumelana nesilingo sokusebenzisa imali. Ukonga ku-ROSCA kwenza isibopho sibe ngesomphakathi — ukweqa umnikelo kusho ukuphoxa abantu ozophinde ubabone. Ucwaningo ngokubamba iqhaza kuma-ROSCA lugcizelele lo msebenzi, kuhlanganisa nokusetshenziswa kwawo ngabesifazane ukuvikela imali oyongile ezimfuno zasendlini.

Ayayixazulula inkinga yokungahlukaniseki. Izinto eziningi eziwusizo ezithengwayo — umshini wokuthunga, izimali zesikole, uphahla, isitoko sesitolo — azikwazi ukuthengwa ngezitolimende. Ukonga kancane ubheke isamba esikhulu kuyahamba kancane futhi kubuthaka; i-ROSCA iletha isamba esikhulu komunye umuntu kuyo yonke imzuliswano. Ngokwesilinganiso, wonke amalungu afinyelela umgomo wawo ngokushesha kunalokho ababengakuthola ngokonga yedwa.

Isibambiso senhlalo singena esikhundleni sesibambiso esibonakalayo. Amalungu abolekisa abantu abakwazi ukuzibonela ngokwabo udumo lwabo, amakhaya abo nendlela abaziphilisa ngayo. Ukuhlola, ukuqapha kanye nokuphoqelela — izindleko ezintathu ezenza ukubolekiswa kwezimali ezincane kubize kakhulu ezikhungweni ezisemthethweni — zithwalwa cishe mahhala yinethiwekhi yomphakathi.

Akukho mkhawulo wokulamula. Akukho basebenzi, izakhiwo, izindleko zekhephithali noma izindleko zokuthola imali okuphakathi komongayo nombolekayo, ngakho lolu hlelo lucishe lungabi nazindleko ngokwemali.

Alula. I-ROSCA ingachazwa ngomusho owodwa futhi iphathwe ngaphandle kokufunda nokubhala noma ukubala ngale kokubala. Lokhu akuyona inzuzo encane ezimakethe lapho kuyisithiyo esinqumayo ekwamukelweni kwemikhiqizo ehlelekile.

Izingozi nemikhawulo

Ukuhluleka ukukhokha ngemva kokuthola. Ubuthakathaka besakhiwo busobala: ilungu elithathe isamba kusenesikhathi linesisusa esinamandla sokuyeka ukunikela. Amaqembu aphatha lokhu ngokukhetha amalungu ngokucophelela, ngokubeka amalungu athembekile kusenesikhathi, ngokudinga abaqinisekisi, kanye nangendleko yedumela yokweqa ukukhokha emphakathini osondelene — kodwa ubungozi bukhona futhi bukhula ngobukhulu beqembu kanye nokuhlukana komphakathi.

Akukho mbuyiselo wokonga. Abamukeli bakamuva baboleka ngaphandle kwenzalo kulabo abathola kusenesikhathi futhi abaholi lutho. Lapho ukukhuphuka kwamanani entengo kukukhulu, ilungu elithola ngenyanga yeshumi nambili lithola amandla okuthenga angaphansi ngendlela ebonakalayo kunalawo elinikele ngawo.

Akukho ukuguquguquka. Umnikelo awushintshi kungakhathaliseki izimo zelungu ngaleyo nyanga, futhi imali ayifinyeleleki ngaphandle kokuthi kube yithuba lakho. I-ROSCA ayikwazi ukubhekana nesimo esiphuthumayo esingahambisani nokulandelana.

Izimali ezimisiwe futhi ngokuvamile ezingenele. Isamba sikhawulelwe ubukhulu bobulungu obuphindaphindwe ngomnikelo. Izidingo ezinkulu zezimali azikwazi ukuhlangabezana ngaphandle kokuhlela kabusha iqembu.

Ubungozi bomhleli. Lapho umuntu oyedwa eqoqa futhi ephethe izimali ngisho nangesikhashana nje, ukusetshenziswa kabi kwemali kungenzeka. Izikimu ezinkulu nezihlelwe ngokohwebo ziye zahluleka ngale ndlela.

Akukho ndlela yomthetho yokulungisa. Amaqembu angabhalisiwe ngokuvamile awanaso isivumelwano esiphoqelelekayo, awanalo ilungelo empahleni, futhi ayikho indlela eya enkantolo ekufanele izindleko zokuyilandela.

Ukudideka nezikimu zamaphiramidi. Izikimu zomgunyathi zivame ukusebenzisa ulimi lwe-ROSCA kanye nesakhiwo senhlalo kuyilapho zikhokha ababambiqhaza bokuqala ngemali yalabo ababhalisa kamuva. Isivivinyo sokuhlukanisa sicacile: i-ROSCA yangempela inobulungu obumisiwe nomjikelezo ovaliwe lapho isamba seminikelo silingana nesamba sezinkokhelo, futhi ayidingi ukubhaliswa kwabantu ukuze isebenze.

Ama-ROSCA emhlabeni wonke.

Lesi sikhungo siseduze nokutholakala emhlabeni wonke, futhi amagama aso asendaweni avamise ukwaziwa kangcono kunesifinyezo sesiNgisi.

• Zambia: Chilimba
• Kenya neTanzania: Chama, merry-go-round
• South Africa: Stokvel
• Ghana, Nigeria, neNtshonalanga Afrika: Susu, esusu, osusu, adashi
• Amazwe aseNtshonalanga nasePhakathi Afrika akhuluma isiFulentshi: Tontine, likelemba
• Ethiopia: Equb / ekub
• Somalia: Hagbad, ayuuto
• Egypt: Gam'eya
• India: Chit fund, committee, visi
• Pakistan: Kameti
• Indonesia: Arisan
• Philippines: Paluwagan
• INingizimu Korea: Gye
• I-China kanye ne-diaspora yamaShayina: Hui
• I-Mexico kanye ne-Latin America: Tanda, cundina
• I-Caribbean: Partner, pardna, box-hand

Ezinye zalezi sezenziwe zahleleka. I-India ilawula ama-chit funds ngomthetho, ngezidingo zokubhalisa, idiphozithi kanye nokuphathwa. Ama-stokvels aseNingizimu Afrika asebenza ngaphansi kokukhululwa okuqondile ngaphakathi kohlaka lwamabhange. Kodwa-ke, iziphathimandla eziningi zishiya ama-ROSCA ngokuphelele ngaphandle kwemithetho yezezimali, ziwaphatha njengezivumelwano eziyimfihlo phakathi kwabantu.

Kungani ama-ROSCA abalulekile ngale komkhakha ongahlelekile

Izinhlolovo zikazwelonke zokufakwa kwezezimali zihlale zithola ukuthi amaqembu ajikelezayo aphakathi kwezindlela zokonga ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ezimakethe ezisathuthuka — ngokuvamile zifinyelela abantu abadala abaningi kakhulu kunemikhiqizo yokonga ehlelekile. Ucwaningo lwe-FinScope lwaseZambia, ngokwesibonelo, luchaza i-chilimba ngokusobala njengeqembu elenza iminikelo emisiwe evamile ekhokhwa kwilungu ngalinye ngokulandelana okunqunywe kusengaphambili, futhi lilandelela njengesigaba esihlukile sokuziphatha kwezezimali.

Kubabolekisi abahlelekile kanye nabaqambi benqubomgomo, lokhu kunemiphumela emithathu. Ukubamba iqhaza kuma-ROSCA kuwubufakazi bokuziphatha kahle ekukhokheni kubantu abangenawo umlando wamakhredithi. Izindlela zokubolekisana ngamaqembu kwezokuxhasa ngezimali ezincane zitsheleka ngqo ekusebenziseni kwama-ROSCA isibambiso senhlalo kanye nokuphenduleka ngokuhlanganyela. Futhi ikhaya elithembekile elifaka isamba esinqunyiwe nyanga zonke selivele likhombisile ukuthi linamandla okukhokha — okuyilokho ukuhlolwa kokukhokhela okuzama ukukuthola.