Ukubolekisa okusekelwe esimilweni

Ukubolekisa okusekelwe esimilweni kuyindlela yekhredithi lapho isinqumo sokubolekisa sincike kakhulu esithunzini somboleki, emlandweni wokukhokha nasebudlelwaneni kunokuba sincike esibambisweni esibekiwe noma emaphuzwini ekhredithi asemthethweni. Umbuzo oyinhloko wombolekisi ngowokuthi ngabe umboleki uzimisele yini ukukhokha, okuhlolwa ngolwazi oluqondile ngomuntu noma ngebhizinisi.

Ngezinye izikhathi kubizwa ngokuthi ukubolekisa ngesimilo, ukubolekisa ngobudlelwano noma ukubolekisa usebenzisa isibambiso senhlalo — umqondo wokuthi ukuma komboleki emphakathini wakubo, emakethe noma kunethiwekhi yohwebo kusebenza esikhundleni sempahla ebonakalayo.

Ukubolekisa okusekelwe esimilweni kuvame kakhulu lapho ingqalasizinda yekhredithi esemthethweni incane noma lapho impahla yomboleki ingahlelekile: emikrolayimentini, ezinyunyaneni zezikweletu nakuma-SACCO, emabhange omphakathi, ezikweletini zohwebo ezingahlelekile nasekubolekiseni amabhizinisi amancane ezinkampanini ezingenazo izitatimende zezimali ezihloliwe.

Kusebenza kanjani ukubolekisa okusekelwe esimilweni

Inqubo yehlukile ekubolekiseni okuvikelekile okuvamile ngezindlela ezintathu: okuhlolwayo, indlela imalimboleko eyakhiwe ngayo, nendlela ukwehluleka ukukhokha okunqandwa ngayo.

Okuhlolwayo

• Umlando wokukhokha nombolekisi, nabahlinzeki, noma ngaphakathi eqenjini lokonga.
• Isikhathi sokuhlala nokuzinza — ukuthi umboleki usehwebele isikhathi esingakanani endaweni efanayo noma enze umsebenzi ofanayo.
• Ukuhlolwa kwesithunzi — izincomo ezivela kubahlinzeki, kumakhasimende, komakhelwane, kumalungu eqembu noma kubaholi bomphakathi.
• Ukuqinisekiswa endaweni — isikhulu semalimboleko esivakashela ibhizinisi, esibala isitoko, esibheka imali engenayo yansuku zonke.
• Imininingwane ehlukile — umlando wemisebenzi yemali yeselula, ukufaka i-airtime, izinkokhelo zezinsiza, amadiphozithi okonga, amaleja abahlinzeki.
• Ukugeleza kwemali kwasekhaya nokwebhizinisi okwakhiwe kabusha ngokubuka nangengxoxo kunokuba kuthathwe ezitatimendeni ezisemthethweni.

Indlela imalimboleko eyakhiwe ngayo

Ngenxa yokuthi ayikho impahla engathathwa, ukwakheka kwemalimboleko kuthwala ubungozi obungathwalwa yisibambiso ngenye indlela:

• Izimalimboleko zokuqala ezincane. Imalimboleko yokuqala yenziwa ngamabomu ibe ngaphansi kwalokho umboleki angakwazi ukukuphatha, ukuze ubungozi bombolekisi ngesikhathi esingakaqinisekiswa bube buncane.
• Ukubolekisa okuqhubekayo (ngezinyathelo). Imalimboleko ngayinye ekhokhwa ngempumelelo ivula umkhawulo omkhulu. Uhlu lungase luhamba kanje: $200 → $400 → $800 → $1,500, isinyathelo ngasinye sincike ekubeni nerekhodi elihlanzekile.
• Ukukhokha njalo. Izitolimende zamasonto onke noma zamaviki amabili ziveza izinkinga kusenesikhathi futhi zigcina ibhalansi engekakhokhwa iphansi uma iqhathaniswa nenani elikhishwe.
• Izikhathi ezimfushane zokuboleka. Izinyanga ezintathu kuya kweziyishumi nambili zivamile, okunciphisa ithuba lapho izimo zingaba zimbi kakhulu.
• Abaqinisekisi. Isiqinisekiso somuntu siqu noma umuntu osayina naye kwandisa indlela yokubuyisa imali ngaphandle kokudinga impahla ethile ebekiwe njengesibambiso.

Indlela okunqandwa ngayo ukwehluleka ukukhokha.

Izindlela ezintathu zingena esikhundleni sosongo lokuthathwa kwempahla:

1. Izikhuthazi eziguquguqukayo. Inzuzo yokuqhubeka nokufinyelela emalini ebolekwayo idlula inzuzo yokuyeka imalimboleko encane. Lokhu kuwumthetho oyinhloko ekubolekiseni okuqhubekayo, futhi kuncipha njengoba amanani emalimboleko ekhula.
2. Isibopho esihlanganyelwe. Ekubolekiseni kweqembu, amalungu ayaqinisekisana. Uma elilodwa lehluleka ukukhokha, iqembu likhokha okushodayo noma wonke amalungu alahlekelwa ukufinyelela. Ukukhetha ontanga nokuqapha ontanga kwenza umsebenzi umbolekisi angeke awenze ngezindleko eziphansi.
3. Izindleko zesithunzi. Ukwehluleka ukukhokha kuyabonakala emphakathini wezohwebo womboleki, futhi lokho kubonakala kuwukujeziswa ngokwako.

Ukubolekisa okusekelwe esimilweni uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izindlela zokubolekisa.

• Ukubolekisa okusekelwe esimilweni: Kunqunywa ngedumela, umlando wokukhokha, nobudlelwano. Ukuvikeleka okuyinhloko ekulahlekelweni: izikhuthazi zokufinyelela okuphindaphindiwe, iziqinisekiso, nesibopho esihlanganyelwe.
• Ukubolekisa okusekelwe esibambisweni: Kunqunywa ngenani lempahla ebekiwe njengesibambiso. Ukuvikeleka okuyinhloko ekulahlekelweni: ukubuyiswa kwemali ngokuthathwa nokudayiswa kwempahla.
• Ukubolekisa okusekelwe ekugelezeni kwemali: Kunqunywa ngemali engenayo ebhalisiwe noma i-EBITDA. Ukuvikeleka okuyinhloko ekulahlekelweni: ikhono lokukhokhela isikweletu nezibopho zesivumelwano.
• Ukubolekisa okusekelwe kumaphuzu esikweletu: Kunqunywa ngamaphuzu esikweletu ezibalo. Ukuvikeleka okuyinhloko ekulahlekelweni: ukunqunywa kwentengo yobungozi ezingeni lephothifoliyo ngokulahlekelwa okulindelekile.

Lezi azikhethi okukodwa kuphela. Ababolekisi abaningi bayazihlanganisa, futhi ukubolekisa okusekelwe esimilweni kuhlangana kakhulu nezingxenye ezibizwa ngokuthi isimilo kanye namandla ze-5 Cs zesikweletu. Okuhlukanisayo isisindo: imalimboleko iqhubeka ngobufakazi bobudlelwano ngisho noma kungekho sibambiso nemibhalo esemthethweni.

Lapho ukubolekisa okusekelwe esimilweni kusetshenziswa khona.

Imali encane ebolekwayo. Imodeli yesimanje isukela ezinhlelweni zokuboleka ngamaqembu ezaqalwa e-Bangladesh ngeminyaka yawo-1970 nawo-1980, ezinikeza imalimboleko encane engenasibambiso kubaboleki abangenampahla, abangenawo amafayela esikweletu futhi abangenawo amarekhodi asemthethweni emali engenayo. Amaqembu anesibopho esihlanganyelwe nemihlangano yokukhokha yamasonto onke kwaba yithempulethi izikhungo zemali encane emhlabeni wonke ezayisebenzisa.

Amanyunyana ezikweletu nama-SACCO. Ababolekisi abasekelwe kubulungu banomlando wokonga, amalungiselelo okudonswa emholweni kanye nesikhathi sobulungu — irekhodi elicebile lesimilo elakhiwe ngaphakathi esikhungweni ngokwaso. Izimali ezibolekwayo zivame ukwenziwa ngokuphindwa kwalokho okongiwe yilungu, zisekelwa abaqinisekisi abathathwe ebulungwini.

Ukubhanga komphakathi nobudlelwano. Amabhange amancane aboleka amabhizinisi endawo asewasebenze nawo iminyaka athembele olwazini olungakaze luvele esitatimendeni sezimali: indlela yokuziphatha komnikazi ngesikhathi sokuwohloka kwangaphambilini, uhlelo lokudlulisela phambili, kanye nekhwalithi yamakhasimende.

Isikweletu sezohwebo nesomhlinzeki. Abathengisi abathengisa ngobuningi abanikeza abathengisi imibandela yezinsuku ezingama-30 benza izinqumo ezincike esimilweni somuntu njalo, ezifakwa emanzuzweni hhayi enzalo.

Ezezimali ezingahlelekile. Izinhlangano zokonga nezikweletu ezijikelezayo, ababolekisi bemali kanye nokubolekisana kwemindeni kusebenza cishe ngokuphelele ngesibambiso senhlalo.

Kungani intengo iphezulu

Izimali mboleko ezisekelwe esimilweni somuntu ngokuvamile zinezilinganiso zenzalo ezingokwegama eziphakeme kunezimali mboleko ezinesibambiso. Izinto ezintathu ezidala izindleko zichaza ingxenye enkulu yomehluko, futhi ayikho kuzo eyinzuzo engajwayelekile:

• Akukho ukutholwa kwemali uma kukhona ukwehluleka ukukhokha. Njengoba kungekho mpahla engadayiswa, ukulahlekelwa okubangelwa ukwehluleka ukukhokha kusondela ku-100% yemali esele, uma kuqhathaniswa mhlawumbe nama-20–40% kumali mboleko enesibambiso esiqinile. Ukulahlekelwa okulindelekile — okuwumkhiqizo wamathuba okwehluleka ukukhokha kanye nokulahlekelwa okubangelwa ukwehluleka ukukhokha — ngakho-ke kuphakeme ngokuphindwe kaningana ngezinga elifanayo lokwehluleka ukukhokha.
• Izindleko eziphezulu ngeyunithi ngayinye ebolekiwe. Ukuvakashela emkhakheni, imihlangano yamaqembu kanye nokuqinisekisa ngesandla kubiza cishe okufanayo emalini mboleko engu-$300 njengakwemali mboleko engu-$30,000. Uma kusatshalaliswa phezu kwesamba esiyinhloko esincane kanye nesikhathi esifushane sokukhokha, leyo ndleko engagudluki iba yingxenye enkulu yezinga.
• Izibalo zesikhathi esifushane. Inkokhelo ebonakala ilingane ngokwemibandela ephelele iguqukela ezingeni lonyaka eliphezulu uma imali mboleko ithatha izinyanga ezine.

Izinzuzo

• Inweba isikweletu kubaboleki abakwazi ukukhokha kodwa abahluleka izivivinyo ezijwayelekile — akukho ncwadi yobunikazi bomhlaba, akukho siliphu somholo, akukho rekhodi lesikhungo sezikweletu, kodwa kunomlando wokuhweba onobufakazi.
• Kwakha ifayela lesikweletu. Imininingwane yezinkokhelo ekhiqizwa izimali mboleko zokuqala iba yisisekelo sobufakazi besikweletu esikhulu, esishibhile kamuva.
• Ithwebula imininingwane amaphuzu ayigejayo. Isikhulu semali mboleko esimazi umboleki kanye nemakethe sibona ukuwohloka ngaphambi kokuba kufinyelele esitatimendeni sezezimali.
• Izindleko eziphansi zokubhaliswa kwesibambiso. Akukho ukulinganiswa kwenani., akukho ukubhaliswa kwesibambiso, akukho nqubo yokuthathwa kwempahla.

Imikhawulo nezingozi.

• Akukwazi ukukhula kahle ngendlela ehlanzekile. Ukuhlola kuncike olwazini lobudlelwano oluphethwe yizikhulu ngazinye. Ukukhula, ukwandiswa kwamagatsha kanye ukushintshashintsha kwabasebenzi konke kuyakugugulela.
• Ukungahambisani nokuchema. Ngaphandle kwezindinganiso ezibhaliwe zokunikeza amaphuzu, izikhulu ezimbili zingafinyelela ezinqumweni ezihlukile efayeleni elifanayo, futhi ukwahlulela okuqondene nomuntu kungafaka ukuchema.
• Ingozi yomuntu osemqoka. Uma isikhulu semali mboleko esinesikhathi eside sishiya, isikhungo silahlekelwa isisekelo sokuhlola iphothifoliyo yabo yonke.
• Izikhuthazo ezibuthakathaka emalini mboleko emikhulu. Isithiyo sokufinyelela okuphindaphindiwe siyayeka ukusebenza uma imali mboleko eyodwa isibaluleke kakhulu kumboleki kunobudlelwano besikhathi esizayo.
• Ukuba sengozini ekushaqekeni okuhlotshaniswayo. Isibopho esihlanganyelwe siyehluleka lapho isomiso, ukuvalwa kwemakethe noma ukushaqeka kwemali kuthinta wonke amalungu eqembu ngasikhathi sinye — khona kanye lapho isiqinisekiso sidingeka khona.
• Ukweleta ngokweqile. Lapho ababolekisi abaningana bebolekela ababoleki abafanayo ngaphandle kwedatha ehlanganyelwe yehhovisi lezikweletu, ukuchayeka okungenasibambiso kunqwabelana ngokungabonakali.

Indlela ababolekisi abenza ngayo ukuthi kungaguquguquki kangcono.

Izikhungo eziphethe amaphothifoliyo asekelwe esimilweni ngezinga elikhulu ngokuvamile zikwenza kube semthethweni ukwahlulela kunokuba zikuyeke:

• Amakhadi okushaya amaphuzu ahlelekile aguqula ukuhlola okusekelwe embonweni kube izinkambu ezinamaphuzu nesisindo, ukuze izinqumo ziqhathaniseke futhi zihloleke
• Ireferensi ebhaliwe kanye nezidingo zokuqinisekisa kunokuba kube ngokubona kwesikhulu
• Ukushaywa kwamaphuzu ngemininingwane ehlukile kusetshenziswa imali yeselula, ukonga kanye nomlando wokuthengiselana ukuze kwakhiwe isignali ephindekayo
• Ukuqapha iphothifoliyo ngeqembu nangesikhulu, ukulandelela iphothifoliyo esengozini (PAR) ngesikhulu semalimboleko, igatsha, umkhiqizo kanye nenyanga yokukhishwa kwemali ukuze kutholakale ukuphambuka kwekhwalithi yokunquma ukuboleka
• Ukuvunywa kukamenzi nomhloli, kuhlukanisa isikhulu esisungula kumuntu ogunyazayo