Imali ebolekisiwe esengozini (PAR)

Imali ebolekisiwe esengozini (portfolio at risk) yiphesenti lezikweletu zakho ezisasele elikwabantu ababolekile abanenkokhelo esilele. Yinombolo ebhekwa kakhulu kunazo zonke ebhizinisini lokubolekisa, ngoba iphendula umbuzo obuzwa kuqala yiwo wonke umbolekisi, umxhasi ngezimali nomlawuli: yimalini kwimali okweletwayo ebonisa izimpawu zokuthi ingase ingabuyi?

Okubalulekile yilokho okungena kunombolo engenhla. I-PAR ayibali inkokhelo eyodwa ephuthiwe. Ibala yonke imali esasele yesikweletu ngasinye esinanoma iyiphi inkokhelo esilele. Umuntu okweleta u-10 000 futhi ophuthelwe yinkokhelo eyodwa ka-500 wengeza u-10 000 kwimali yakho esengozini, hhayi u-500.

Lokhu kwenziwa ngamabomu. Uma nje umbolekile ephutha inkokhelo eyodwa, sonke isikweletu siba sengabazweni, hhayi ingxenye ayeqile kuphela.

Ifomula ye-PAR

markup

PAR (izinsuku ezingu-N) = Imali esasele yezikweletu ezinenkokhelo esilele
                          ngaphezu kwezinsuku ezingu-N
                          ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
                          Isamba sezikweletu ezisasele

Zombili lezi zibalo zibalwa ngosuku olufanayo. Inombolo engezansi yiyo yonke imali esasele — yonke imali eyinhloko osaykweletwayo, izikweletu ezikhokhwayo nezingakhokhwa zihlangene.

Isibonelo esibaliwe. Izincwadi zakho zine-2 000 000 esasele kwizikweletu ezingu-400. Izikweletu ezingamashumi amathathu nanye zinenkokhelo esilele ngaphezu kwezinsuku ezingu-30, futhi lezo zikweletu ezingamashumi amathathu nanye zinemali esasele ehlangene engu-180 000.

PAR 30 = 180 000 ÷ 2 000 000 = 9%

Kungani "izinsuku ezingu-N" zibalulekile

I-PAR ihlala ishiwo nomkhawulo: PAR 1, PAR 14, PAR 30, PAR 90. Umkhawulo ubeka ukuthi inkokhelo kufanele isilele kangakanani ngaphambi kokuba isikweletu sibalwe njengesisengozini.

Isiko elisetshenziswa cishe yiwo wonke umuntu liyahlanganisa futhi liyafaka. I-PAR 30 isho zonke izikweletu ezinenkokhelo esilele izinsuku ezingu-30 nangaphezulu — okuhlanganisa izikweletu ezisilele izinsuku ezingu-60, 90 nezingu-200. Ngakho-ke:

• PAR 1 ⊇ PAR 30 ⊇ PAR 90
• I-PAR 1 izohlala iyinombolo enkulu kunazo zonke, i-PAR 90 ibe encane kunazo zonke
• Lezi zinombolo azihloselwe ukuhlanganiswa ndawonye

Lena yincazelo esetshenziswa yi-CGAP, eyayisetshenziswa yi-MIX Market ngaphambi kokuvalwa kwayo, kanye namabhange amakhulu amaningi nabaxhasi bentuthuko. Uma uthumela isibalo se-PAR 30 kumtshalizimali, yilokhu azocabanga ukuthi ukusho.

I-PAR ayifani nezigaba zobudala besikweletu (aging buckets)

Izigaba zobudala besikweletu — izinsuku ezingu-1–30, 31–60, 61–90, 90+ — azihlangani. Isikweletu ngasinye sivela esigabeni esisodwa kuphela, futhi izigaba zihlangana zenze isamba sezikweletu zakho ezisilele.

Imikhawulo ye-PAR iyagqagqana. Ngamunye uhlanganisa lawo angaphezu kwawo.

Zombili lezi zindlela ziwusizo futhi ababolekisi abaningi bazidinga zombili. Izigaba zobudala zikutshela ukuthi ukusilela kugxile kuphi nokuthi kuhamba kanjani inyanga nenyanga. I-PAR ikutshela ubungako bengozi ejulile ethile. Iphutha ukuzixuba kuthebula elilodwa ungachazi ukuthi yikuphi okuyikuphi, ngoba imenenja yegatsha efunda "PAR 30: 9%" eceleni kwe-"PAR 60: 6%" izobala umuntu oyedwa okweletayo kabili, noma icabange ukuthi lezi zinombolo kufanele zihlanganiswe. Akufanele zihlanganiswe.

Uma ubika kokubili, kubize ngokucacile. "Izinkokhelo ezisilele ngaphezu kwezinsuku ezingu-30" kwi-PAR. "Izikweletu ezisilele izinsuku ezingu-31 kuya kwezingu-60" kwizigaba.

Okuhle nokubi kubukeka kanjani

Izilinganiso zihlala zishiwo ngokuqhathaniswa ne-PAR 30. Amazinga alinganiselwe embonini:

PAR 30IncazeloNgaphansi kuka-5%Kunempilo. Kujwayelekile ezincwadini eziphathwa kahle.5% – 10%Bhekisisa. Kukhona okushelelayo ekuqoqweni kwezimali noma ekuhloleni izikweletu.Ngaphezu kuka-10%Kubucayi. Lindela imibuzo kubaxhasi nakubalawuli.

Kuthathe njengesiqalo, hhayi njengomthetho. Izinga lakho lincike kakhulu kulokho okubolekisayo:

• Ukubolekisa ngokudonswa eholweni kufanele kube ne-PAR ephansi kakhulu — ngokuvamile ngaphansi kuka-2% — ngoba inkokhelo ithathwa emthonjeni. Izincwadi zeholo ezingu-6% zinenkinga yangempela.
• Izikweletu ezincane ezingenasibambiso kubathengisi zinokusilela okuphakeme ngokwemvelo, futhi umbolekisi onesiyalo angasebenza ku-8% enamazinga amahle okubuyisa imali abe esazuza inzuzo.
• Ukubolekisa ngamaqembu okunomthwalo ohlanganyelwe kuvame ukuba ngaphansi kokubolekisa komuntu ngamunye emakethe efanayo, ngoba iqembu limelana nokushoda kwesikhashana ngaphambi kokuba kufike kuwe.
• Izincwadi zezikhathi ezithile — ikakhulukazi ezolimo — zizokhuphuka ngendlela elindelekile ngaphambi kokuvuna. Qhathanisa nenyanga efanayo yonyaka odlule, hhayi inyanga edlule.

Zibekele imikhawulo yakho ngokuya ngomlando wakho nezindleko zemali yakho. Umkhuba okhuphukayo enombolweni ephansi ubaluleke kakhulu kunenombolo ephezulu emile.

Lapho i-PAR ikhohlisa khona buthule

I-PAR kulula ukuyibala futhi kulula ukuyisonta. Iningi lokusontwa akulona ukukhwabanisa — kungukubalwa kwezimali okuphambukile.

Izikweletu ezesuliwe ezishiywe ezincwadini. Uma wesula isikweletu kodwa ungasisusi kwimali esasele, sikhulisa zombili izinombolo futhi senze i-PAR yakho ibukeke izinzile ngamanga. Uma usisusa ngendlela efanele, i-PAR iyakhuphuka, ngoba inombolo engezansi incishisiwe kuyilapho izikweletu ezinempilo zisele. Leyo yinombolo eqotho. Ababolekisi abagwema ukwesula ngoba kulimaza isilinganiso, baqala ngokuzikhohlisa bona.

Izikweletu ezihlelwe kabusha zibuyiselwa kuziro. Ukuhlela kabusha isikweletu esisilele bese usibiza ngokuthi sikhokhwa kahle yindlela endala kunazo zonke yokwenza i-PAR ibukeke ingcono. Isikweletu esihlelwe kabusha ebesisilele izinsuku ezingu-90 asisona isikweletu esikhokhwa kahle ngosuku lokuqala lohlelo lwaso olusha. Landelela izikweletu ezihlelwe kabusha kumugqa ohlukene bese uzibika eceleni kwe-PAR, hhayi ngaphakathi kwayo.

Ukusilela okubhalwe ngosuku olungafanele. Uma inkokhelo bekufanele ikhokhwe ngomhla wesi-5, yamukelwa ngomhla wama-20, kodwa yabhalwa ngomhla wama-25, inani lezinsuku zokusilela lincike ngokuphelele kuluphi lolo suku olusetshenziswa uhlelo lwakho. Sebenzisa usuku okumele ikhokhwe ngalo nosuku lwangempela lwenkokhelo. Usuku lokubhala kuwumsebenzi wokuphatha, hhayi isenzakalo somuntu obolekile.

Izinkokhelo ezingaphelele ezabiwe ngokungafanele. Uma umuntu obolekile ekhokha ingxenye yenkokhelo bese uhlelo lwakho luyisebenzisa ngokulandelana okungafanele, isikweletu singabukeka sikhokhiwe kuyilapho imali eyinhloko isashoda — noma sibukeke sisilele kanti asisileli. Yingakho ukulandelana kokwabiwa kwenkokhelo kubalulekile: izinhlawulo, bese kulandela izimali zenkonzo, bese kulandela inzalo, bese kulandela imali eyinhloko, kusetshenziswa ngendlela efanayo njalo.

Izinkokhelo zangaphambili ezifihla ukusilela. Umuntu obolekile okhokha izinkokhelo ezimbili kusenesikhathi bese ephutha ezintathu angase abonise ibhalansi enhle uma iqhathaniswa nohlelo esibalweni esingajulile. I-PAR kufanele ihlolwe ngokumelene nenkokhelo emele ikhokhwe, hhayi ngesamba semali esikhokhiwe.

Izinombolo ezingezansi ezehlukene phakathi kwemibiko. Zonke izikweletu, ngemva kokususa izabelo, imali eyinhloko kuphela, imali eyinhloko kanye nenzalo emele itholakale — ngayinye inikeza i-PAR ehlukile. Khetha eyodwa, uyibhale phansi, futhi uyisebenzise yonke indawo. Ababolekisi abaningi kufanele basebenzise imali eyinhloko ephelele esasele.

I-PAR iwuphawu, hhayi ukuxilonga

Inombolo ye-PAR ikutshela ukuthi kukhona okungahambi kahle. Ayikutsheli ukuthi yini. Ifunde kanye ne:

• Izinga lokuqoqa imali — yiphesenti elingakanani lalokho obekumele kukhokhwe kule nyanga elaqoqwa ngempela. Izinga lokuqoqa elehlayo luwuphawu lokuqala; i-PAR iwuphawu olulandela emuva.
• Izigaba zobudala besikweletu — ingabe ukusilela kusha (izinsuku ezingu-1–30, kungalungiswa ngocingo) noma sekudala (90+, cishe imali ilahlekile)? Ababolekisi ababili abane-PAR 30 efanayo bangaba sezimweni ezehluke ngokuphelele.
• Amazinga okudlulela — yingxenye engakanani yesigaba sezinsuku ezingu-1–30 edlulela ku-31–60 ngenyanga elandelayo. Yilapho ubona khona ukuqoqwa kwemali kusebenza noma kwehluleka.
• Izabelo zokulahlekelwa yizikweletu — i-PAR ikutshela okusengozini; izabelo zikutshela ukuthi yimalini oseyibekele lokho.
• I-PAR ngesisebenzi, ngegatsha nangomkhiqizo — inombolo engu-9% yazo zonke izincwadi ivamise ukufihla igatsha elilodwa eliku-3% nelinye eliku-22%. Isilinganiso siyindlela engasizi neze yokubuka idatha.

Kungani ababolekisi abancane abaningi bengayiboni i-PAR yabo

Ifomula iyizibalo nje. Inkinga yidatha.

Ukubala i-PAR ngendlela efanele udinga, kwisikweletu ngasinye nangonoma yiluphi usuku: imali esasele, uhlelo oluphelele lwezinkokhelo ezimele zikhokhwe, inkokhelo ngayinye etholakele nosuku lwayo lwangempela, kanye nomthetho ozinzile wokuthi lezo zinkokhelo zabiwe kanjani. Kuspredishithi elinamakhulu ambalwa ezikweletu emagatsheni amathathu, lowo ngumsebenzi weviki — futhi lapho uqeda, inombolo isineviki ubudala.

Ngakho-ke akwenziwa. Esikhundleni salokho umbolekisi wazi cishe ukuthi obani abasilele ngoba isisebenzi sezikweletu sigcina uhlu, futhi isimo sangempela sivela kuphela lapho umxhasi esicela noma lapho igatsha lihlolwa. Ngaleso sikhathi, ukusilela okusha obekungabuyiswa ngocingo sekukhulele esigabeni sezinsuku ezingu-90.

I-PAR ayibalulekile njengombiko wokuphela kwenyanga. Ibalulekile ngoLwesibili ekuseni, lapho izikweletu eziye zasilela izinsuku ezi-5 ngempelasonto zisengasindiswa.