Inzalo yebhalansi enciphayo

Inzalo yebhalansi enciphayo ibalwa kususelwa enanini eliyinhloko elisasele, ibalwa kabusha isikhathi ngasinye njengoba umboleki ekhokha. Njengoba ibhalansi yehla, nenzalo ekhokhiswayo iyehla. Ibizwa nangokuthi ibhalansi eyehlayo, ibhalansi enciphayo noma inzalo e-amortised.

Isibalo sesikhathi ngasinye yilesi:

Interest for the period = outstanding principal × periodic rate

Umgomo osemva kwalokhu ulula: umboleki ukhokhela imali anayo ngempela. Uma inani eliyinhloko selikhokhiwe, ayisekho enye inzalo ekhokhiswayo phezu kwalo.

Lena yindlela evamile ekubolekeni okusemthethweni futhi iya ngokuya ifunwa abalawuli, ngoba enye indlela — i-flat rate — ikhokhisa inzalo emalini umboleki aseyibuyisile.

Indlela esebenza ngayo: isheduli ebaliwe

$6,000 ngezinga lika 24% ngonyaka kuzitolimende eziyisi-6 zanyanga zonke.

Monthly rate = 24% ÷ 12 = 2.0%
Instalment   = $1,071.15

Month   Opening      Instalment   Interest   Principal    Closing
1       $6,000.00    $1,071.15    $120.00    $951.15      $5,048.85
2       $5,048.85    $1,071.15    $100.98    $970.17      $4,078.68
3       $4,078.68    $1,071.15    $81.57     $989.58      $3,089.10
4       $3,089.10    $1,071.15    $61.78     $1,009.37    $2,079.73
5       $2,079.73    $1,071.15    $41.59     $1,029.56    $1,050.17
6       $1,050.17    $1,071.15    $21.00     $1,050.15        $0.00

Total repaid   = $6,426.90
Total interest = $426.90

Isitolimende asishintshi. Inzalo engaphakathi kuso yehla isuka ku-$120 iye ku-$21, futhi ingxenye yenani eliyinhloko ikhuphuka ngokufanayo.

Ukwehlukaniswa kwenzalo nenani eliyinhloko — kanye nokungaqondi kahle okuvamile

Ababoleki bavame ukuqaphela ukuthi izinkokhelo zokuqala zigcwele inzalo bese bephetha ngokuthi umbolekisi "ulayishe inzalo ngaphambili". Kuboleko lwebhalansi enciphayo, akunjalo.

Ukwehlukaniswa kushintsha ngesizathu esisodwa kuphela: inzalo ikhokhiswa phezu kwebhalansi, futhi ibhalansi inkulu kakhulu ekuqaleni. Akukho lutho olulayishwe ndawo. Uma umboleki ekhokha noma kunini, ukweleta inani eliyinhloko elisasele ngalolo suku kuphela.

Lokhu kuhluke ngempela ekubolekeni kwe-flat-rate noma okubalwa kusengaphambili, lapho inzalo ephelele imiswa ekuqaleni futhi indlela yesaphulelo inquma ukuthi yini — uma kukhona — ebuya ekukhokheni kusenesikhathi. Ebhalansini enciphayo, asikho isidingo sesaphulelo, ngoba inzalo engakazuzwa ayizange ikhokhiswe.

Izinhlobo ezimbili zombili eziyibhalansi enciphayo

"Ibhalansi enciphayo" ichaza indlela inzalo ebalwa ngayo, hhayi indlela uboleko olukhokhwa ngayo. Izinhlaka ezimbili zokukhokha zombili ziyisebenzisa, futhi zivame ukudidaniswa.

Isitolimende esilinganayo (i-annuity). Inkokhelo ayishintshi; ukwehlukaniswa kwenzalo nenani eliyinhloko kuyashintsha. Lena yithebula elingenhla futhi iyisakhiwo esivame kakhulu kunazo zonke.

Inani eliyinhloko elilinganayo (umugqa oqondile). Ingxenye yenani eliyinhloko ayishintshi; inkokhelo iyehla njengoba inzalo yehla.

Ama-$6,000 afanayo ngo-24% ezinyangeni eziyisi-6, ekhokhwa njengenani eliyinhloko elilinganayo lika-$1,000 ngenyanga:

Month   Opening     Principal   Interest   Instalment
1       $6,000      $1,000      $120       $1,120
2       $5,000      $1,000      $100       $1,100
3       $4,000      $1,000       $80       $1,080
4       $3,000      $1,000       $60       $1,060
5       $2,000      $1,000       $40       $1,040
6       $1,000      $1,000       $20       $1,020

Total interest = $420.00  (versus $426.90 on equal instalment)

Inani eliyinhloko elilinganayo libiza kancane, ngoba inani eliyinhloko likhokhwa ngokushesha ekuqaleni. Kudinga ukheshi owengeziwe ezinyangeni zokuqala, okuyisona sizathu esenza isitolimende esilinganayo sibe yinsakavukela ekubolekisweni kwabathengi — ukubikezeleka kudlula ukonga okuncane.

Ukuqongelela kwansuku zonke kuqhathaniswa nokubalwa ngezikhathi ezithile

Izindlela ezimbili zokusebenzisa zikhiqiza izinombolo ezihluke kancane.

Izinga lenkathi (lanyanga zonke). Izinga lonyaka lihlukaniswa ngeshumi nambili bese lisetshenziswa ebhalansini ngosuku ngalunye lwesitolimende. Kulula, futhi kuyisisekelo sezinhlelo eziningi ezishicilelwe.

Ukuqongelela kwansuku zonke. Inzalo iqongelela nsuku zonke ebhalansini esele, ngokuvamile ngesisekelo se-Actual/365, futhi ikhokhiswa njalo ngenyanga:

Daily interest = outstanding balance × annual rate ÷ 365

Umehluko ubalulekile uma izinkokhelo zifika ngaphandle kohlelo. Ngaphansi kokuqongelela kwansuku zonke, ukukhokha ngezinsuku ezintathu ngaphambi kwesikhathi kunciphisa ngempela inzalo, ngoba ibhalansi yehla ngezinsuku ezintathu ngokushesha. Ngaphansi kokubalwa kwenkathi yanyanga zonke, ngokuvamile akwenzi mehluko nhlobo.

Ukuqongelela kwansuku zonke futhi kwenza imalimboleko izwele esimisweni sokubalwa kwezinsuku — inyanga enezinsuku ezingama-31 iqongelela ngaphezu kwenyanga enezinsuku ezingama-28 ngaphansi kwe-Actual/365, futhi kufane ncamashi ngaphansi kwe-30/360.

Ibhalansi enciphayo kuqhathaniswa nezinga elingaguquki

Lokhu wukuqhathanisa okubaluleke kakhulu kwababolekayo, ngoba izinga elifanayo elikhangisiwe likhiqiza izindleko ezihluke kakhulu.

Izinga elingaguquki likhokhisa inzalo kunani eliyinhloko lokuqala ngesikhathi sonke, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yiziphi izinkokhelo ezenziwe. Kusetshenziswa imalimboleko efanayo:

Flat:      6,000 × 24% × 0.5 years  = $720.00 interest
Reducing:                             $426.90 interest

Ama-24% afanayo acashuniwe abiza u-69% ngaphezulu ngaphansi kwezinga elingaguquki.

• Isisekelo senzalo: Ibhalansi enciphayo ibala kabusha kubhalansi esele; izinga elingaguquki limisiwe kunani eliyinhloko lokuqala.
• Inzalo ngesikhathi ngasinye: Ibhalansi enciphayo iyehla ngokuhamba kwesikhathi; izinga elingaguquki lihlala linjalo.
• Izindleko ngezinga elifanayo elicashuniwe: Ibhalansi enciphayo iphansi; izinga elingaguquki liphezulu kakhulu.
• Ukukhokha ngaphambi kwesikhathi: Ibhalansi enciphayo ayidingi isaphulelo; izinga elingaguquki lincike endleleni yesaphulelo ukuze kunqunywe noma iyiphi inzuzo.
• Ukukhokha ngaphezulu: Ibhalansi enciphayo inciphisa ngempela inzalo yesikhathi esizayo; izinga elingaguquki lingase lingongi lutho ngaphandle kwesaphulelo.
• Ukusobala: Ibhalansi enciphayo iphezulu (ihambisana ngqo nebhalansi); izinga elingaguquki liphansi (izinga liveza izindleko eziphansi).

Ukuguqula phakathi kwalezi ezimbili

Njengesilinganiso esisebenzayo semalimboleko ekhokhwa ngokugcwele:

Reducing-balance equivalent ≈ flat rate × 1.8 to 2.0

Isiphindaphinda sincike esikhathini. Esibonelweni sezinyanga eziyisithupha ngenhla, u-$426.90 wenzalo yebhalansi enciphayo uhambisana nereyithi ye-flat ecishe ibe ngu-14.2% — ngakho u-24% webhalansi enciphayo ≈ 14.2% ye-flat ezinyangeni eziyisithupha. Ezinyangeni eziyishumi nambili nangaphezulu, isilinganiso sisondela ku-2×.

Indlela ihlala ifana: ireyithi ye-flat ibukela phansi izindleko zangempela zesikweletu cishe ngesigamu. Umboleki oqhathanisa isilinganiso se-flat esingu-14% nesilinganiso sebhalansi enciphayo esingu-24% ubheka izimalimboleko ezimbili ezicishe zifane.

Kungani ibhalansi enciphayo ibalulekile emuva kwalokho

Indlela yenzalo inquma ukuthi ezinye izivikelo ezimbalwa zomboleki zinomthelela yini.

• Ukukhokha ngaphezulu kunciphisa inzalo yesikhathi esizayo emalimbolekweni yebhalansi enciphayo. Emalimbolekweni ye-flat engenayo imbuyiselo, kungase kungafezi lutho.
• Ukukhokha ngaphambi kwesikhathi akudingi ukubalwa kwembuyiselo — inani lokukhokha liyinhlokodwa kanye nenzalo enqwabelene kuze kube manje.
• Ukuhlela kabusha kubalwa kabusha ngokuhlanzekile kusukela ebhalansini esele, ngaphandle kwenkinga yenzalo engakazuzwa.
• Izitatimende ziyahambisana. Ibhalansi umboleki ayibonayo iyinani abangadinga ukulikhokha, okususa sonke isigaba sengxabano.

Amanothi omsebenzi kubabolekisayo

• Khetha futhi ubhale phansi isisekelo sokunqwabelana kwenzalo — okwansuku zonke ngokumelene nokwezikhathi ezithile, kanye nenqubo yokubalwa kwezinsuku. Kushicilele esivumelwaneni.
• Hlukanisa ukunqwabelana kwenzalo nokukhokhiswa. Inzalo inqwabelana nsuku zonke; izitolimende zikhokhwa nyanga zonke. Izinhlelo ezihlanganisa lezi zinto ezimbili zisho kabi amanani okukhokha nezikweletu ezingakhokhiwe.
• Bhekana nokusondezwa kwezinombolo esitolimendeni sokugcina. Ukusondezwa kwezinombolo ngamadesimali amabili kuhlelo lonke kushiya insalela, evame ukufakwa enkokhelweni yokugcina.
• Bala kabusha kuzo zonke izenzakalo ezishintsha ibhalansi — ukukhokha ngaphezulu, ukuhlela kabusha, ukushintsha kwereyithi, ukufakwa kwezikweletu ezingakhokhiwe enhlokodweni — futhi khipha uhlelo kabusha.
• Sebenzisa inzalo yezikweletu ezingakhokhiwe ngamabomu. Inzalo eqhubeka nokunqwabelana ebhalansini elingakhokhiwe ayifani nenkokhelo yesijeziso, futhi lezi zinto ezimbili kufanele zidalulwe ngokwehlukana futhi zibikwe ngokwehlukana.
• Caphuna amareyithi ebhalansi enciphayo. Lapho abancintisanayo becaphuna i-flat, ukushicilela ireyithi yebhalansi enciphayo elinganayo noma i-APR kungumehluko wangempela kubaboleki abanolwazi, futhi kuya ngokuya kuba yilokho okulindelwe ngumthetho.