Ireyithi yenzalo eyisicaba

Izinga lenzalo elingaguquki libalwa ngesamba semalimboleko sasekuqaleni ngaso sonke isikhathi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi malini umboleki usewukhokhile. Inzalo ephelele imiswa ngesikhathi imalimboleko ibhalwa futhi ayishintshi njengoba ibhalansi yehla.

Ibizwa nangokuthi inzalo eyengeziwe, inzalo yomugqa oqondile noma inzalo yesamba esimisiwe.

Total interest = principal × flat rate × term in years
Instalment     = (principal + total interest) ÷ number of instalments

Kuqhathaniswa nenzalo yebhalansi eyehlayo, lapho inzalo ibalwa kabusha isikhathi ngasinye kusamba esiyinhloko esisasele. Ngaphansi kwentengo engagudluki, umboleki enyangeni yokugcina ukhokha inzalo njengokungathi usenesamba esigcwele sasekuqaleni.

Isibonelo esisetshenzisiwe

$8,000 ngo-15% okungaguquki ngezitolimende zanyanga zonke ezingama-24.

Total interest = 8,000 × 0.15 × 2      = $2,400
Total repayable = 8,000 + 2,400        = $10,400
Instalment      = 10,400 ÷ 24          = $433.33

Interest per month  = 2,400 ÷ 24 = $100.00  (constant)
Principal per month = 8,000 ÷ 24 = $333.33  (constant)

• Inyanga 1: inkokhelo engu-$433.33 (inzalo engu-$100.00 + isamba esiyinhloko esingu-$333.33) — isamba esiyinhloko esingu-$333.33 esikhokhiwe kuze kube manje
• Inyanga 2: inkokhelo engu-$433.33 (inzalo engu-$100.00 + isamba esiyinhloko esingu-$333.33) — isamba esiyinhloko esingu-$666.67 esikhokhiwe kuze kube manje
• Inyanga 12: inkokhelo engu-$433.33 (inzalo engu-$100.00 + isamba esiyinhloko esingu-$333.33) — isamba esiyinhloko esingu-$4,000.00 esikhokhiwe kuze kube manje
• Inyanga 23: inkokhelo engu-$433.33 (inzalo engu-$100.00 + isamba esiyinhloko esingu-$333.33) — isamba esiyinhloko esingu-$7,666.67 esikhokhiwe kuze kube manje
• Inyanga 24: inkokhelo engu-$433.33 (inzalo engu-$100.00 + isamba esiyinhloko esingu-$333.33) — isamba esiyinhloko esingu-$8,000.00 esikhokhiwe kuze kube manje

Ikholomu yenzalo engashintshi iwuphawu olukhomba intengo engagudluki. Enyangeni yama-24 umboleki usebuyisele u-$7,667 wesamba esiyinhloko, nokho usakhokha u-$100 wenzalo — okufana nenyanga yoku-1, lapho ayenesamba esigcwele sika-$8,000.

Okubiza ngempela

Ngenxa yokuthi umboleki akanayo imali isikhathi sonke, izindleko zangempela zingaphezulu kakhulu kunezinga elicashuniwe.

Quoted flat rate       = 15% per annum
Actual APR             ≈ 26.6% per annum (nominal)
Effective annual rate  ≈ 30.1%

Indlela isiphindaphinda esishintsha ngayo ngesikhathi

• Izinyanga eziyisi-6: inzalo ephelele engu-$600 | isitolimende esingu-$1,433.33 | ≈25.2% APR cishe (≈1.68× izinga elingaguquki)
• Izinyanga eziyi-12: inzalo ephelele engu-$1,200 | isitolimende esingu-$766.67 | ≈26.4% APR cishe (≈1.76× izinga elingaguquki)
• Izinyanga ezingama-24: $2,400 inzalo ephelele | $433.33 isitolimende | ≈26.6% APR elinganiselwe (≈1.77× isilinganiso se-flat)
• Izinyanga ezingama-36: $3,600 inzalo ephelele | $322.22 isitolimende | ≈26.0% APR elinganiselwe (≈1.73× isilinganiso se-flat)

Konke ngo-15% flat ku-$8,000.

Umthetho owusizo: isilinganiso se-flat cishe siyizikhathi ezingu-1.7 kuya kwezingu-1.8 zokulingana kwaso kwebhalansi enciphayo yemalimboleko ekhokhelwa ngokuphelele enezitolimende zanyanga zonke.

Indlela emfushane evame ukucashunwa inikeza isibalo esiphezulu:

Approximate equivalent = flat rate × 2n ÷ (n + 1)

Ngezitolimende ezingama-24 lokho kunikeza u-15% × 1.92 = 28.8%. Umehluko usendleleni yokubala: indlela emfushane isebenzisa inzalo elula kubhalansi esele emaphakathi, kuyilapho i-APR iyizinga lembuyiselo langaphakathi elehlisa ngendlela efanele ukugeleza kwemali ngakunye. Indlela emfushane iwukulinganisa okwamukelekayo ngokomqondo; i-APR iyisibalo okufanele sisetshenziswe kunoma yisiphi isinqumo noma ekudaluleni.

Kungani intengo ye-flat iqhubeka

• Ubulula bokubala. Inzalo ephelele nesitolimende kungabalwa ngepeni. Ngaphambi kokuba izinhlelo zokuphatha izimalimboleko zase zisabalele, lokhu kwakubaluleke kakhulu, futhi kusabalulekile lapho ukubolekwa kwenzeka ngamaphepha.
• Ukuchazeka. "Boleka u-8,000, khokha u-433.33 ngenyanga izinyanga ezingama-24" kulula ukukuchaza nokukuqinisekisa.
• Ukuqiniseka kwemali engenayo. Inzalo ephelele iyaziwa ekuqaleni futhi ayishintshi ngesikhathi sokukhokha.
• Inkambiso. Imalimboleko yempahla kanye ne-hire purchase sezisebenzise intengo ye-add-on amashumi eminyaka.
• Kwenza amazinga abukeke ephansi. Umbolekisi ocaphuna u-15% flat ubonakala eshibhile kunocaphuna u-24% ngebhalansi enciphayo, kanti empeleni imalimboleko ye-flat iyona ebiza kakhulu kulezi ezimbili.

Isizathu sokugcina yisona esenze abalawuli bathatha isinyathelo ngokumelene nokucashunwa kwe-flat kunokuba bamelane nokubalwa kwe-flat. Izibalo aziyona inkohliso; ukuqhathanisa ezikugqugquzelayo kuyinkohliso.

Qaphela: izakhiwo ze-cost-plus kwezezimali zamaSulumane, njenge-murabaha, zikhiqiza inani eliphelele lokubuyisela eliqondile elifana nje nentengo ye-flat. Zihlukile ngokomqondo — imakaphu edaluliwe ekuthengiseni kunenzalo yemalimboleko — futhi akufanele zihlanganiswe.

Inkinga yokukhokha kusenesikhathi

Lona ngumphumela osebenzayo obaluleke kakhulu.

Ngaphansi kwebhalansi enciphayo, inzalo iyakhula njengoba isikhathi sihamba, ngakho ukukhokha kusenesikhathi kumane kuyimisa. Ngaphansi kwentengo eyisicaba, yonke inzalo yakhokhiswa ekuqaleni. Umboleki okhokha ngenyanga ye-12 kwezingu-24 ukhokhiswe izinyanga eziyishumi nambili angeke azisebenzise — inzalo engakatholwa — nokuthi uyayithola yini emuva kuncike ngokuphelele endleleni yesaphulelo yombolekisi.

• I-Aktuwariyali: Inzalo yangempela engakapheli — ukubala okunobulungisa
• Umthetho Wama-78: Kuncane kakhulu kunalokho obekulindelwe maphakathi nesikhathi
• Akukho saphulelo: Akukho lutho; inzalo ephelele yesivumelwano isalindelekile

Uma kungekho saphulelo, ukukhokha kusenesikhathi akunanzuzo yezezimali nhlobo. Umboleki umane akhokhe isamba esifanayo kusenesikhathi.

Umthetho Wama-78

Umthetho Wama-78 — noma isamba samadijithi — yabela inzalo ngokungalingani ezinyangeni zokuqala. Emalini ebolekiwe yezinyanga eziyi-12, amadijithi 1 kuya ku-12 ahlangana abe ngu-78, yingakho leli gama. Inyanga yoku-1 yabelwa u-12/78 wenzalo ephelele, inyanga yesi-2 ithola u-11/78, njalo njalo kwehle kufike ku-1/78 enyangeni ye-12.

Umthelela maphakathi nesikhathi:

Interest allocated to months 1–6 = (12+11+10+9+8+7) ÷ 78 = 57 ÷ 78 = 73%

Umboleki okhokha ncamashi maphakathi nesikhathi useqedile 50% yesikhathi kodwa uthathwa njengosevele ethwele 73% wenzalo. Kuphela u-27% oyabuyiselwa.

Umthetho uvinjelwe noma unqatshelwe ezindaweni eziningi ezikhulayo zomthetho ngenxa yalesi sizathu.

Ibhalansi engaqondakali

Emalini ebolekiwe yebhalansi enciphayo, "ngikweleta malini?" inempendulo eyodwa: inhloko esele.

Emalimbolekweni enenzalo eyisicaba kunokungacaci okuningi. Inani eliyinhloko elisele licacile. Kodwa inani lokuvala isikweletu lincike kunqubomgomo yesaphulelo, okuyinto izivumelwano eziningi ezingayisho ngokucacile. Ababoleki bavamise ukucabanga ukuthi ibhalansi yabo iyisamba esiphelele esikhokhwayo kususwe izinkokhelo ezenziwe — okuyisibalo esihlanganisa inzalo engakatholwa futhi akusiyona leyo abayikweletayo.

Lokhu kungacaci kungumthombo omkhulu wezingxabano zokuvala isikweletu, futhi kungagwemeka ngokuphelele ngokudalula ulwazi.

Umthethonqubo

Izindlela ezivamile:

• Ukudalulwa kwe-APR okuyisibopho kanye nanoma yiliphi izinga eliyisicaba elicashuniwe, ukuze ukuqhathanisa kube nokulingana
• Ukwenqatshelwa kokukhangisa ngezinga eliyisicaba ngaphandle kokufaka okulingana nebhalansi enciphayo noma i-APR
• Isaphulelo esiyisibopho senzalo engakatholwa ekukhokheni ngaphambi kwesikhathi
• Ukukhawulelwa noma ukwenqatshelwa kwe-Rule of 78
• Okuqukethwe okumisiwe kukhotheshini yokuvala isikweletu, okubonisa inani eliyinhloko, inzalo engakatholwa kanye nesaphulelo esisetshenzisiwe

Imithetho ethile iyahlukahluka ngokuya ngendawo yomthetho kanye nomkhiqizo.

Uma ubolekisa ngamazinga ayisicaba

• Dalula i-APR noma okulingana kwebhalansi enciphayo esithembisweni naseshejulini, hhayi ezingeni eliyisicaba kuphela.
• Sebenzisa indlela yesaphulelo se-actuarial futhi uyisho esivumelwaneni.
• Shicilela isisekelo sokuvala isikweletu ukuze umboleki akwazi ukubala ukuthi kukweletwa malini nganoma yiluphi usuku.
• Bonisa inani eliyinhloko elisele ngokwehlukile kunenani eliphelele elikhokhwayo ezitatimendeni.
• Linganisa ukushintshela. Lapho abalawuli beqhubekela emiyalweni yebhalansi enciphayo, ukuguqula amanani ngaphambi kwemfuneko kulula kunokuguqula ibhuku lemalimboleko elisebenzayo ngaphansi kwesikhathi esinqunyiwe.
• Lindela ingcindezi yokuncintisana. Njengoba ababoleki beba nolwazi nge-APR, ikhotheshini yezinga eliyisicaba engu-15% yehlulwa yikhotheshini esobala yebhalansi enciphayo engu-20% engabizi ngempela.