Ukuhlolwa Kwesicelo Semalimboleko

Underwriting yinqubo yokuhlola isicelo sesikweletu ukuze kunqunywe ukuthi kubolekwe noma cha, ukuthi kubolekwe malini, futhi ngayiphi imigomo. Umhloli wokuboleka uhlola ikhono nokuzimisela kokubuyisela imali, izinga lanoma yisiphi isibambiso esinikeziwe, kanye nokuhambisana nenqubomgomo yesikweletu yombolekisi, bese eguqula lokho kuhlola kube isinqumo: ukuvuma, ukwenqaba, noma ukuvuma ngemibandela.

I-Underwriting yilapho umbolekisi ebeka khona inani lomngcipheko. Konke okwenzeka ngemva kwalokho — umzamo wokuqoqa izikweletu, ukubekelwa eceleni kwemali, izinga lephothifoliyo — kunqunywa kakhulu yizinqumo ezenziwa kulesi sigaba.

I-Underwriting kwezinye izimo

Leli gama livela ezimbonini ezintathu ezihlukene futhi izincazelo zalo ziyahluka:

• Ukubolekisa — ukuhlola ombolekayoukufaneleka kwesikweletu kwakhe ngaphambi kokukhishwa kwemali. Yile ncazelo esetshenziswa kulo lonke leli khasi.
• Umshwalense — ukuhlola iphrofayili yomngcipheko yomfakisicelo ukuze kunqunywe ukuthi kukhishwe ipholisi noma cha nangayiphi iprimiyamu.
• Amasekhurithi — ibhange lokutshalwa kwezimali elivuma ukuthenga nokusabalalisa ukukhishwa okusha kwamasheya noma amabhondi, lithatha umngcipheko wokuthi lingathengisi.

Intambo evamile umsuka ongokomlando: umuntu obhala igama lakhe ngaphansi kwesitatimende somngcipheko ukuze akhombise ukuthi uyalwamukela.

I-Underwriting uma iqhathaniswa namagama ahlobene

Lezi zigaba zivame ukuhlanganiswa zibe yinto eyodwa, okudala ukudideka ekwakhiweni kwenqubo nasezihlokweni zemisebenzi.

• Imvelaphi yemalimboleko — lonke uhambo olungaphambili kusukela ekwamukelweni kwesicelo kuze kufike ekukhishweni kwemali.
• Ukuhlaziywa kwesikweletu — umsebenzi wokuhlaziya wokuhumusha amafayinensi, ukugeleza kwemali kanye nekhono lokubuyisela imali.
• I-Underwriting — ukuhlaziya kanye nesinqumo somngcipheko nesincomo ngokwenqubomgomo yesikweletu.
• Ukuvunywa kwesikweletu — isinqumo esisemthethweni sokugunyaza, esenziwa isikhulu noma ikomidi elinomkhawulo odingekayo.
• Ukucutshungulwa kwemalimboleko — umsebenzi wokuphatha wokuqoqa amadokhumenti, ukuqinisekisa idatha nokulungisa ifayela.

Empeleni, ukuhlaziywa kwesikweletu kuphakela i-underwriting, futhi ukuvunywa kuyalandela. Umbolekisi omncane angase abe nomuntu oyedwa owenza yonke emine; isikhungo esikhulu siyehlukanisa ngamabomu, ngoba umuntu oncoma imalimboleko akufanele abe ngumuntu oyigunyazayo.

Ama-C amahlanu esikweletu

Uhlaka lwendabuko abahloli bekhredithi abasebenza ngalo, oluseyisakhiwo esicacile kakhulu sokuhlela ukuhlolwa kwekhredithi:

Isimilo — umlando womfakisicelo kanye nokuzimisela kwakhe ukukhokha. Kufakazelwa umlando wokukhokha, amarekhodi ebhuro lekhredithi, izinkomba, ubude besikhathi ibhizinisi lisebenza kanye nokuziphatha kwama-akhawunti akhona.

Amandla — ikhono lokukhokha isikweletu ngemali engenayo noma ngokugeleza kwemali kwebhizinisi. Yiyona enezibalo kakhulu kulezi ezinhlanu, futhi iyona enquma inani lemali mboleko.

Inkunzi — imfakelo yomfakisicelo ngokwakhe. Umboleki ofaka imali yakhe ekuthengeni, noma ogcina inzuzo engasuswanga ebhizinisini, unokuningi angakulahlekelwa uma ehluleka ukukhokha.

Isibambiso — izimpahla ezibekwa njengesibambiso njengomthombo wesibili wokukhokha uma amandla ehluleka.

Izimo — inhloso yemali mboleko nesimo sangaphandle: umbono womkhakha, ukwenzeka ngezikhathi zonyaka, ukuchayeka kuhlobo lwemali, ushintsho lwemithetho, nokugxila kwamakhasimende omboleki ngokwakhe.

Eyesithupha ivame ukwengezwa ekusebenzeni: Ukuthobela — ukuqinisekiswa komazisi, ukuhlolwa kwezijeziso nokuhlolwa kwabantu abasesikhundleni esivelele kwezepolitiki, kanye nokuhlolwa kokulwa nokugezwa kwemali okumele kudlule kungakhathaliseki izinga lekhredithi.

Lokho abahloli bekhredithi abakuhlola ngempela

Ubunikazi nokuma ngokomthetho. Imibhalo yomazisi eqinisekisiwe, ukubhaliswa kwebhizinisi, ukubhaliswa kwentela, kanye negunya lalowo osayinayo lokuboleka egameni lebhizinisi.

Imali engenayo nokugeleza kwemali. Amasiliphu okuhola nezitatimende zasebhange kubafakisicelo abaholayo; izitatimende zasebhange, amarekhodi okuthengisa, ukuphenduka kwesitoko namarekhodi abahlinzeki kubahwebi namabhizinisi amancane. Emabhizinisini angahlelekile angenazo izitatimende zezimali, abahloli bekhredithi bakha kabusha ukugeleza kwemali ngokubona nangamarekhodi omfakisicelo ngokwakhe, bese beyakunciphisa.

Isikweletu esikhona. Imibiko yebhuro, izibopho ezimenyezelwe, kanye nobufakazi bokuboleka emithonjeni engahlelekile. Ukuboleka okufanayo okungadalulwanga kuyimbangela ehamba phambili yokwehluleka ukukhokha.

Ukukwazi ukukhokhela. Imali esele ngemva kwezindleko zokuphila nezibopho ezikhona, hhayi nje imali engenayo ephelele. Izindawo eziningi manje zibeka ukuhlolwa okusemthethweni kokukwazi ukukhokhela.

Inhloso nokusetshenziswa kwezimali. Ukuthi inhloso eshiwo ingaba yiqiniso, ikhiqizayo, futhi ihambisana nenani eliceliwe kanye nesikhathi sokuboleka.

Isiqinisekiso. Ubunikazi, ukulinganiselwa kwenani, isimo kanye nokuphoqeleka kwanoma iyiphi impahla ebekiwe, kanye nokuma kwanoma yimuphi umqinisekisi.

Ukuhambisana nenqubomgomo. Ukuthi isicelo singena ngaphakathi kwesifiso esishiwo sombolekisi ngomkhakha, ubude besikhathi, ubukhulu benani, indawo kanye nomkhiqizo.

Izinkomba ezibalulekile zokuhlola kwezikweletu

Isilinganiso sesikweletu emalini engenayo (DTI) — isamba sezibopho zanyanga zonke zesikweletu sihlukaniswa ngemali engenayo ephelele yanyanga zonke. Kuhlola ukukwazi komthengi ukukhokhela.

Isilinganiso sokukhokhelwa kwesikweletu (DSCR) — imali engenayo yokusebenza esele ihlukaniswa ngesamba sokukhokha isikweletu. I-DSCR engu-1.0 isho ukuthi imali engenayo ikhava ngqo izinkokhelo ngaphandle komkhawulo; ababolekisayo ngokuvamile bafuna isivikelo esingaphezu kwalokho.

Isilinganiso semali-mboleko kuya enanini (LTV) — inani lemali ebolekiwe njengephesenti lenani lesibambiso elicwaningiwe. Uma i-LTV iphansi kusho ukuthi kunesivikelo esikhulu ngokumelene nokwehla kwenani.

Isilinganiso sesitolimende emalini engenayo — inkokhelo ehlongozwayo njengengxenye yemali engenayo, esetshenziswa lapho imininingwane ephelele ye-DTI ingekho.

Amaphuzu esikweletu — isilinganiso sezibalo sokuthi kungenzeka kanjani ukwehluleka ukukhokha, esivela ebhuro noma kukhadi lwangaphakathi lokushaya amaphuzu.

Amathuba okuhluleka ukukhokha, ukulahleka uma kuhluleka ukukhokha kanye nokuchayeka ngesikhathi sokuhluleka ukukhokha — izingxenye zokulahleka okulindelekile, ezisetshenziswa yizikhungo ezinkulu ukunquma intengo nokubekela eceleni imali.

Ukuhlolwa kwesikweletu ngesandla, okuzenzakalelayo nokuxubile

Ukuhlolwa kwesikweletu ngesandla (ngokwahlulela) kuncike kusikhulu esinolwazi esikala ubufakazi. Kuyakwazi ukuphatha amacala angajwayelekile, amafayela esikweletu angenamininingwane eyanele kanye nemali engenayo engahlelekile. Kuyahamba kancane, kuyabiza ngefayela ngalinye, futhi akuhambisani phakathi kwezikhulu — abahloli ababili bangafinyelela ezinqumweni ezihlukile emaqinisweni afanayo.

Ukuhlolwa kwesikweletu okuzenzakalelayo kusebenzisa imithetho namakhadi ezibalo okushaya amaphuzu kudatha ehlelekile, kubuyisa isinqumo ngemizuzwana. Kuyavumelana, kushibhile ngenani elikhulu futhi kuyakwazi ukuhlolwa. Kuyahluleka emacaleni angaphandle kwedatha eyakhelwe kuyo, futhi kungafaka ukuchema komlando uma idatha yokuqeqesha ibikuveza lokho.

Ukuhlolwa kwesikweletu okuxubile kuzinquma ngokuzenzakalelayo ukuvunyelwa okucacile nokwenqatshwa okucacile, bese kudlulisela ibhande eliphakathi nakho konke okungavamile kumuntu. Lena imodeli ehamba phambili, ngoba amacala asemngceleni ayiwo kokubili ingxenye encane yomthamo kanye nengxenye enkulu yobungozi.

Ukukhetha akukona okobuchwepheshe kuphela. Izinqumo ezizenzakalelayo ngezinga elikhulu zidonsa ukunaka kwabalawuli mayelana nokuchazeka nobulungiswa, futhi izindawo eziningi zomthetho zinika abafaka izicelo ilungelo lokuchazelwa ngesinqumo esibi.

Inqubo yokuhlolwa kwesikweletu

1. Ukuhlolwa kokwamukela nokuphelela — qinisekisa ukuthi isicelo siphelele nokuthi imibhalo ephoqelekile ikhona.
2. Ukuhlolwa kobunikazi nokuhambisana nemithetho — qinisekisa umfakisicelo futhi uqede ukuhlolwa kwemithetho ngaphambi kokuba kuqale umsebenzi wokuhlaziya.
3. Ukuqoqa imininingwane — imibiko yamabhuro, ukuhlaziywa kwesitatimende sasebhange, izitatimende zezimali, izincomo, ukuvakashela isiza noma ibhizinisi.
4. Ukuqinisekisa — qinisekisa imali engenayo, ukuqashwa, ukuba khona kwebhizinisi kanye nobunikazi bempahla ngaphandle kokuncika ezinkulumeni zomfakisicelo.
5. Ukuhlaziya — yakha isithombe sokugeleza kwemali, ubale izilinganiso, uhlole izinombolo ngokumelene nezimo ezingenzeka zokwehla.
6. Ukuhlolwa kwesibambiso — linganisa futhi uqinisekise isibambiso; hlola abaqinisekisi.
7. Ukuhlolwa kwenqubomgomo — hlola isicelo ngokwenqubomgomo yesikweletu, imikhawulo yokuchayeka kanye nemingcele yokugxilisa.
8. Isincomo — vuma, wenqabe, noma uvume ngemibandela, inani, isikhathi, intengo nezibopho ezishiwo.
9. Ukuvunywa — ukugunyazwa yinoma ngubani ophethe umkhawulo odlulisiwe wosayizi walokho kuchayeka.
10. Imibhalo kanye nemibandela yokukhishwa kwemali — imibandela eyandulelayo okufanele ifezeke ngaphambi kokuba kukhishwe imali.

Inqubomgomo yokuhlolwa kwesikweletu negunya elidlulisiwe

Inqubomgomo yesikweletu ibeka lokho umbolekisi azokwenza nangeke akwenze: izinhlobo zababoleki abafanelekile, isikhathi esiphezulu sokukhokha, amabhendi osayizi wemali, isibambiso esamukelekayo, izilinganiso ezidingekayo, imikhakha enqatshelwe kanye nemikhawulo yokuchayeka ngomboleki ngamunye noma ngeqembu.

Igunya elidlulisiwe labela imikhawulo yokugunyaza ngokwezindima, ukuze ukuchayeka okukhulu kudinge ukugunyazwa okuphezulu futhi okukhulu kakhulu kuye ekomitini lezikweletu. Umgomo wokuklama ukwahlukanisa: ukusungulwa, ukuhlolwa kwezikweletu kanye nokugunyaza akufanele konke kuhlale kumuntu oyedwa, ngoba isikhulu esincoma futhi sigunyaze asinakho ukuhlola ukuhlaziya okuqhakambisa ithemba.

Okuhlukile nokunqanyulwa — amacala agunyazwe ngaphandle kwenqubomgomo — kufanele avunyelwe kodwa alandelwe. Amazinga okunqanyulwa kanye nokusebenza okulandelayo kwemali mboleko enqanyuliwe kuphakathi kwezinto zokuhlola eziwusizo kakhulu umbolekisi anazo, ngoba izinga lokunqanyulwa elikhuphukayo ngokuvamile landulela ukukhuphuka kwezinga lokungakhokhi.

Ukuhlolwa kwezikweletu ekubolekeni kwemali encane nakwamabhizinisi amancane naphakathi (ama-SME)

Lapho ababoleki bengenawo ama-akhawunti ahloliwe, amaslipi okuhola asemthethweni noma izimpahla ezingabhaliswa, imininingwane yokuhlola yakudala imane nje ayikho. Izikhungo zemali encane (ama-MFI) kanye nababolekisi bamabhizinisi amancane basebenzisa ezinye izindlela:

• Ukwakhiwa kabusha kokugeleza kwemali — ukwakha isitatimende semali engenayo esilula kusukela kumarekhodi omboleki ngokwakhe, ukubalwa kwempahla kanye nokuthengiswa okubonwe ngesikhathi sokuvakashela kwebhizinisi.
• Ukuhlola okusekelwe esimilweni — izincomo zomphakathi, ubulungu beqembu, ukuma phakathi kwabahlinzeki namakhasimende.
• Ukuboleka okuqhubekayo — ukuqala ngemali mboleko encane bese unyusa umkhawulo njengoba umlando wokukhokha ukhula, ukuvumela ukuziphatha kuthathe indawo yemibhalo.
• Ukuhlolwa kweqembu — lapho amalungu eqembu eqinisekisana, enza ukukhetha umbolekisi angeke akwenze, ngoba azi izimo zakubo ngqo.
• Imininingwane ehlukile — umlando wokwenziwayo kwemali yeselula, amaphethini wokuthenga umoya wokukhuluma, izinkokhelo zezinsiza kanye namaleja abahlinzeki.

Lezi zindlela zishintsha ukuqiniseka kwemibhalo ngolwazi lwendawo, futhi zincike kakhulu kuisikhulu semali mboleko ukwahlulela kanye nokushintshashintsha kwabasebenzi basensimini.

Ukwehluleka okuvamile ekuhlolweni kwezikweletu

• Ukuqinisekisa kweqiwa ngaphansi kwengcindezi yomthamo. Imali engenayo eshiwo yamukelwa ngoba ukuyihlola kubambezela ukuqhubeka.
• Ukuboleka okufanayo okungabonwa. Izibopho zangempela zomboleki zidlula lokho noma yimuphi umbolekisi oyedwa angakubona.
• Ubungozi obuhlobene abunakwa. Iphothifoliyo yabafakizicelo bonke abathengisa emakethe efanayo, noma bonke abancike kumqashi oyedwa, iphasa ngamunye futhi yehluleka ngokuhlangene.
• Isibambiso sithathwa njengekhono lokukhokha. Ukugunyaza imali mboleko umboleki angeke akwazi ukuyikhokha ngoba isibambiso sibukeka siqinile. Ukuphoqelela kuyahamba kancane, kuyabiza futhi akunasiqiniseko; akulona iuhlelo lokubuyisela imali.
• Ukuchezuka kwenqubomgomo. Amazinga axegiswa kancane kancane ngesikhathi sokufuna ukukhula, kungekho sinqumo esisodwa esibonakala seqa umugqa.
• Amakhadi okuhlola aphelelwe yisikhathi. Amamodeli ezibalo akhelwe kumininingwane yangaphambi kokuphazamiseka asetshenziswa engaguguliwe ngemuva kokuthi izimo zishintshile.
• Akukho mzila wempendulo. Izinqumo zokuhlola azikaze ziqhathaniswe nokusebenza okulandelayo, ngakho indlela yokuhlola ayikaze ibe ngcono.

Okucatshangelwayo ngokomthetho

Izindawo eziningi eziphethe umthetho manje zilawula ukuthathwa kwezinqumo ngezikweletu ngandlela thile. Izidingo ezivamile zihlanganisa ukuhlolwa okubhaliwe kokuthi umuntu uyakwazi yini ukukhokha ngaphambi kokunikeza isikweletu somthengi, ukwenqabela ukucwasa ngezici ezivikelwe umthetho, ukudalulwa kwezinga lenzalo elisebenzayo kanye nezindleko eziphelele zesikweletu, ukugcinwa kwefayela lesinqumo isikhathi esinqunyiwe, kanye nelungelo lokuthi abafaka izicelo abenqatshiwe batshelwe isizathu esiyinhloko. Lapho izinqumo zizenzakalela, izibopho ezengeziwe eziphathelene nokuchazeka nokubuyekezwa ngumuntu zivame ukusebenza.

Imibuzo evame ukubuzwa

Ukuhlolwa kwesikweletu kuthatha isikhathi esingakanani? Kungasukela emizuzwaneni kuya emavikini amaningana. Izinqumo ezizenzakalelayo zomthengi zibuya ngokushesha; isibonelelo sebhizinisi esinesibambiso edinga ukulinganiswa kwenani, ukuvakashelwa kwesizinda kanye nokugunyazwa yikomidi ngokuvamile kuthatha amasonto amabili kuya kwayisithupha.

Uyini umehluko phakathi kokuhlolwa kwangaphambili kokufaneleka kanye nokuhlolwa kwesikweletu? Ukuhlolwa kwangaphambili kokufaneleka kuwukuhlola okukhomba okusekelwe olwazini olungakaqinisekiswa olunikezwe umfaka isicelo. Ukuhlolwa kwesikweletu kuwukuhlola okuqinisekisiwe okukhiqiza isinqumo esibophayo.

Ingabe isinqumo sokuhlolwa kwesikweletu singaphikiswa? Ababolekisi abaningi banenqubo yokucutshungulwa kabusha lapho umfaka isicelo enikeza khona ubufakazi obengeziwe. Ezinye izindawo eziphethe umthetho ziphinde zinikeze ilungelo elisemthethweni lokucela ukuthi isinqumo esizenzakalelayo sibuyekezwe ngumuntu.

Ingabe ukwenqatshwa kulimaza irekhodi lesikweletu lomfaka isicelo? Ukubuza ngesicelo kuvame ukuqoshwa futhi kubonakale kwabanye ababolekisi; umphumela wokwenqatshwa ngokwawo ngokuvamile awubonakali. Ukubuza okuphindaphindiwe esikhathini esifushane ngokuvamile kuthathwa njengophawu olubi.

Ubani onesibopho uma imalimboleko ehloliwe yehluleka ukukhokhwa? Ukwehluleka ukukhokha komuntu ngamunye kulindelekile futhi kubalelwe ezindlekweni. Ukuziphendulela kuvela emaphethini hhayi emacaleni awodwa, yingakho amazinga okweqa izinqumo, ukuhlaziywa kwe-vintage kanye nephothifoliyo esengozini ngokwesikhulu esidale isikweletu kuyabhekwa.