Imali eboleketshiweyo esemngciphekweni (PAR)

Imali eboleketshiweyo esemngciphekweni (portfolio at risk) lipesenti lamatyala akho asaselelwe akubabolekiweyo abanentlawulo esemva. Ngoyona nani libukelwa kakhulu kushishino lokubolekisa, kuba liphendula umbuzo owubuzwa kuqala ngumbolekisi ngamnye, umxhasi ngemali nomlawuli: yimalini kwimali oyityalwayo ebonisa iimpawu zokuba isenokungabuyi?

Into ebalulekileyo yinto engena kwinombolo engentla. I-PAR ayibali intlawulo ephosakeleyo yodwa. Ibala yonke imali esaselelwe kwityala ngalinye elinayo nayiphi na intlawulo esemva. Umboleki otyala i-10 000 ophose intlawulo enye ye-500 wongeza i-10 000 kwimali yakho esemngciphekweni, hayi i-500.

Oku kwenziwa ngabom. Xa nje umboleki ephosa intlawulo enye, lonke ityala liba semthandabuzweni, hayi kuphela inxalenye ayitsibileyo.

Ifomyula ye-PAR

markup

PAR (iintsuku ezingu-N) = Imali esaselelwe kumatyala anentlawulo esemva
                          ngaphezu kweentsuku ezingu-N
                          ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
                          Iyonke imali eboleketshiweyo esaselelwe

Omabini la manani abalwa ngomhla omnye. Umlinganiselo osezantsi yimali yonke esaselelwe — yonke imali eyintloko osayityalwayo, amatyala ahlawulwayo nangahlawulwayo edibene.

Umzekelo obaliweyo. Iincwadi zakho zineengqikelelo ze-2 000 000 esaselelwe kumatyala angu-400. Amatyala angamashumi amathathu ananye anentlawulo esemva ngaphezu kweentsuku ezingu-30, kwaye loo matyala angamashumi amathathu ananye adibene enemali esaselelwe engu-180 000.

PAR 30 = 180 000 ÷ 2 000 000 = 9%

Kutheni "iintsuku ezingu-N" zibalulekile

I-PAR ihlala ixelwa nomda othile: PAR 1, PAR 14, PAR 30, PAR 90. Lo mda ubonisa ukuba intlawulo mayibe semva kangakanani phambi kokuba ityala libalwe njengelisemngciphekweni.

Isiqhelo esisetyenziswa phantse ngumntu wonke siyadibanisa kwaye siyabandakanya. I-PAR 30 ithetha lonke ityala elinentlawulo esemva ngeentsuku ezingu-30 nangaphezulu — kubandakanya amatyala asemva ngeentsuku ezingu-60, 90 nezingu-200. Ngoko ke:

• PAR 1 ⊇ PAR 30 ⊇ PAR 90
• I-PAR 1 iya kusoloko ilelona nani likhulu, i-PAR 90 libe lelona lincinci
• La manani akajongwanga ukuba adityaniswe

Le yinkcazo esetyenziswa yi-CGAP, eyayisetyenziswa yi-MIX Market phambi kokuba ivalwe, kunye nezona bhanki ziphambili zamazwe nabaxhasi bophuhliso. Ukuba uthumela inani le-PAR 30 kutyalimali, yile nto aya kucinga ukuba uyithetha.

I-PAR ayifani neengqokelela zobudala betyala (aging buckets)

Iingqokelela zobudala betyala — iintsuku ezingu-1–30, 31–60, 61–90, 90+ — azingeneleli. Ityala ngalinye livela kwingqokelela enye kuphela, kwaye iingqokelela zidibana zenze iyonke imali yakho esemva.

Imida ye-PAR iyangenelela. Umda ngamnye uquka leyo ingaphezu kwawo.

Zombini ezi mbono ziluncedo kwaye abanini-matyala abaninzi bayazifuna zombini. Iingqokelela zobudala zikuxelela ukuba ukusemva kugxile phi nokuba kuhamba njani inyanga nenyanga. I-PAR ikuxelela ubungakanani bomngcipheko kubunzulu obuthile. Impazamo kukuzixuba kwitheyibhile enye ungachazi ukuba yeyiphi eyiphi, kuba umphathi wesebe ofunda "PAR 30: 9%" ecaleni kwe-"PAR 60: 6%" uya kubala umboleki omnye osilelayo kabini, okanye acinge ukuba la manani kufuneka adityaniswe. Akufuneki adityaniswe.

Ukuba unika zombini, zichaze ngokucacileyo. "Iintlawulo ezisemva ngaphezu kweentsuku ezingu-30" kwi-PAR. "Amatyala asemva ngeentsuku ezingu-31 ukuya kwezingu-60" kwiingqokelela.

Okulungileyo nokubi kukhangeleka njani

Imilinganiselo ihlala ixelwa ngokuya nge-PAR 30. Imiqathango eqikelelweyo yeshishini:

PAR 30IntsingiseloNgaphantsi kwe-5%Kusempilweni. Kuqhelekile kwiincwadi ezilawulwa kakuhle.5% – 10%Bukela ngenyameko. Kukho into etyibilikayo kuqokelelo lweemali okanye kuvavanyo lwamatyala.Ngaphezu kwe-10%Kubuhlungu. Lindela imibuzo kubaxhasi nakubalawuli.

Le nto yithathe njengesiqalo, hayi njengomthetho. Umgangatho wakho uxhomekeke kakhulu koko ukubolekisayo:

• Ukubolekisa ngokutsalwa emvuzweni kufuneka kube ne-PAR ephantsi kakhulu — ngokufuthi ngaphantsi kwe-2% — kuba imbuyekezo ithathwa emthonjeni. Iincwadi zemivuzo eziku-6% zinengxaki yokwenene.
• Amatyala amancinci angenasiqinisekiso kubarhwebi anokusemva okuphezulu ngokwendalo yawo, kwaye umbolekisi oneqhinga anokusebenza ku-8% enamazinga afanelekileyo okubuyisa imali aze ahlale enenzuzo.
• Ukubolekisa ngamaqela okunoxanduva olwabelwanayo ludla ngokuba ngaphantsi kokubolekisa komntu ngamnye kwintengiso enye, kuba iqela lithwala ukusilela kwexeshana phambi kokuba kufike kuwe.
• Iincwadi zamaxesha othile — ngakumbi ezolimo — ziya kunyuka ngendlela elindelekileyo phambi kokuvuna. Thelekisa nenyanga efanayo yonyaka ophelileyo, hayi nenyanga ephelileyo.

Zibekele eyakho imida ngokweembali yakho neendleko zemali yakho. Umkhwa onyukayo kwinani eliphantsi ubaluleke ngaphezu kwenani eliphezulu elithe cwaka.

Apho i-PAR ilahleka khona ngokuthe cwaka

I-PAR kulula ukuyibala kwaye kulula ukuyigqwetha. Uninzi lokugqwetha akusiyompumlo — ziincwadi zeakhawunti ezaphambukayo.

Amatyala acinyiweyo ashiywa ezincwadini. Ukuba ucima ityala kodwa ungalisusi kwimali esaselelwe, likhulisa omabini amanani aze i-PAR yakho ibonakale izinzile ngobuxoki. Ukuba ulisusa ngokuchanekileyo, i-PAR iyanyuka, kuba umlinganiselo osezantsi uncipha ngelixa amatyala asempilweni ehleli. Elo linani elinyanisekileyo. Ababolekisi abaphepha ukucima kuba kwenzakalisa umlinganiselo, baqala ngokuzixokisa bona.

Amatyala ahlengahlengisiweyo abuyiselwa kuziro. Ukuhlela kwakhona ityala elisemva uze ulibize njengelihlawulwayo yeyona ndlela indala yokwenza i-PAR ikhangeleke intle. Ityala elihlengahlengisiweyo elalisemva ngeentsuku ezingu-90 alilotyala elihlawulwayo ngosuku lokuqala lwecwangciso lalo elitsha. Landela amatyala ahlengahlengisiweyo kumgca owahlukileyo uze uwanike ecaleni kwe-PAR, hayi ngaphakathi kuyo.

Ukusemva okubhalwe ngomhla ongachanekanga. Ukuba intlawulo yayifanele ihlawulwe ngomhla wesi-5, yafunyanwa ngowama-20, kodwa yabhalwa ngowama-25, inani leentsuku ezisemva lixhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kumhla osetyenziswa yinkqubo yakho. Sebenzisa umhla ekufuneka ihlawulwe ngawo nomhla wokwenene wentlawulo. Umhla wokubhala ngumsebenzi wolawulo, hayi isiganeko somboleki.

Iintlawulo ezingaphelelanga ezabelwe gwenxa. Ukuba umboleki uhlawula inxalenye yentlawulo yaye inkqubo yakho iyisebenzisa ngolandelelwano olungachanekanga, ityala linokubonakala lihlawulwe ngelixa imali eyintloko isasilela — okanye libonakale lisemva lingekho semva. Yiyo loo nto ulandelelwano lokwabiwa kwentlawulo lubalulekile: izohlwayo, kulandele iintlawulelo, kulandele inzala, kulandele imali eyintloko, kusetyenziswa ngendlela efanayo ngalo lonke ixesha.

Iintlawulo zangaphambili ezifihla ukusemva. Umboleki ohlawula iintlawulo ezimbini kwangaphambili aze aphose ezintathu usenokubonisa ibhalansi elungileyo xa ithelekiswa necwangciso kubalo olungenzulu. I-PAR kufuneka ivavanywe ngokuchasene nentlawulo emele ihlawulwe, hayi ngesixa esidibeneyo esihlawulweyo.

Imilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo phakathi kweengxelo. Imali yonke, emva kokuthatha izinqumla, imali eyintloko yodwa, imali eyintloko kunye nenzala emele ifunyanwe — nganye inika i-PAR eyahlukileyo. Khetha enye, uyibhale phantsi, uze uyisebenzise yonke indawo. Uninzi lwababolekisi kufuneka lusebenzise imali eyintloko epheleleyo esaselelwe.

I-PAR luphawu, ayilotyalo lokuxilonga

Inani le-PAR likuxelela ukuba kukho into engahambi kakuhle. Alikuxeleli ukuba yintoni. Lifunde kunye ne:

• Izinga loqokelelo — lipesenti elingakanani kwimali ebimele ihlawulwe kule nyanga eliqokelelwe ngokwenene. Izinga loqokelelo elehlayo lolona luphawu lwangaphambili; i-PAR luphawu lwasemva.
• Iingqokelela zobudala betyala — ngaba ukusemva kutsha (iintsuku ezingu-1–30, kunokulungiswa ngomnxeba) okanye sekukudala (90+, mhlawumbi imali ilahlekile)? Ababolekisi ababini abane-PAR 30 efanayo banokuba kwiimeko ezahluke ngokupheleleyo.
• Amazinga okugqitha — yinxalenye engakanani yengqokelela yeentsuku ezingu-1–30 egqithela ku-31–60 kwinyanga ezayo. Kulapho ubona khona uqokelelo lusebenza okanye lusilela.
• Izinqumla zelahleko yamatyala — i-PAR ikuxelela okusemngciphekweni; izinqumla zikuxelela okusele ukubekele bucala ukujongana nako.
• I-PAR ngegosa, ngesebe nangemveliso — inani le-9% kwiincwadi zizonke lidla ngokufihla isebe elinye elikwi-3% nelinye elikwi-22%. Umyinge ngoyona ndlela ingancedi kangako yokujonga idatha.

Kutheni uninzi lwababolekisi abancinci lungayiboni i-PAR yalo

Ifomyula yizibalo nje. Ingxaki yidatha.

Ukubala i-PAR ngokuchanekileyo ufuna, kwityala ngalinye nangomhla nawuphi na: imali esaselelwe, icwangciso elipheleleyo leentlawulo ezimele zihlawulwe, intlawulo nganye efunyenweyo nomhla wayo wokwenene, kunye nomthetho ozinzileyo wokuba ezo ntlawulo zabelwe njani. Kwispredishithi esinamakhulu ambalwa amatyala kumasebe amathathu, loo nto ngumsebenzi weveki — kwaye xa uphela, elo nani seliphelelwe yiveki.

Ngoko ke ayenziwa. Endaweni yoko umbolekisi wazi ngokungqalileyo ukuba ngoobani abasemva kuba igosa lamatyala ligcina uluhlu, kwaye imeko yokwenene ivela kuphela xa umxhasi eyicela okanye xa isebe liphicothwa. Ngelo xesha, ukusemva okutsha ebekunokubuyiswa ngomnxeba sekukhulele kwingqokelela yeentsuku ezingu-90.

I-PAR ayinaxabiso njengengxelo yasekupheleni kwenyanga. Inexabiso ngoLwesibini kusasa, xa amatyala athe asemva ngeentsuku ezi-5 ngempelaveki esenokusindiswa.