Izinga lenzalo elisebenzayo

Igama elithi izinga lenzalo elisebenzayo linezincazelo ezintathu ezihlukene, futhi ukuzidida kuyiphutha elilodwa elivame kakhulu ezingxoxweni zentengo yemalimboleko nokubika.

• Izinga lonyaka elisebenzayo (EAR) - Okukalayo: izinga elibizwayo elilungiselwe imvamisa yokuhlanganisa

  • Lapho kusetshenziswa khona: Ukuqhathanisa amadiphozithi nemalimboleko anezikhathi ezihlukene zokuhlanganisa

• Izinga lenzalo elisebenzayo ngaphansi kwe-IFRS 9 (EIR) - Okukalayo: Izinga elisabalalisa izinkokhelo nezindleko zokuthengiselana kuso sonke isikhathi esilindelekile semalimboleko

  • Lapho kusetshenziswa khona: Ukubika kwezezimali nokuqashelwa kwemali engenayo yenzalo

• Igama elivamile elithi "izinga elisebenzayo" - Okukalayo: Ukuthi imalimboleko ibiza malini ngempela, konke kufakiwe

  • Lapho kusetshenziswa khona: Ngokuvamile igama elicishe lifane nelithi APR

Okokuqala kuyizibalo. Okwesibili kuwukubalwa kwezimali. Okwesithathu kuwumqondo wokudalula otholakala ekhasini le-APR. Leli khasi libhekene nokubili kokuqala.

Incazelo 1: izinga lonyaka elisebenzayo

Izinga elibizwayo alisho ukuthi inzalo ihlangana kangaki. Imikhiqizo emibili ekhomba u-12% ngonyaka ingakhiqiza amanani ahlukene enzalo kuye ngokuthi leyo 12% isetshenziswa kanye ngonyaka noma ngezitolimende eziyishumi nambili zanyanga zonke zika-1%.

Izinga lonyaka elisebenzayo liguqula izinga elibizwayo libe yilokho elikukhiqizayo ngempela ngonyaka:

EAR = (1 + i ÷ n)^n − 1

where  i = nominal annual rate
       n = compounding periods per year

Izinga elibizwayo lika-12% ngemvamisa ezahlukene zokuhlanganisa

• Ngonyaka (isikhathi esingu-1): 12.000%
• Kabili ngonyaka (izikhathi ezingu-2): 12.360%
• Ngekota (izikhathi ezingu-4): 12.551%
• Ngenyanga (izikhathi ezingu-12): 12.683%
• Nsuku zonke (izikhathi ezingu-365): 12.748%
• Ngokuqhubekayo (∞): 12.750%

Kulandela ukuqaphela okubili. Ukuhlanganisa kaningi kuhlale kuveza izinga elisebenzayo eliphezulu, futhi ukwenyuka kuba kuncane isikhathi ngasinye — ukulandelana kuhlangana ku e^i − 1, okuwumkhawulo wokuhlanganisa okuqhubekayo. Ngale kwenyanga, umphumela owengeziwe mncane.

Ukuguqula emuva

Ukuze uthole izinga elingokwegama elikhiqiza izinga elisebenzayo elinikeziwe:

i = n × [ (1 + EAR)^(1÷n) − 1 ]

Lapho kubaluleka khona

• Imali eyongiwe kanye namadiphozithi. Ukuqhathanisa idiphozithi ehlanganisa inzalo ngekota ka-6% nediphozithi ehlanganisa inzalo ngonyaka ka-6.1% kudinga ukuguqula zombili zibe amanani asebenzayo.
• Amakhadi esikweletu kanye nesikweletu esijikelezayo, lapho inzalo ngokuvamile ihlanganiswa nyanga zonke eseleweni elingakakhokhwa.
• Noma yikuphi ukuqhathanisa kwemikhiqizo enezindlela ezahlukene zokuhlanganisa — izibalo ezingokwegama aziqhathaniseki nje.

Qaphela ukuthi imalimboleko evamile ekhokhwa ngezitolimende zanyanga zonke ayihlanganisi ngalo mqondo, ngoba inzalo ikhokhwa isikhathi ngasinye kunokuba yengezwe eseleweni. Ukuhlanganisa kubaluleka lapho inzalo ifakwa enanini eliyinhloko — ngesikhathi sekhefu lokukhokha, ezinsalelweni ezingakhokhiwe, noma ediphozithini.

Incazelo 2: I-EIR ngaphansi kwe-IFRS 9

Ekubikweni kwezezimali, i- zinga lenzalo elisebenzayo linencazelo yobuchwepheshe enembile: izinga elinciphisa ngokunembile ukugeleza kwemali okulinganiselwe kwesikhathi esizayo phakathi nempilo elindelekile yempahla yezezimali kuya enani layo eliphelele elithwalekayo ekuqashelweni kokuqala.

Inhloso yaso ukuvimbela imali yezinkokhelo ukuthi ingaqashelwa ngesikhathi sokukhishwa kwemali. Esikhundleni salokho, izinkokhelo nezindleko zokuthengiselana zifakwa kuzinga elilodwa bese zikhishwa phakathi nempilo yemalimboleko.

Okufakwa ku-EIR

Okufakiwe:

• Izinkokhelo zokusungula, zokuqalisa kanye nezokuhlela ezitholwe kumboleki
• Izindleko ezengeziwe eziqondene ngqo zokuthengiselana ezikhokhiwe — ikhomishini, ezomthetho, ukulinganisa.
• Noma iyiphi iphrimiyamu noma isaphulelo ekuthengweni.
• Amaphoyinti akhokhiwe noma atholiwe ayingxenye yesivuno.

Okungafakiwe:

• Ukulahlekelwa kwesikweletu okulindelekile, ezimpahleni ezingonakaliswanga yisikweletu ngesikhathi sokuthenga.
• Izinkokhelo zezinsizakalo ezihlukile ezilethwa ngokwehlukana ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
• Izindleko zokuphatha ezingahlotshaniswa ngqo nokuqaliswa kwemalimboleko ethile

Isibonelo esibaliwe

Imalimboleko engu-$10,000 ezinyangeni ezingama-36 ngenzalo yesivumelwano engu-15% ngonyaka, kanye no-$300 inkokhelo yokuqalisa eyamukelwe nezindleko ezingama-$100 ezibangelwa ngqo ezikhokhiwe.

Contractual instalment            = $346.65
Initial net carrying amount       = 10,000 − 300 + 100 = $9,800

I-EIR yizinga elenza lezo zinkokhelo ezingama-36 zika-$346.65 zibuyele ku-$9,800:

Contractual rate  = 15.0% per annum
EIR               ≈ 16.4% per annum (nominal), ≈17.7% effective

Imali engenayo yenzalo ebikiwe yombolekisi ikhombisa u-16.4%, hhayi u-15%, futhi inkokhelo engu-$300 ayikaze ibonwe njengesamba esisodwa. Ivela kancane kancane njengengxenye yemali engenayo yenzalo eminyakeni emithathu.

Indlela esetshenziswa ngayo

Interest revenue for the period = amortised cost × EIR

Izici ezimbili zokucwengisisa zibalulekile ekusebenzeni kwangempela:

• Izimpahla ezonakele ngenxa yesikweletu (Isigaba 3). Inzalo ibalwa ngenani elisele elithwalwayo — ngemva kokukhipha isibonelelo sokulahlekelwa — kunokuba kube inani eliphelele. Ukuqhubeka nokuqongelela inzalo ngebhalansi ephelele yemalimboleko eyonakele kwenza imali engenayo ibonakale yandile ngokweqile.
• Ukuguqulwa. Lapho imalimboleko ihlelwa kabusha ngaphandle kokukhishwa emabhukwini, inani elithwalwayo libalwa kabusha ngokudicinta ukugeleza kwemali okubukeziwe ngesilinganiso sokuqala se-EIR, umehluko uthathwa ngokushesha enzuzweni noma ekulahlekelweni. I-EIR ngokwayo ayisethwa kabusha.

Kungani kubalulekile ekusebenzeni kwangempela

Ukuqaphela izinkokhelo zokuqalisa njengemali engenayo ngesikhathi sokukhishwa kwemali kuyiphutha elivamile kubabolekisi abancane. Lokhu:

• Kwenza inzuzo ibonakale inkulu ngokweqile ngesikhathi imalimboleko ibhalwa
• Kuyenza ibonakale incane ngokweqile kuso sonke isikhathi esisele
• Kwenyusa isivuno esibonakalayo ebhizinisini elisha ngokweqile
• Kukhiqiza imiphumela ethopha ibhuku elikhulayo futhi ephenduka kakhulu lapho ukukhula kwehla

Leyo ndlela yokuphenduka iyimbangela ephindelelayo yokubhalwa kabusha kwama-akhawunti ababolekisi abancane.

Izinga lenzalo elisebenzayo uma kuqhathaniswa ne-APR

Zombili zihlobene kodwa zisebenzela izinjongo ezahlukene, futhi enye ayithathi indawo yenye.

• Izinga lenzalo elisebenzayo (EIR): - Kuchazwa ngu: Amazinga okubika ngezimali (IFRS 9)

  • Izethameli: Abalungisi nabasebenzisi bezitatimende zezimali
  • Inhloso: Ukuqaphela imali engenayo yenzalo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi
  • Ukuphathwa kwezinkokhelo: Izinkokhelo eziyingxenye yesivuno, kukhishwe izindleko zokuthengiselana
  • Isisekelo: Impilo yemalimboleko elindelekile

• Izinga Lonyaka Lamaphesenti (APR): - Kuchazwa ngu: Umthethonqubo wesikweletu somthengi

  • Izethameli: Ababoleki abaqhathanisa izinikezelo zemalimboleko
  • Inhloso: Ukudalula izindleko eziphelele zesikweletu
  • Ukuphathwa kwezinkokhelo: Zonke izinkokhelo eziphoqelekile zomaboleki
  • Isisekelo: Uhlelo lwesivumelwano, ngokuvamile

Zivame ukukhiqiza izinombolo ezihlukene zemalimboleko efanayo, ngokufanele. I-APR ibamba zonke izinkokhelo eziphoqelekile ezithwalwa umboleki, kuhlanganise nezinye ezingalokothi zifinyelele kumbolekisi — amaprimiyamu omshwalense aphoqelekile akhokhelwa umuntu wesithathu, ngokwesibonelo. I-EIR ibamba kuphela lokho okungena esivunweni sombolekisi, kukhishwe izindleko zakhe.

Amaphutha avamile

• Ukuqhathanisa izinga elishiwo nezinga elisebenzayo. Azikona izilinganiso ezifanayo; guqula kuqala.
• Ukuguqula kube yizinga lonyaka ngokuphindaphinda ngeshumi nambili lapho inzalo ihlanganiswa. Izinga lenyanga lika-2% kubhalansi ehlanganisa inzalo liba ngu-26.8% elisebenzayo, hhayi u-24%.
• Ukucabanga ukuthi imalimboleko yezitolimende zanyanga zonke iyahlanganisa inzalo. Ngokuvamile ayikwenzi lokho — inzalo iyakhokhwa, ayifakwa.
• Ukuqaphela izinkokhelo ekuqaleni esikhundleni sokuzisabalalisa nge-EIR.
• Ukuqongelela inzalo enanini eliphelele elithwalwayo lokuchayeka okonakaliswe yisikweletu.
• Ukusetha kabusha i-EIR ngokuguqulwa lapho indinganiso idinga ukuthi izinga lasekuqaleni ligcinwe.