Isheduli yokubuyisela imali

Uhlelo lokukhokha luyithebula elibonisa zonke izinkokhelo ezifunekayo phakathi nesikhathi semalimboleko: ukuthi inkokhelo ngayinye kufanele ikhokhwe nini, ingakanani, ingakanani iyinzalo, ingakanani eyehlisa inani eliyinhloko, nokuthi yimalini eseleyo ngemva kwalokho. Lapho imalimboleko incipha ngokugcwele, kubizwa nangokuthi uhlelo lokunciphisa inani.

Uhlelo luyisivumelwano semalimboleko esivezwe ngezibalo. Lukhiqizwa ngesikhathi sokukhishwa kwemali, lunikezwe umboleki, futhi lusetshenziswa umbolekisi ukunquma okufunekayo, okudlule isikhathi, nokuthi yini esele engakakhokhwa nganoma yiluphi usuku.

Okuqukethwe uhlelo

• Inombolo yenkokhelo — Isikhundla sokulandelana, 1 kuya ku- n
• Usuku lokukhokha — Lapho inkokhelo kufanele ikhokhwe khona.
• Ibhalansi yokuqala — Inani eliyinhloko elisele ngaphambi kwenkokhelo
• Isitolimende — Inani eliphelele okufanele likhokhwe
• Inzalo — Inzalo eqongelelwe ngesikhathi
• Inani eliyinhloko — Ingxenye eyehlisa ibhalansi
• Ibhalansi yokuvala — Inani eliyinhloko elisele ngemva kwenkokhelo

Ezinye izinhlelo zinezinhlu ezengeziwe zezindleko, amaprimiyamu omshwalense, inzalo enqwabelene ekhokhiwe, noma amanani enhlawulo ezitolimendeni ezedlule isikhathi.

Uhlelo oluyisibonelo

$5,000 ngezinga lika- 12% ngonyaka kusetshenziswa ibhalansi eyehlayo, ngezitolimende eziyi-12 zanyanga zonke.

Monthly rate = 1.0%
Instalment   = $444.24

#    Opening    Instalment   Interest   Principal    Closing
 1   5,000.00       444.24      50.00      394.24   4,605.76
 2   4,605.76       444.24      46.06      398.18   4,207.58
 3   4,207.58       444.24      42.08      402.16   3,805.42
..
11     875.33       444.24       8.75      435.49     439.84
12     439.84       444.24       4.40      439.84       0.00

Total paid     = $5,330.88
Total interest = $330.88

Isitolimende sihlala singashintshi; ukuhlukaniswa kwaso ngaphakathi akunjalo. Enyangeni yoku-1, ama-$50 kuma-$444.24 ayinzalo. Ngenyanga ye-12, ama-$4.40 kuphela ayinzalo. Inzalo ibalwa ngebhalansi esele, futhi leyo bhalansi yehla njalo ngenyanga.

Emalimbolekweni esikhathi esifushane ushintsho luncane. Kulawo esikhathi eside lukhulu kakhulu — kubambiso beminyaka engamashumi amabili, ingxenye enkulu yesitolimende sokuqala ingaba yinzalo, okuyisizathu sokuthi ibhalansi ibonakale inganyakazi kakhulu eminyakeni yokuqala.

Izinhlobo zohlelo lokubuyisela imali

• Isitolimende esilinganayo (annuity) — Isitolimende esingaguquki esinokukhokhwa kwesikweletu esiyinhloko okukhuphukayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi; kusetshenziselwa iningi lokubolekiswa kwabathengi nama-SME.
• Isikweletu esiyinhloko esilinganayo (umugqa oqondile) — Izitolimende ziyehla ngokuhamba kwesikhathi nokukhokhwa kwesikweletu esiyinhloko okungaguquki; kusetshenziselwa ukuxhaswa kwezimpahla nezinye izimali mboleko zezohwebo.
• Inzalo kuphela bese i-bullet — Izitolimende ezincane, ezingaguquki zenzalo kuphela nesikweletu esiyinhloko sonke esikhokhwa ekupheleni kwesikhathi; kusetshenziselwa ukuxhaswa ngezimali kwebhuloho nezakhiwo zezohwebo.
• Ukwehlisa isikweletu ngokwengxenye (i-balloon) — Izitolimende ezingaguquki nesamba esisele esikhokhwa ngokuphelele ekupheleni kwesikhathi; kusetshenziselwa ukuxhaswa kwezimoto nemishini.
• Ukukhuphuka ngezigaba — Izitolimende nokukhokhwa kwesikweletu esiyinhloko kuyakhuphuka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi; kusetshenziselwa ababoleki abanokukhula kwemali engenayo okulindelekile.
• Ukwehla ngezigaba — Izitolimende nokukhokhwa kwesikweletu esiyinhloko kuyehla ngokuhamba kwesikhathi; kusetshenziselwa ababoleki abanamandla anciphayo.
• Ngezikhathi ezithile / okungajwayelekile — Izinkokhelo ezihambisana nokungena kwemali; kusetshenziswa kwezolimo nasekubolekiseni okuhlobene nokuvuna.
• Isikhathi somusa — Azikho izinkokhelo noma izinkokhelo zenzalo kuphela ngesikhathi sokuqala esibambezelekile; kusetshenziselwa ukuxhaswa kwamaphrojekthi, ezokwakha, nezemfundo.

Isitolimende esilinganayo uma kuqhathaniswa nesikweletu esiyinhloko esilinganayo

Kusetshenziswa u-$5,000 ofanayo ku-12% ezinyangeni eziyi-12:

Equal instalment:  $444.24 every month
                   total interest = $330.88

Equal principal:   $416.67 principal + declining interest
                   first payment  = $466.67
                   last payment   = $420.84
                   total interest = $325.00

Isikweletu esiyinhloko esilinganayo sibiza kancane sewonke, ngoba isikweletu esiyinhloko sikhokhwa ngokushesha ezinyangeni zokuqala. Sidinga imali eningi ekuqaleni, yingakho isitolimende esilinganayo kubusa ekubolekiseni kwabathengi — ukubikezeleka kubaluleke kakhulu kwababoleki abaningi kunokonga okuncane.

Izikhathi zomusa

Isikhathi somusa sibambezela ukuqala kokubuyisela imali. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili, ezinemiphumela ehluke kakhulu:

• Umusa wesikweletu esiyinhloko — inzalo iyakhokhwa ngesikhathi somusa, isikweletu esiyinhloko asikhokhwa. Ibhalansi ihlala injalo kodwa ayikhuli.
• Umusa ogcwele (moratorium) — akukho okukhokhwayo, futhi inzalo enqwabelene ivamise ukufakwa esikweletwini esiyinhloko. Ibhalansi iyakhula ngesikhathi somusa, futhi sonke isitolimende esilandelayo sibalwa ngesamba esikhudlwana.

Ababoleki bavame ukucabanga ukuthi isikhathi somusa esigcwele simahhala. Siyisona esibiza kakhulu kulezi zimbili.

Okulolonga izinombolo

• Indlela yenzalo. Ibhalansi elinciphayo libala inzalo enani elisele; izinga eliyisicaba libala inzalo enani eliyinhloko lokuqala kuyo yonke inkathi. Ngezinga elifanayo elibiziwe, izinga eliyisicaba likhiqiza inzalo enkulu kakhulu — futhi uhlelo lwezinga eliyisicaba lukhombisa ikholomu yenzalo engaguquki hhayi eyehlayo.
• Indlela yokubala izinsuku. I-Actual/365 kanye ne-30/360 zikhiqiza amanani ahlukene enzalo ngezinga elifanayo nenkathi efanayo. Inyanga enezinsuku ezingu-31 iqongelela kakhulu kunaleyo enezinsuku ezingu-28 ngaphansi kwe-Actual/365, futhi ifane ncamashi ngaphansi kwe-30/360.
• Imvamisa yezinkokhelo. Amashejuli akhokhwa masonto onke noma emavikini amabili abuyisa inani eliyinhloko ngokushesha kunalawo akhokhwa nyangazonke ngezinga elifanayo lonyaka, anciphisa inzalo ephelele kancane futhi ahambisane nokugeleza kwemali kwababolekayo abahola nsuku zonke.
• Usuku lokuqala lokukhokha. Isikhala phakathi kokukhishwa kwemali nosuku lokuqala lokufaneleka sidala inzalo yezinsuku ezingeziwe, engezwa esitolimendeni sokuqala noma ifakwe enani eliyinhloko.
• Izinkokhelo. Noma ngabe izinkokhelo zokuhlela kanye nezomshwalense zibanjwa ngesikhathi sokukhishwa kwemali, zengezwe enani eliyinhloko, noma zisatshalaliswe ezitolimendeni kushintsha kokubili isitolimende kanye nezindleko zangempela.

Uma ishejuli lishintsha

Ishejuli lokukhokha alinakho unomphela. Libalwa kabusha uma:

• Ukukhokha ngokweqile kusetshenziswa enani eliyinhloko — kungafinyeza isikhathi noma kwehlise izitolimende ezizayo, kuye ngomyalelo onikeziwe
• Imali ebolekiwe iyahlelwa kabusha — isikhathi, izinga noma isitolimende kuyashintshwa ngoba ishejuli lokuqala lalingasakwazi ukukhokheka
• Imali yokwengeza iyanikezwa — ibhalansi elikhona liyakhokhwa futhi kukhishwe ishejuli elisha ngenani elikhulu
• Izinga liyashintsha emalini ebolekiwe enezinga eliguqukayo — izitolimende noma isikhathi kuyalungiswa
• Izinkokhelo ziyaphuthelwa — izinsalela, inzalo yokujezisa kanye nanoma yikuphi ukufakwa enani eliyinhloko kushintsha okusele okufanele kukhokhwe

Ngakunye kwalokhu kufanele kukhiqize ishejuli elibuyekeziwe elinikezwe umboleki. Umboleki osebenzisa ishejuli elingasasebenzi ngeke avumelane nebhalansi lombolekisi, okuyimbangela evamile yengxabano.

Amanothi okusebenza kubabolekisi

• Gcina ishejuli kunokuba ulibale kabusha uma ulidinga. Ishejuli eligciniwe ligcina lokho okwakuvunyelwene ngakho, liyasinda ezinguqukweni zezinga namapharamitha, futhi linika abacwaningi bamabhuku ireferensi engaguquki. Ukubala kabusha ngaleso sikhathi kwenza izimo zomlando zingakwazi ukuphindwa.
• Yenza izinguqulo zamashejuli kukho konke ukuguqulwa, ugcine ezingasasebenzi kunokuba uzibhale phezulu.
• Hlukanisa phakathi kokuhleliwe nokwenzekayo. Isikweletu esingakhokhiwe yigebe phakathi kwakho kokubili; ukukuhlanganisa kuphazamisa ukubikwa kokungakhokhi ngesikhathi.
• Chaza ukuphathwa kwenkokhelo engaphelele ngokucacile — noma ngabe inkokhelo emfushane ikhokha isitolimende esidala kakhulu, isebenza ngokwehla kwe-waterfall, noma ihlala ingabelwe.
• Phatha ukusondezwa ngamabomu. Izitolimende ezisondezwe ezindaweni ezimbili zamadesimali zishiya insalela encane; iningi lababolekisi liyakufaka esitolimendeni sokugcina, okuyisizathu sokuthi inkokhelo yokugcina ivame ukwehluka kancane kwezinye.
• Daluza ishejuli ngesikhathi sokukhishwa kwemali, kanye nenani eliphelele elibuyisekayo. Iziphathimandla eziningi zikudinga lokhu.