Isibambiso / Isibopho

I-lien noma i-charge kuyi-sibambiso: ilungelo elinikezwa umbolekisi phezu kwempahla, eliqinisekisa ukufeza isibopho, ngaphandle kokudlulisela ubunini baleyo mpahla kumbolekisi.

Umboleki uyayigcina impahla futhi uyaqhubeka nokuyisebenzisa. Umbolekisi uthola ilungelo elisemthethweni phezu kwayo — ilungelo lokukhokhelwa ngenani layo ngaphambi kwabakweletwayo abangenasibambiso, futhi, uma ehluleka ukukhokha, ukuthi idayiswe futhi inzuzo yayo isetshenziselwe ukukhokha isikweletu.

Amagama ahluka kakhulu phakathi kwezinhlelo zomthetho, futhi igama elifanayo lenza umsebenzi ohlukile ezindaweni ezehlukene zomthetho. Isifinyezo esingezansi siveza izinhlobo eziyinhloko njengoba zisetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zomthetho wama-common law; umkhuba wase-US ngaphansi kwe-Article 9 ye-Uniform Commercial Code uhlanganisa iningi lalezi zinto zibe umqondo owodwa we-sibambiso, futhi izinhlelo zomthetho wama-civil law zisebenzisa izigaba ezahlukile futhi.

Leli khasi lichaza imiqondo evamile. Umthetho wezibambiso uncike endaweni ethile yomthetho futhi imithetho esebenzayo kufanele iqinisekiswe endaweni yakho.

Izinhlobo Eziyinhloko Zesibambiso

• I-Charge (ukuba nempahla: kuhlala kumboleki): Isibopho esisempahleni esinika umnikazi we-charge ilungelo lokukhokhelwa ngenzuzo yayo. Akukho ukudluliswa kobunikazi noma kokuba nempahla.
• I-Mortgage (ukuba nempahla: kuhlala kumboleki): Ukudluliswa kwelungelo empahleni njengesibambiso, ngaphansi kwelungelo lomboleki lokuyikhulula uma esekhokha. Ngokuvamile kusempahleni yomhlaba, kodwa kungenzeka nakwezinye izimpahla.
• I-Pledge (ukuba nempahla: kudluliselwa kumbolekisi): Isibambiso sokubamba izimpahla noma imibhalo yobunikazi. Umbolekisi ubamba leyo mpahla ngokomzimba.
• I-Lien (yokubamba impahla) (ukuba nempahla: kubanjwe umbolekisi): Ilungelo lokugcina impahla osuvele unayo ngokomthetho kuze kukhokhwe isikweletu — ngokwesibonelo, i-lien yomlungisi phezu kwezimpahla asebenze kuzo.
• I-Lien (ukusetshenziswa okuvamile) (ukuba nempahla: kuyehluka): Ekusetshenzisweni kwase-US futhi nasekusetshenzisweni okwandayo kwamazwe ngamazwe, igama elibanzi lanoma yisiphi isimangalo sesibambiso, kuhlanganise nama-lien ezinqumo zenkantolo kanye nama-lien entela avela ngokusebenza komthetho.
• I-Hypothecation (ukuba nempahla: kuhlala kumboleki): Isibambiso esingabambi impahla phezu kwempahla enyakazayo, esivamile emthethweni wama-civil law nakwezinye izindlela zokuboleka kwezohwebo.
• I-Assignment (ukuba nempahla: akusebenzi): Ukudluliswa kwamalungelo — ngokuvamile izimali ezilindelekile, inzuzo yenkontileka noma izinqubomgomo zomshwalense — njengesibambiso.
• Ukukhanselwa kwesikweletu / ilungelo lokubamba lebhange phezu kwediphozithi (ukuphatha: umbolekisi uphethe izimali): Ilungelo lokusebenzisa ibhalansi yekhredithi yekhasimende ukukhokhela isikweletu saso. Isibambiso esingaguqulwa sibe imali ngokushesha kakhulu kuzo zonke.

Umehluko osebenzayo obaluleke kakhulu uphakathi kwesibambiso esiphethe impahla nesingayiphethe. Isibambiso esiphethe impahla silula futhi sisebenza ngokwaso kodwa sidinga ukuthi umbolekisi ayiphethe impahla — akwenzeki lapho umbolekwayo eyidinga ukuze akhiqize imali ekhokha imalimboleko. Isibambiso esingayiphethe impahla sivumela umbolekwayo ukuthi aqhubeke nokusebenzisa impahla, kodwa sincike ngokuphelele ekubhalisweni nasekusebenzeni kwezinhlelo zokuphoqelela.

Izibopho Ezigxilile Nezintantayo

Umehluko omqoka ekubolekiseni ngokubambisa izimpahla zebhizinisi.

Isibopho Esigxilile

Sinamathela ezimpahleni ezithile, ezikhonjiwe. Umbolekwayo akakwazi ukuzilahla ngaphandle kwemvume yombolekisi. Sinikeza ukulawula okuqinile nokuhamba phambili okuphezulu, kodwa asisebenzi kahle ezimpahleni ezishintshayo — ibhizinisi alikwazi ukucela imvume kukho konke ukuthengiswa kwesitoko.

Isibopho Esintantayo

Sintanta phezu koqoqo lwezimpahla olushintshayo ekuhambeni okuvamile kwebhizinisi — isitoko, izimali ezilindelekile, noma zonke izimpahla ngokujwayelekile. Umbolekwayo usebenzisana nazo ngokukhululekile kuze kube isibopho siyaqina lapho kwenzeka umcimbi ochaziwe (ukwehluleka ukukhokha, ukungakwazi ukukhokha izikweletu, ukuyeka ukusebenza kwebhizinisi, noma isaziso), ngaleso sikhathi siba sigxilile phezu kwanoma yiziphi izimpahla eziseqoqweni ngaleso sikhathi.

• Izimpahla: Ezithile nezikhonjiwe ezibopheni ezigxilile; uqoqo olushintshayo ezibopheni ezintantayo.
• Umbolekwayo angasebenzisana nazo: Cha, hhayi ngaphandle kwemvume ezibopheni ezigxilile; yebo, kuze kube ukuqina ezibopheni ezintantayo.
• Isibambiso esivamile: Umhlaba, izinsiza-kusebenza, nemishini ebizwa ngegama ezibopheni ezigxilile; isitoko, izimali ezilindelekile, nezimpahla ezijwayelekile ezibopheni ezintantayo.
• Isikhundla sokuhamba phambili: Siqinile ezibopheni ezigxilile; sibuthakathaka ezibopheni ezintantayo (ngokuvamile silandela izimangalo ezikhethekile).
• Ukusebenza kahle ezimpahleni zokuhweba: Kubi ezibopheni ezigxilile; kuhle ezibopheni ezintantayo.

Ezindaweni eziningi zomthetho, izibopho ezintantayo zilandela izimangalo ezikhethekile ezisemthethweni — amaholo angakhokhiwe, izintela — izibopho ezigxilile ezizidlulayo. Igama elisetshenziswa idokhumenti akulona elinqumayo: izinkantolo ngokuvamile zibheka ingqikithi yokulawula okusetshenzisiwe, futhi isibopho "esigxilile" phezu kwezimpahla umbolekwayo empeleni asebenzisana nazo ngokukhululekile singachazwa kabusha njengesintantayo.

Ukudalwa, Ukunamathela, Ukupheleliswa, Ukuhamba Phambili

Imiqondo emine elandelanayo. Isithakazelo sesibambiso esingafiki kweyesithathu ngokuvamile asinamsebenzi lapho sibaluleka khona.

1. Ukudalwa. Isivumelwano sokubambisa senziwe ngokusemthethweni — imibhalo efanele, igunya, amandla, kanye nencazelo eyanele yesibopho esibambisiwe nesibambiso.

2. Ukunamathela. Isithakazelo siqala ukusebenza phakathi kombolekisi nombolekwayo. Lokhu ngokuvamile kudinga ukuthi inani linikeziwe, umbolekwayo unamalungelo esibambisweni, nokuthi isivumelwano sikhona. Umbolekwayo akakwazi ukunikeza isibambiso phezu kwempahla angenayo.

3. Ukupheleliswa. Isithakaselo siqala ukusebenza ngokumelene nabantu besithathu — abanye ababolekisi, abathengi, kanye nomlawuli wokuqothuka. Lesi yisinyathelo esivame ukunganakwa, futhi yisona esinquma ukuthi isibambiso sinalo yini inani lapho kuncintiswana. Izindlela zokupheleliswa:

• Ukubhaliswa kurejista efanele — irejista yomhlaba, irejista yezibopho zezinkampani, irejista yesibambiso esinyakazayo noma yokuhwebelana okuvikelekile, noma irejista yezimoto
• Ukuba nempahla kwesibambiso, ezithembisweni nasezibophonweni zokubamba impahla
• Ukulawula, kuma-akhawunti ediphozithi nasezimpahleni ezithile zokutshalwa kwezimali
• Isaziso kumkweleti we-akhawunti, ezikweletini ezidluliselwe

4. Ukuhamba phambili. Lapho ababolekisi abaningi befuna impahla efanayo, ukuhamba phambili kunquma ukuthi ubani okhokhelwa kuqala. Imithetho evamile:

• Owokuqala ukubhalisa, uba ngowokuqala ngokuhamba phambili, ezinhlelweni ezisekelwe kurejista — ukuhamba phambili kuvame ukuqala ngosuku lokubhaliswa, hhayi ngosuku lwesivumelwano
• Isithakaselo sesibambiso semali yokuthenga (PMSI) ukuhamba phambili okuphakeme: umbolekisi oxhasa ngemali ukuthengwa kwempahla ethile angaba ngaphambi kwesibopho esijwayelekile esikhona kuleso sigaba sempahla, inqobo nje uma isaziso esimisiwe kanye izinyathelo zokubhalisa ziyalandelwa
• Izimangalo eziphambili ezingokomthetho — izintela, amaholo, nokunye okufanayo — ezingase zidlule izibambiso ezithile, ikakhulukazi izibopho ezintantayo
• Izibopho zokubamba impahla ezivela ngokusebenza komthetho, ezivame ukuhamba phambili kunezithakaselo ezibhalisiwe

Amarejista Ezibambiso

Inani lesibambiso esingesona esokubamba impahla lincike ngokuphelele kurejista esebenzayo. Imiphumela emibili:

Kumbolekisi: ukubhalisa yikhona okuguqula isivumelwano sangasese sibe isithakaselo esisebenza kubantu bonke. Isibopho esingabhalisiwe noma esibhaliswe emva kwesikhathi singase singabi namandla kumlawuli wokuqothuka noma sibekwe ngaphansi kombangi obhalise kamuva — ngisho noma lowo enalo ulwazi lwangempela ngaso, ezinhlelweni eziqinile zokuthi obhalise kuqala uyena oqala.

Emakethe: izindawo eziningi zomthetho sezithuthukisile umthetho wezivumelwano ezivikelekile kule minyaka engamashumi amabili edlule, esikhundleni sezinhlelo eziqhekekile, eziqondene nempahla ethile kwafakwa izinhlaka ezihlanganisiwe kanye amarejista kagesi apheqululekayo empahleni enyakazayo. Isizathu sezomnotho siqondile — lapho impahla enyakazayo ingasetshenziswa njengesibambiso esithembekile, ababolekayo abangenawo umhlaba bangakwazi ukuthola isikweletu. Lapho amarejista engekho noma engasebenzi, isibambiso ngempahla enyakazayo sinenani elincane elingokoqobo futhi ukubolekisa kubuyela ekubeni okungavikelekile empeleni, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi imibhalo ithini.

Sesha ngaphambi kokuboleka. Ukusesha kwerejista kuveza izithakazelo ezikhona phezu kwempahla efanayo. Ukweqa kuyiphutha elivamile nelibizayo.

Ukukhanselwa Nokukhululwa

Uma isikweletu sesikhokhiwe, isibambiso kufanele sikhanselwe — ukubhaliswa kususwe noma kumakwe njengokwenelisekile, futhi noma yisiphi isibambiso esiphethwe sibuyiselwe.

Lokhu kuyisibopho sokusebenza, hhayi umusa. Ukwehluleka ukukhansela ngokushesha kushiya umboleki engakwazi ukuthengisa, ukuthola imali kabusha noma ukubambisa impahla kwenye indawo, futhi kungumthombo ophindelelayo wezikhalazo futhi, kwezinye izindawo, izinhlawulo ezisemthethweni. Ababolekisi kufanele baphathe ukukhanselwa njengesinyathelo esilandelwayo enqubeni yokuvalwa kwemalimboleko kunokuba kube yinto eyenziwa uma iceliwe.

Ukukhululwa okuyingxenye — ukunciphisa izimpahla eziyisibambiso njengoba imalimboleko ikhokhwa ngezitolimende — kufanele kulawulwe yinqubomgomo ecacile lapho ukweqisa kwesibambiso bekungaqhubeka ngenye indlela.

Kungani Izithakazelo Zokuvikela Zihluleka

Izindlela zokwehluleka eziphindelelayo zithinta imibhalo nezinqubo hhayi umthetho:

• Akubhalisiwe, noma kubhaliswe emva kwesikhathi, ngaphandle komkhawulo wesikhathi osemthethweni
• Kubhaliswe kwirejista engalungile, noma ngegama elingalungile lenhlangano noma ngesihlonzi esingalungile
• Incazelo yesibambiso enganele — ayicacile kakhulu ukuthi ingakhomba impahla, noma ibanzi kangangokuthi ayiphoqeleleki.
• Umboleki akayena umnikazi wempahla, ngakho akukho lutho olunamathelayo
• Izithakazelo zangaphambilini azizange ziseshwe, okushiya umbolekisi ngemuva komthwalo okhona
• Izinyathelo ze-PMSI ezigejiwe, okulahlekelwa ukubaluleka okuphakeme ekuxhasweni ngezimali kwempahla
• Ukuchazwa kabusha kwesibopho esithiwa sigxilile njengokuntantayo
• Indlela yokuphoqelela ayitholakali — intshisekelo isemthethweni kodwa izinkantolo noma irejista ayikwazi ukufeza ukudayiswa ngesikhathi esinengqondo ngokwezohwebo
• Isibambiso esinenani elingaphansi kwezindleko zokusiphogelela, okuyisimo esijwayelekile ngesibambiso esinyakazayo senani eliphansi

Umthelela Ekulinganisweni Kwengozi Yesikweletu

Intshisekelo yokuvikela yehlisa ukulahlekelwa lapho umboleki ehluleka ukukhokha kuphela ngezinga lapho ingaphoqeleleka ngempela. Ukuqagela okuphakela imodeli yokulahlekelwa kwesikweletu okulindelekile kufanele kubonise:

• Ukuthi intshisekelo idalwe kahle, inamathiselwe futhi ipheleliswe
• Isikhundla sayo sokuphambili ngemva kwezimfuno eziphambili ngokwezinga kanye nezimfuno ezikhethekile ezingokomthetho
• Inani elingatholakala lesibambiso — inani lokuthengisa ngempoqo ngemva kokukhipha izindleko zokuphoqelela — hhayi inani layo lemakethe
• Isikhathi sokuphoqelela, sidicilelwe phansi
• Amathuba okuthi ukuphoqelela kuphumelele nhlobo

Ukuthatha isibambiso esiyigama nje kube sengathi siqinisekisa ukubuyiselwa okuphelele kungenye yemithombo evame kakhulu yokwenza isibonelelo esinganele. Uma isikhungo singakaze sikuphoqelele ngempumelelo uhlobo oluthile lwesibambiso, ukucatshangelwa kwaso kwe-LGD kwalolo hlobo kufanele kubonise lelo qiniso kunombiko wokulinganisa inani.