Ukuxhaswa ngezimali kwe-invoyisi / ukuthengiselwa izikweletu

Ukuxhaswa nge-invoyisi kuwuhlobo loxhaso lwemali yokusebenza lapho ibhizinisi lithola ukheshi ngama-invoyisi eliwakhiphile kodwa angakakhokhelwa. Umxhasi wezimali ukhokha iphesenti lenani le-invoyisi ngokushesha futhi ekhipha imali esele, kukhishwe izindleko, uma ikhasimende selikhokhile.

Inkinga eyixazululayo yisikhathi hhayi ukungakwazi ukukhokha izikweletu. Umphakeli wezimpahla uletha izimpahla ngoJanuwari, akhiphe i-invoyisi enemibandela yezinsuku ezingama-60, futhi akakwazi ukufinyelela kuleyo mali kuze kube uMashi — kuyilapho amaholo, isitoko nerenti konke kufanele kukhokhwe phakathi naleso sikhathi. Ibhizinisi linenzuzo kodwa liswele ukheshi. Ukuxhaswa nge-invoyisi kuguqula imali okusamele yamukelwe ibe ukheshi namuhla ngesaphulelo.

I-factoring iwuhlobo lapho imali okusamele yamukelwe idayiswa kumxhasi wezimali, oseba ngumnikazi wesikweletu futhi ngokuvamile oqoqa ngokuqondile kukhasimende. I-invoice discounting iwuhlobo lapho ibhizinisi liboleka ngesikweletu esilindelekile, ligcina ubuniniyo, futhi liqhubeka nokuqoqa lona ngokwalo.

Lowo mehluko — ukudayisa ngokumelene nemalimboleko — yiwona konke okunye okulandela kuwo, futhi kuvame ukufiphaliswa ezintweni zokukhangisa. Kunquma ukuthi ubani oqoqayo, ukuthi ikhasimende lisebenzisana nobani, ukuthi ngabe ukuhlelwa kuvela njengesikweletu eshidini lokulinganisa, nokuthi kwenzekani lapho ikhasimende lingakhokhi.

I-factoring, i-discounting kanye nezinye izindlela

I-factoring

• Uhlobo lwezomthetho: Ukudayiswa nokudluliselwa kwesikweletu esilindelekile
• Oqoqayo: I-factor
• Ikhasimende liyazi: Ngokuvamile yebo
• Ngokuvamile kuhlanganisa: Incwadi yonke noma ama-invoyisi akhethiwe
• Ukulawulwa kwezikweletu: Kudluliselwa ku-factor
• Intengo isekelwe: Ezingeni lokukweleta labakweletayo
• Kufanele: Amabhizinisi amancane, izikweletu ezibuthakathaka, umthamo omncane wokuphatha

I-invoice discounting

• Uhlobo lwezomthetho: Imalimboleko evikelwe ngezimali ezilindelekile
• Oqoqayo: Ibhizinisi
• Ikhasimende liyazi: Ngokuvamile cha
• Kuvame ukuhlanganisa: Incwadi yonke
• Ukulawulwa kwezikweletu: Kugciniwe
• Intengo isuselwe ku: Izinga lesikweletu sebhizinisi kanye nencwadi
• Kulungele: Amabhizinisi asezinzile anezinhlelo ezinhle

Imalimboleko evikelwe nge-invoyisi

• Uhlobo lwezomthetho: Imalimboleko enezimali ezilindelekile njengesibambiso
• Oqoqayo: Ibhizinisi
• Ikhasimende liyazi: Cha
• Kuvame ukuhlanganisa: Umkhawulo wensiza yemali
• Ukulawulwa kwezikweletu: Kugciniwe
• Intengo isuselwe ku: Izinga lesikweletu sebhizinisi
• Kulungele: Amabhizinisi afuna insiza yemali ejwayelekile

Reverse factoring

• Uhlobo lwezomthetho: Ukukhokha kusenesikhathi okuhlelwa umthengi kubahlinzeki
• Oqoqayo: Umxhasi wezimali, kumthengi
• Ikhasimende liyazi: Yebo — umthengi uyakuqalisa
• Ngokuvamile kuhlanganisa: izikweletu zomthengi ezigunyaziwe
• Ukulawulwa kwezikweletu: akusebenzi
• Intengo ibekwa nge: izinga lesikweletu lomthengi
• Kulungele: abathengi abakhulu abafuna ukweseka uchungechunge lwabo lokuhlinzeka

I-reverse factoring, okubizwa nangokuthi i-supply chain finance noma i-payables finance, kufanele kuhlukaniswe ngoba kuguqula ukuhlelwa. Umthengi usungula lolu hlelo, ugunyaza ama-invoyisi ukuze akhokhwe kusenesikhathi, bese kuthi umxhasi wezimali abeke intengo ngokwesikweletu somthengi hhayi esomhlinzeki. Kumhlinzeki omncane othengisa kumthengi omkhulu nothembekile ngezikweletu, lena iyindlela eshibhe kakhulu ye-receivables finance etholakalayo — futhi itholakala kuphela uma umthengi ekhetha ukuyinikeza.

I-selective noma i-spot factoring ixhasa ama-invoyisi ngamanye hhayi yonke incwadi. Iyavumelana nezimo futhi ibiza kakhulu ngokwezimali, ngoba umxhasi wezimali ulahlekelwa ukuhlukahluka kanye nomthamo okunikezwa amalungiselelo ahlanganisa yonke imali engenayo.

Indlela umsebenziswano we-factoring osebenza ngayo

1. Isibonelelo sezimali kuvunyelwene. Umxhasi wezimali uhlola ibhizinisi kanye nencwadi yalo yabakweletwayo, ubeka umkhawulo wesibonelelo, izinga lenkokhelo yokuqala, kanye nemikhawulo yokugxila kumkweletwa ngamunye.
2. I-invoyisi ikhishiwe futhi yathunyelwa. Ibhizinisi likhiphela ikhasimende lalo i-invoyisi bese lihambisa i-invoyisi, nobufakazi obusekelayo bokulethwa, kumxhasi wezimali.
3. Ukuqinisekiswa. Umxhasi wezimali uqinisekisa ukuthi izimpahla noma izinsizakalo zilethiwe nokuthi i-invoyisi yamukelwe — ngedokhumenti, ngocingo, noma ngokuhlanganiswa kwezinhlelo.
4. Isaziso sokudluliswa kwesikweletu. Ezinhlelweni ezidaluliwe, ikhasimende liyaziswa ukuthi isikweletu sidlulisiwe nokuthi inkokhelo kufanele yenziwe kumxhasi wezimali.
5. Inkokhelo yokuqala ikhokhiwe. Iphesenti lenani le-invoyisi — ngokuvamile 70% kuya ku-90% — liyadluliselwa ebhizinisini, ngokuvamile kungakapheli usuku.
6. Ukuqoqa. Ikhasimende likhokha ngosuku lokukhokha lwe-invoyisi, kumxhasi wezimali ku-factoring noma ku-akhawunti elawulwayo ku-discounting.
7. Ukukhokhelwa. Ibhalansi egciniwe iyadedelwa ebhizinisini, kukhishwe inkokhelo yesevisi kanye nencokhelo yesaphulelo.

Uma ikhasimende lingakhokhi, okwenzekayo ngokulandelayo kuncike ngokuphelele ku-recourse.

I-recourse ne-non-recourse

I-factoring enelungelo lokubuyisela ishiya ubungozi besikweletu ebhizinisini. Uma ikhasimende lingakwazi ukukhokha phakathi nesikhathi okuvunyelwene ngaso ngemva kosuku okufanele kukhokhwe ngalo — ngokuvamile izinsuku ezingu-90 — umxhasi wezimali ubuyisela i-invoyisi ebhizinisini: ibhizinisi kufanele liyithenge futhi noma kudonswe inani layo ku-advansi elandelayo. Iningi le-factoring linelungelo lokubuyisela.

I-factoring engenalungelo lokubuyisela idlulisela ubungozi bokuthi ikhasimende lingakwazi ukukhokha kumxhasi wezimali, obeka amanani ngendlela efanele futhi uhlola umkweleti ngamunye ngokucophelela.

Isici esibalulekile ukuthi ukungabi nelungelo lokubuyisela kuncane kunokuba kuzwakala. Ngokuvamile kuhlanganisa ukungakwazi kwekhasimende ukukhokha, hhayi ukungathandi kwalo. Lapho ikhasimende likugodla ukukhokha ngenxa yengxabano mayelana nekhwalithi, inani, ukulethwa noma imigomo yenkontileka, lokho kungukungezwani kwezohwebo hhayi isehlakalo sesikweletu, futhi i-invoyisi ibuyela ebhizinisini noma kuyenzekani. Njengoba izingxabano ziyimbangela evame kakhulu yokungakhokhi kunokungakwazi ukukhokha, ibhizinisi elithenga ukuvikelwa okungenalungelo lokubuyisela lithenga ikhava encane kunalokho igama elikushoyo.

Isibonelo esisebenzayo: ukuthi kubiza malini ngempela

I-invoyisi engu-100,000 ngemibandela yezinsuku ezingu-60, ethengwa ngezinga le-advansi elingama-80%, imali yesevisi engu-2% enanini le-invoyisi kanye nenkokhelo yesaphulelo engu-2.5% ngenyanga emalini e-advansiwe.

• Inani le-invoyisi: 100,000
• I-advansi ngama-80% (ikhokhwa ngokushesha): 80,000
• Imali egodliwe egcinwe umxhasi wezimali: 20,000
• Imali yesevisi (2% ka-100,000): (2,000)
• Inkokhelo yesaphulelo (80,000 × 2.5% × 2 izinyanga): (4,000)
• Izindleko eziphelele: (6,000)
• Ibhalansi ekhishwe emalini egodliwe: 14,000
• Inani eliphelele eletholwe yibhizinisi: 94,000

Ukuguqula lokho kube izinga lonyaka

Ibhizinisi likhokhe u-6,000 ukuze lithole u-80,000 izinsuku ezingu-60.

Cost for the period = 6,000 ÷ 80,000 = 7.5%
Annualised = 7.5% × (365 ÷ 60) ≈ 45.6% per annum

Isihloko esithi "2% kuhlanganise no-2.5% ngenyanga" siyindleko engempela esondela 46% ngonyaka emalini e-advansiwe ngempela. Lokho akusho ngokuzenzakalela ukuthi akunangqondo — okunye okungenzeka ukulahleka kwama-oda, ukuphela kwesitoko noma ubudlelwano nomphakeli obuphelayo — kodwa yilelo nani ibhizinisi okufanele liqhathanise ne-ovdrafti noma imali-mboleko yesikhathi, futhi yilelo nani elingavamile ukuba yilo elethulwayo.

Imibandela emifushane yokukhokha yenza kushibhe; imibandela emide yenza kubize kakhulu. I-invoyisi efanayo ngemibandela yezinsuku ezingu-30 ibiza u-4,000 kunokuba ibe u-6,000, izinga elisebenzayo elicishe libe ngu-61% ngonyaka ngezindleko eziphansi ngokwemali. I-invoyisi efanayo ngezinsuku ezingu-120 ibiza u-10,000. Noma yikuphi ukuqhathanisa phakathi kwabahlinzeki kufanele kugcine isikhathi sokukhokha singashintshi, futhi noma yisiphi isikhungo lapho abakweletayo bevame ukukhokha sekwephuzile kubiza ngaphezu kwalokho okuboniswa uhlelo.

Amazinga e-advansi kanye nokuthi yini ewabekayo

Izinga le-advansi liyisilinganiso semali-mboleko nenani lezimali ezilindelekile, futhi libekwa ngokuthi yimalini emabhukwini ama-invoyisi umxhasi wezimali alindele ukuyiqoqa ngempela.

• Ukugxila kwabakweleti: Kuphakeme lapho kunabakweleti abaningi abahlukahlukene; kuphansi lapho kubuswa umkweleti oyedwa noma ababili.
• Izinga labakweleti: Kuphakeme kubakhokhi abakhulu, abanokwethenjelwa nabathembekile; kuphansi kubakweleti abancane, abangalinganiswanga noma abakhokha kancane.
• Umkhakha: Kuphakeme lapho ukulethwa kuhlanzekile futhi ukwamukela kulula; kuphansi emsebenzini wokwakha, imisebenzi enezigaba noma izimangalo ezibheke emuva.
• Umlando wokuncipha: Kuphakeme lapho ukuncipha kuphansi futhi kuzinzile; kuphansi lapho amanothi esikweletu nezimbuyiselo zihamba ngokungahlelekile.
• Iphrofayili yobudala bezikweletu: Kuphakeme lapho iningi lama-invoyisi lingakapheli isikhathi; kuphansi lapho izinsalela ezinkulu sezidlule isikhathi.
• Imigomo yenkontileka: Kuphakeme lapho ingadluliselwa ngokukhululekile; kuphansi noma kunguziro lapho ukudluliselwa kukhawulelwe noma kunqatshelwe.

Ezinye izimali ezilindelekile zivame ukungafakwa ngokuphelele: ama-invoyisi asevele adlule isikhathi esinqunyiwe, ama-invoyisi aya ezinhlanganweni ezihlobene, ama-invoyisi anengxabano, izimangalo zenqubekelaphambili ezingakaqinisekiswa, izimali ezilindelekile zokuthumela kwamanye amazwe lapho ukuphoqelela kungenzeki kalula, kanye nama-invoyisi aya kubakweleti asebedlule umkhawulo wabo wokugxila.

Ukuncipha: isilinganiso esiqondene nalo mkhiqizo.

Ukuncipha yigebe eliphakathi kwama-invoyisi akhishiwe nemali egcina iqoqwe kuwo, ngenxa yezizathu ezingezona ukwehluleka komkweleti ukukhokha. Kuyisilinganiso esisodwa esibaluleke kakhulu sokuhlola ubungozi ekuxhasweni ngezimali ezilindelekile futhi akukho okufana nakho ekubolekiseni okuvamile.

Dilution rate = (Credit notes + discounts + returns + write-offs + set-offs) ÷ Gross invoiced sales

Imithombo yokuncipha:

• Amanothi esikweletu akhishwe ngenxa yezimbuyiselo, ukulethwa okufushane noma ukulungiswa kwentengo.
• Izaphulelo zokukhokha ezithathwa ngabakweleti ngokukhokha kusenesikhathi.
• Ama-akhawunti aphikisanayo, lapho umkweleti naye engumphakeli futhi esusa ibhalansi eyodwa kwenye.
• Izibambelo ezigcinwe ngaphansi kwezinkontileka zokwakha nobunjiniyela.
• Izingxabano ezixazululwa ngokukhokha ingxenye.
• Izaphulelo nezibonelelo zomthamo ezisetshenziswa ekupheleni kwesikhathi.

Ibhizinisi elinokuncipha okungu-12% elikhipha ama-invoyisi angu-100,000 liqoqa cishe u-88,000. Ukukhokha kusengaphambili u-80% wenani lobuso kuleyo ncwadi kusho ukukhokha kusengaphambili u-80,000 uma kuqhathaniswa no-88,000 wenani elingatholakala — isimo esibucayi kakhulu kunalokho okushiwo izinga lokukhokha kusengaphambili. Kungakho ukuhlaziywa kokuncipha, hhayi izinga lokukhokha kusengaphambili, okunquma ukuthi isibonelelo sinesibambiso ngempela yini, nokuthi kungani abaxhasi bezimali behlola umlando wamanothi esikweletu weklayenti elingase libe khona ngaphambi kwanoma yini enye.

Ukuhlolwa kobungozi: izikweletu ezimbili, hhayi esisodwa.

Ukuhlaziywa kwemalimboleko okuvamile kuhlola umboleki oyedwa. Ukuxhaswa ngezimali ezilindelekile kuhlola izikhundla ezimbili ngasikhathi sinye.

Iklayenti — ibhizinisi elithola ukuxhaswa ngezimali. Ingabe liyabhizinisi eliqhubekayo? Ingabe likwazi ukukhokha izikweletu zalo? Ingabe izinhlelo zalo ziyakwazi ukukhipha ama-invoyisi anembile nobudala bezikweletu obuthembekile? Ingabe abaphathi bathembekile? Ukwehluleka kweklayenti kuyinto eguqula isibonelelo esihlelekile sibe uphenyo lokukhwabanisa.

Ibhuku labakweletayo — amakhasimende azonikeza ukheshi ngempela. Ukugxila, ukuguga, indlela yokukhokha, imvamisa yezingxabano, ubungozi bomkhakha, nokuthi izinkontileka ziyakuvumela nhlobo yini ukudluliswa kwesikweletu.

Ukheshi uvela kwabakweletayo; ubungozi bokuthi isibonelelo sibhidlike buvela kuklayenti. Iklayenti elibuthaka ngokwezimali elinebhuku labakweletayo abasezingeni eliphezulu lingaxhaswa ngezimali ngaphansi kokulawulwa okuqinile. Iklayenti eliqinile elinomkweleti oyedwa obuthaka angeke lixhaswe ngokuphepha nganoma yiliphi izinga lokukhokha kusengaphambili.

Ukudluliswa kwesikweletu kuyisango elinzima. Izinkontileka eziningi zokuhlinzeka zinesigatshana esinqabela ukudluliswa, esivimbela umhlinzeki ekudluliseleni izikweletu ngaphandle kwemvume. Lapho isigatshana esinjalo siphogeleleka ngokomthetho, ukudluliswa okusekela isibonelelo kungase kwehluleke, bese umxhasi wezimali ekuthola lokhu ngesikhathi esingesihle neze. Ezinye iziphathimandla zenze umthetho wokunqoba lezi zigatshana; eziningi aziwenzanga. Ukuhlolwa kwenkontileka ngaphambi kokuxhaswa ngezimali akukona ukuzikhethela.

Ukukhwabanisa

Uxhaso lwezikweletu luheha ukukhwabanisa ukwedlula imikhiqizo eminingi yokuboleka, ngoba impahla iyiphepha elichaza ukuthengiselana umxhasi wezimali angazange akubone.

Ama-invoyisi mbumbulu — ama-invoyisi akhishelwe amakhasimende angakaze a-oda lutho, ngezinye izikhathi akhishelwe izinhlangano ezingekho nhlobo.

Uku-invoyisa kusengaphambili — amakhasimende angempela, ama-oda angempela, ama-invoyisi akhishwa ngaphambi kokulethwa ukuze kusheshiswe ukuxhaswa ngezimali. Kuvame ukuqala njengendlela yokusheshisa ukuhamba kwemali bese kuyakhula.

Ukufektha okuphindwe kabili — i-invoyisi efanayo idluliselwa kubaxhasi bezimali ababili, ngamunye wabo ekholelwa ukuthi uphethe isikweletu.

Izinkokhelo eziphambukisiwe — umkweleti ukhokha ngqo kuklayenti, bese iklayenti lisebenzisa imali kunokuba liyidlulisele. Ekufektheni okudaluliwe lokhu kutholakala ngokushesha; ekuncishisweni kwama-invoyisi okuyimfihlo kungaqhubeka izinyanga.

Abakweletayo abasebenzisana ngasese — ikhasimende elihlobene noma elingumngane liqinisekisa ama-invoyisi angenayo ingqikithi yezohwebo.

Izindlela zokulawula ezibamba lezi zigameko zisuselwa ezinhlelweni hhayi ekuhlaziyeni: ukuqinisekisa ngokuzimele nabakweletayo kusetshenziswa imininingwane yokuxhumana eyatholwa umxhasi wezimali ngokwakhe, hhayi leyo enikezwe iklayenti; ukuvumelanisa incwadi yokuthengisa nohlu lwabakweletayo ngokwezigaba zobudala ku-akhawunti yasebhange; ukucwaninga emagcekeni eklayenti; nokubhekisisa noma yimuphi umkweleti onendlela yokukhokha ehlanzeke ngendlela engavamile. Incwadi lapho wonke ama-invoyisi ekhokhwa ngesikhathi esiqondile iyisexwayiso, hhayi induduzo.

Lapho kusebenza khona, nalapho kungasebenzi khona

Kusebenza kahle kulezi: amabhizinisi athengisa ngesikweletu kwamanye amabhizinisi; amafemu akhulayo anesidingo sokuxhaswa ngezimali esikhula ngokuhambisana nokuthengisa; abahlinzeki kwabathengi abakhulu abakhokha kancane; amabhizinisi anezimpahla ezingaguquki ezilinganiselwe zokubambisa; kanye nemikhakha lapho ama-invoyisi ehlanzekile futhi ukulethwa kucacile.

Kusebenza kabi kulezi: amabhizinisi athengisela abathengi; lawo akhokhelwa kusengaphambili noma ngesikhathi sokulethwa; amabhizinisi anomkweleti oyedwa; imikhakha enokuqedwa ngezigaba, ukugodlwa kwezinkokhelo noma izingxabano ezivamile, ikakhulukazi ezokwakha; amabhizinisi inkinga yawo yangempela okungukulahlekelwa hhayi isikhathi; kanye namabhizinisi anezinkontileka ezinqabela ukudluliswa.

Okokugcina kulokhu kufanele kushiwo ngokucacile: ukuxhaswa ngama-invoyisi kusheshisa ukheshi ovela ekuthengiseni okwenzekile. Akukwazi ukuxhasa ibhizinisi elingenzi imali, futhi ukukusebenzisela lokho kumane kuletha iphuzu lokwehluleka ngaphambi kwesikhathi kuyilapho kwengeza izindleko.

Umongo wemakethe

Uxhaso lwezikweletu lubaluleke ngendlela engenakulinganiswa ezimakethe lapho abahlinzeki abancane bedayisela abathengi abakhulu ngemigomo emide yokukhokha futhi banezimpahla ezimbalwa ezingabambiseka. Imakethe yokufektha yase-Afrika ikhule isuka esisekelweni esincane futhi isalokhu incane uma iqhathaniswa nomthamo womhlaba, futhi izinhlangano zemboni ezihlanganisa Afreximbank kanye ne-FCI zikhuthaze umthetho oyisibonelo wokufektha ukuze ukudluliswa kube nesisekelo esingokomthetho esicacile, kanti iziphathimandla ezimbalwa zamukele noma zicubungula imithetho enjalo.

Qinisekisa isimo somthetho samanje semakethe ngayinye ngaphambi kokuncika kulokhu — umthetho wokufektha esifundeni ushintshe ngokushesha eminyakeni yamuva, futhi ukuphoqeleleka kokudluliswa kuyilona phuzu lapho isibonelelo sisebenza noma singasebenzi.

Lapho izibonelelo zingahambi kahle khona

Izindleko azikaze zibalwe ngonyaka. Amaphesenti enyanga nezimali ezishajiwe ezingaguquki kucashunwa ngokwehlukene, kuqhathaniswa ne-zinga le-overdraft evezwa ngonyaka.

Ukuncishiswa kwenani akunakwa ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kwesicelo. Izinga le-advance libekwa ngokwenani eligcwele le-invoyisi ngaphandle kokuhlaziya amanothi esikweletu nama-contra.

Ukugxila kwesikweletu kuvunyelwa ukuba kwakheke. Isibonelelo esinethezekile kubakweletwa abangamashumi amane siba yimali-mboleko engenasibambiso enkampanini eyodwa lapho leyo nkampani isiba ngu-60% webhuku.

Ukuqinisekiswa kudluliselwa ekhasimendeni. Imininingwane yokuxhumana enikezwe yikhasimende, isetshenziselwa ukuqinisekisa ama-invoyisi ekhasimende.

Akukho siyalo sokuqhathanisa amabhuku. Ileda yokuthengisa, izikweletu ezindala kanye namarisidi asebhange akuvumelaniswa njalo, okuyindlela izinkokhelo eziphambukisiwe kanye nokubhalwa kwama-invoyisi kusengaphambili kusinda ngayo kungabonakali.

Ukudluliswa kwesikweletu akuhlolwa. Izimali zikhishwa ngezivumelwano ezenqabela ukusetshenziswa kokudluliswa kwesikweletu.

Izikhathi zokubuyisela ezedlula umkweletwa. Iwindi lezinsuku ezingama-90 lokubuyisela kumkweletwa ojwayele ukukhokha ezinsukwini ezingama-120 lisho ukuthi wonke ama-invoyisi abuyela emuva njengenjwayelo, futhi isimo sekhasimende siba sibi kakhulu umjikelezo ngamunye.