Imalimboleko engenasibambiso

Imalimboleko engenasibambiso ukubolekwa okunikezwa ngaphandle kwanoma iyiphi impahla ebekwe njengesibambiso. Isimangalo sombolekisi sincike esithembisweni senkontileka yomboleki sokuthi akhokhe futhi nasemandleni akhe okwenza lokho, hhayi elungelweni lokuthatha nokudayisa into ethile uma engakwenzi.

Ukubolekwa okuningi kwabathengi namabhizinisi amancane emhlabeni okungenasibambiso: imalimboleko yomuntu siqu, imalimboleko ekhokhwa ngeholo, amakhadi esikweletu, ama-ovadrafti, imalimboleko yedijithali neyeselula, kanye neningi elikhulu lokubolekwa kwamaqembu ezimali ezincane. Kuyindlela evamile yesikweletu ngoba iningi lababolekayo alinalutho umbolekisi angaluthatha ngokweqiniso.

Igama lidala ukungaqondakali okuqhubekayo, ngakho kuwusizo ukusho umngcele ngokucacile.

Okungenasibambiso akusho ukuthi akunakuphoqelelwa.

Umbolekisi ongenasibambiso akanalungelo phezu kwanoma iyiphi impahla ethile. Akusho ukuthi isikweletu asinakulandelwa. Okulahlekelwa umbolekisi ukuhamba phambili nejubane, hhayi ilungelo lokubuyisa imali.

Okweletwayo ongenasibambiso usengakwazi ukufuna inkokhelo, ukubika ukwehluleka ukukhokha esikhungweni sezikweletu, ukumangalela ngesikweletu, ukuthola isahlulelo senkantolo, bese ethatha futhi adayise noma yiziphi izimpahla umboleki avela enazo — ngokuya ngalokho okuvikelwa umthetho wakuleyo ndawo ekuthathweni. Okungeke akwenze ukuya ngqo empahleni ethile asevele enamalungelo phezu kwayo.

Umehluko ubonakala kakhulu ngesikhathi sokwehluleka ukukhokha izikweletu. Abakweletwayo abanesibambiso bakhokhelwa kuqala ngemali etholakala esibambisweni sabo. Abakweletwayo abangenasibambiso babelana ngokusalele, kanye nabo bonke abanye abamangali abangenasibambiso, futhi ngokuvamile bathola okuncane kakhulu noma lutho. Yingakho ukucabangela okungokoqobo ekuhleleni kwencwadi yezikweletu ezingenasibambiso kuwukuthi imalimboleko ehlulekile ibuyisa ingxenyana encane yebhalansi yayo, noma ngabe isikweletu singaphoqelelwa ngokomthetho.

Umehluko osemqoka ngokushesha:

• Impahla ethile efakwe njengesibambiso: Okunesibambiso (Yebo) | Okungenasibambiso (Cha)
• Indlela uma ehluleka ukukhokha: Okunesibambiso (Phogelela isibambiso) | Okungenasibambiso (Mangalela, thola isahlulelo, bese uthatha impahla)
• Isikhathi sokubuyisa imali: Okunesibambiso (Izinyanga) | Okungenasibambiso (Ngokuvamile unyaka noma ngaphezulu)
• Izinga lokubuyisa imali: Okunesibambiso (Okuphakathi nendawo kuya phezulu) | Okungenasibambiso (Okuphansi)
• Isikhundla ekwehlulekeni ukukhokha: Okunesibambiso (Phambili kwezimangalo ezingenasibambiso) | Okungenasibambiso (Yabelana ngokusalele)
• Usayizi ojwayelekile wemalimboleko: Okunesibambiso (Okukhudlwana) | Okungenasibambiso (Okuncane)
• Isikhathi esijwayelekile: Okunesibambiso (Okude) | Okungenasibambiso (Okufushane)
• Intengo evamile: Okunesibambiso (Kuphansi) | Okungenasibambiso (Kuphakeme)
• Isinqumo sincike kokuthi: Okunesibambiso (Isibambiso kanye nekhono lokukhokha) | Okungenasibambiso (Ikhono lokukhokha kanye nesimilo)

Kungani ukubolekisa okungenasibambiso kubekwa intengo ephezulu

Izibalo akusiyona into yemibono, futhi ukuzichaza kuyimpendulo ecace kakhulu esolweni lokuthi ababolekisi abakhipha imali ngaphandle kwesibambiso bamane bakhokhise lokho abangakwazi ukuyikhokhisa.

Ukulahleka kwesikweletu okulindelekile kuwumphumela wokuphindaphinda izinto ezintathu:

Expected loss = Probability of default × Loss given default × Exposure at default

Isibambiso asishintshi ukuthi kungenzeka kangakanani ukuthi umboleki ahluleke ukukhokha. Sishintsha ukuthi kulahleka malini lapho lokho kwenzeka — ingxenye yesibili, hhayi eyokuqala.

Ukuqhathanisa ukulahleka okulindelekile:

• Amathuba okwehluleka ukukhokha: Okunesibambiso 8% | Okungenasibambiso 12%
• Ukulahleka uma ehluleka ukukhokha: Okunesibambiso 45% | Okungenasibambiso 92%
• Ukulahleka okulindelekile: Okunesibambiso 3.6% | Okungenasibambiso 11.0%

Izibalo eziyisibonelo. Ibhuku elingenasibambiso kumele lithole imajini ephakeme ngamaphuzu wamaphesenti angu-7.4 kunebhuku elinesibambiso ukuze nje lifike esimweni esifanayo ngemva kokulahleka kwesikweletu — ngaphambi kokucatshangelwa kwezindleko zokuthola imali, izindleko zokusebenza noma imbuyiselo.

Ukwakha intengo kusuka ezingxenyeni

Ukuhlukaniswa kwezinga lonyaka eliyisibonelo:

• Izindleko zokuthola imali: Okunesibambiso 12.0% | Okungenasibambiso 12.0%
• Izindleko zokusebenza: Okunesibambiso 5.0% | Okungenasibambiso 8.0%
• Ukulahleka kwesikweletu okulindelekile: Okunesibambiso 3.6% | Okungenasibambiso 11.0%
• Imbuyiselo ehlosiwe: Okunesibambiso 5.0% | Okungenasibambiso 5.0%
• Izinga lonyaka eliyisibonelo: Okunesibambiso 25.6% | Okungenasibambiso 36.0%

Izindleko zokusebenza nazo ziyehluka, futhi ngesizathu sesakhiwo: imalimboleko engenasibambiso ngokuvamile iba mincane, ngakho izindleko ezingaguquki zokusungula nokuphatha ngayinye zisabalaliswa phezu kwenhloko yemali encane. Imalimboleko ka-5,000 kanye neyika-500,000 zombili zidinga isicelo, isinqumo, ukukhishwa kwemali, isitatimende kanye nohlelo lokuqoqa izikweletu. Ukuqoqwa kwezikweletu ikakhulukazi kusinda kakhulu ezincwadini zemalimboleko engenasibambiso, ngoba izikweletu ezingakhokhiwe kufanele kusetshenzwe kusenesikhathi futhi ngamandla — akukho mpahla elindile ekupheleni kwenqubo engenza isineke sibe nenzuzo.

Okungena esikhundleni sesibambiso

Ababolekisi abakwenza kahle lokhu abamukeli nje ingozi ephakeme. Bashintsha isibambiso ngenye into, futhi leyo nto cishe ngaso sonke isikhathi ukulawula indlela yokubuyisela imali kunokuba kube ilungelo phezu kwempahla.

Ukudonswa emholweni kanye ne-check-off. Umqashi udonsa isitolimende bese eyidlulisela ngaphambi kokuba umboleki athole umholo wakhe. Ngokwegama ayinasibambiso, kodwa empeleni iphakathi kokubolekisa okusebenza kahle kakhulu okukhona, ngoba ukuqoqwa kwenzeka ngaphambi kwazo zonke izimfuno eziphikisanayo zemali yomboleki. Ingozi iyasuka kunokuba inyamalale: iba ukuchayeka kumqashi — ukukwazi kwakhe ukukhokha izikweletu, ukwethembeka kwakhe kwezokuphatha, ukuzimisela kwakhe ukuqhubeka nokuthumela imali — kanye nasekutheni umboleki eshiya umsebenzi. Ukugxila ngokomqashi yisona silinganiso esibalulekile lapha, futhi ngokuvamile asilandelelwa.

I-debit ekhishwa ngokuqondile, i-standing order kanye nezimvume zemali yeselula. Lokhu kubuthakathaka kunokudonswa emholweni ngoba umboleki angakwazi ukukhansela noma athule i-akhawunti, kodwa umgomo ofanayo: yiba ngowokuqala emugqeni.

Abaqinisekisi kanye nesibopho esihlanganyelwe. Isithembiso somunye umuntu esithatha indawo yempahla. Ukubolekisa ngeqembu, ukubhanga kwesigodi kanye nezinhlaka zeziqinisekiso ze-SACCO konke kusebenza ngale ndlela — bheka umboleki ngokuhlanganyela ukuze ubone ukuthi isibopho sehluka kanjani esiqinisekisweni.

Ukubolekisa okukhulayo. Imalimboleko yokuqala encane, uma isikhokhiwe, ivula eyesibili enkulu. Lokho okusengcupheni kumboleki akuyona impahla kodwa ukufinyelela esikweletini esizayo, futhi kuyaqina ngomjikelezo ngamunye. Kuyindlela eyinhloko ye-microfinance futhi akubizi lutho kumbolekisi ngaphandle kwesineke.

Idatha yobudlelwano nokuziphatha. Umboleki osemjikelezweni wesithupha onomlando ohlanzekile uyisimo esihluke ngempela kunomuntu ongamazi, futhi ukukalwa kwekhredithi okwakhelwe phezu komlando wokukhokha wakhe kumbolekisi kubamba lokho kangcono kunanoma yiliphi ifayela lebhuro.

Ukubikwa ebhuro lezikweletu. Usongo lokulahlekelwa ukufinyelela kwekhredithi ehlelekile emakethe yonke luyisikhuthazo sangempela lapho ukusabalala kwebhuro kukuhle futhi ababolekisi bebika ngempela. Lapho ukusabalala kuncane, lesi sikhuthazo asikho kakhulu.

Ukulawula okugxilile entweni exhasiwe. Lapho imalimboleko ixhasa idivayisi enganqanyulwa ukude, umbolekisi unamandla okuphoqelela ngaphandle kwesibambiso. Kuxoxwa kabanzi ngaphansi kwezimali zempahla.

Indikimba efanayo: ekubolekiseni okungenasibambiso, indlela yokubuyisela imali iyisibambiso. Umbolekisi okhokhelwa ngaphambi kwanoma ubani, ngokuzenzakalela, ngesikhathi imali engenayo ifika, unokuvikeleka okungcono kunalowo ophethe isibambiso sempahla azochitha unyaka ezama ukuyithengisa.

Lokho ukwehluleka ukukhokha okukubuyisa ngempela

Ukuqhathanisa okucacile kokushoda okufanayo kwe-40,000, okunesibambiso nokungenasibambiso.

Okunesibambiso semoto:

• Ibhalansi ngesikhathi sokwehluleka ukukhokha: 40,000
• Indlela: Ukuthatha kabusha impahla bese uyayithengisa
• Isikhathi esithathiwe: izinyanga ezi-3–4
• Izindleko eziqondile: Ukubuyisa, ukugcinwa, indali: 6,000
• Inani lonke elitholiwe: 34,000 ekuthengisweni
• Inani elisele ngemva kwezindleko: 28,000

Imalimboleko yomuntu siqu engenasibambiso:

• Ibhalansi ngesikhathi sokwehluleka ukukhokha: 40,000
• Indlela: Ukufuna ukukhokha, bese uyamangalela
• Isikhathi esithathiwe: izinyanga eziyi-12–18
• Izindleko eziqondile: Izindleko zomthetho nezinkokhelo: 8,000
• Inani lonke elitholiwe: Isinqumo senkantolo sitholakele; umboleki akanazo izimpahla ezingabanjwa.
• Inani elisele ngemva kwezindleko: Ngaphansi kuka-6,000, ngokuvamile akukho

Umbolekisi wemalimboleko engenasibambiso uyalinqoba icala kodwa uqoqa cishe lutho, esechithe u-8,000 ukuze afike lapho. Lokhu kuyiqiniso okumele lixhaswe yintengo yemalimboleko engenasibambiso, futhi yingakho ababolekisi abangenazibambiso abaqeqeshekile bethola imali yabo ekuqaliseni imalimboleko nasekuqoqweni kokuqala kunasekubuyisweni ngomthetho. Ngesikhathi ifayili selifika enkantolo, ezomnotho ngokuvamile sezivele zilahlekile.

Umphumela wokusebenza ukuthi amabhuku emalimboleko engenasibambiso adinga ukuqoqwa kusenesikhathi nangendlela engacindezeli kakhulu — ukuthintana ngosuku lwesithathu, hhayi ngosuku lwamashumi amathathu — kanye nesikhathi esifushane sokubhala phansi kunamabhuku anesibambiso. Ukugcina imalimboleko engenasibambiso engakhokhiwe ebhalansi iminyaka emibili ngethemba lokuyibuyisa kuveza iphothifoliyo ngendlela engeyiyo futhi kuthatha amandla okuqoqa abengathola imali eningi uma esetshenziswa ezikweletini ezintsha ezingakhokhiwe.

Indlela ukuhlolwa kwezikweleti okushintsha ngayo

Njengoba kungekho sibambiso esingakusekela, sonke isinqumo sincike kwezimbili zokuqala kuma-C amahlanu — amandla okukhokha nesimilo — futhi kokubili kudinga ukufakazelwa kunokuba kucatshangwe nje.

Amandla okukhokha ayisithiyo esibophayo. Isilinganiso sesikweletu ngokwemali engenayo kanye nokuhlaziywa kwemali esele kwenza umsebenzi okwenziwa isilinganiso semalimboleko ngokwevelu ekubolekiseni okunesibambiso. Lapho umbolekisi onesibambiso angase akwazi ukubekezelela isimo esincane sokukwazi ukukhokha ngoba isibambiso siyabavikela, umbolekisi ongenasibambiso akanayo indawo yokuncika enjalo, futhi ukuhlolwa kwemali esele kuwukuphela kokuhlolwa.

Ukuqinisekiswa kwemali engenayo kumele kube ngokoqobo. Amasiliphu omholo, izitatimende zasebhange, umlando wemali yeselula, ukuqinisekiswa komqashi. Imalimboleko engenasibambiso ebhalwe phezu kwemali engenayo engaqinisekisiwe iyimalimboleko engenasibambiso ebhalwe phezu kwento engekho.

Ubufakazi besimilo bunesisindo esikhulu. Umlando webureau, irekhodi langaphakathi lokukhokha, ubude bobudlelwano, inombolo yomjikelezo. Ukungabikho kolwazi olubi akufani nobufakazi obuhle, futhi abafaka izicelo abanemininingwane emincane badinga imalimboleko yokuqala encane noma enye indlela yokufakazela.

Ubukhulu bemalimboleko nesikhathi sayo kumele kukhawulwe. Ukuchayeka okungenasibambiso kuba yingozi kakhudlwana ngakho kokubili. Amanani amancane nezikhathi ezimfushane kunciphisa ukulahleka kunoma yikuphi ukwehluleka okukodwa futhi kufinyeza isikhathi lapho izimo zomboleki zingaba zimbi khona.

Inhloso isabalulekile. Imalimboleko exhasa isitoko esiletha inzuzo iyazikhokhela. Imalimboleko exhasa ukusetshenziswa kwempahla ikhokha kuphela ngemali engenayo esivele ikhona. Kokubili kungase kuqine; akuyona ingozi efanayo.

Ukuphatha iphothifoliyo engenasibambiso

Ukubekelwa imali kuyasinda futhi kufanele kube njalo. Njengoba ukulahleka lapho umboleki ehluleka kucishe kuphelele, amazinga okubekelwa imali yokulahleka ezikweletini ezingenasibambiso ezisilelayo aphakeme kakhulu kunalawo ezinesibambiso esigabeni esifanayo sokuguga. Uma kusetshenziswa i-matrix eyodwa yokubekelwa imali kulo lonke ibhuku elixubile kungabeki imali eyanele ngendlela ehlelekile engxenyeni engenasibambiso.

Ukuwohloka kuyashesha. Ababoleki abangenasibambiso abangaphansi kwengcindezi bayayeka kuqala ukukhokha umbolekisi ongenasibambiso, ngoba leso yisikweletu esinomphumela osheshayo omncane. Ngakho-ke ukusilela ezikweletini ezingenasibambiso kuwuphawu lokucindezeleka lokuqala futhi oluzwelayo ukudlula ukusilela ezikweletini ezinesibambiso — futhi iphothifoliyo elisengcupheni lishintsha ngokushesha.

Ukugxila kucasha ezindaweni ezingalindelekile. Ibhuku elinesibambiso ligxila ngokwesigaba sempahla noma ngokwendawo. Ibhuku elingenasibambiso ligxila ngomqashi, ngomkhakha, ngegatsha, futhi ngomzila wokuthola amakhasimende. Umbolekisi osebenza ngomholo one-40% webhuku lakhe kubaqashi abathathu unenkinga yokugxila okungeke kwavezwa ukuhlaziywa kwezibambiso.

Ukukhula kuwukwehluleka okwejwayelekile. Amabhuku angenasibambiso angakhuliswa ngokushesha okukhulu ngokudambisa imibandela kancane, futhi ukulahleka okuwumphumela kubonakala ezinyangeni eziyisithupha kuya kweziyishumi nambili kamuva. Ukukhula okusheshayo kuphothifoliyo engenasibambiso kufanele kubangele ukubuyekezwa ngokuzenzakalelayo, ikakhulukazi lapho kuvela emzileni omusha noma emkhiqizweni omusha.

Ukulawulwa

Ukubolekisa okungenasibambiso kudonsa ukunakwa okungokomthetho okukhulu kunokubolekisa okunesibambiso, ngezizathu ezilandela kukho konke okungenhla: kubekwa intengo ephakeme, kufinyelela ababoleki abangaqeqeshekile kangako, futhi yikhona lapho ukweletwa ngokweqile kunqwabelana khona.

Izinyathelo ezivame ukusebenza kakhulu yimikhawulo yenzalo kanye nemingcele ephezulu yezindleko zizonke zesikweletu, ukuhlolwa okuyimpoqo kokukwazi ukukhokha, izidingo zokudalula ezimayelana nezinga lonyaka elisebenzayo kunezibalo ezivelele, imikhawulo ekudonsweni emholweni, kanye nemikhawulo endleleni yokuqoqa izikweletu.

Imikhawulo yenzalo ifanele ukuphawulwa ngokukhethekile ngoba umphumela wayo uyabikezela. Umkhawulo obekwe ngaphansi kwezinga lapho izimalimboleko ezincane ezingenasibambiso zingakhiqizwa ngenzuzo awuzenzi lezo zimalimboleko zibize kancane — uzenza zingatholakali, futhi isidingo sithuthela kubabolekisi abangahlelekile abasebenza ngaphandle komkhawulo ngokuphelele. Noma ngabe umkhawulo othile ungaphezulu noma ungaphansi kwalelo zinga kuwumbuzo oncike esakhiweni sezindleko kuleyo makethe, futhi abantu abanengqondo abavumelani ngokuthi umugqa uwela kuphi. Izidingo ziyahlukahluka kakhulu ngokwendawo yomthetho futhi zishintsha njalo; qinisekisa isimo samanje semakethe ngayinye kunokuncika encazelweni ejwayelekile.

Lapho ukubolekisa okungenasibambiso kungahambi kahle khona

Inentengo njengokungathi ivikelekile. Incwadi yezikweletu ebhalwe ngemajini evikelekile kodwa inokulahlekelwa kwezikweletu ezingavikelekile iyincwadi elahlekelwa imali buthule unyaka wonke bese kuba sobala.

Ukuhlolwa kwamandla okukhokha kususelwa emholweni ophelele.. Imbangela enkulu yokubolekwa okungavikelekile okungakhokheki, kanye nesizathu esenza ukuhlolwa kwemali engenayo esele kubaluleke kakhulu lapha kunanoma iyiphi enye indawo.

Ukuqoqwa kwezikweletu kwaqala sekwephuze kakhulu. Ukuxhumana kokuqala emva kwezinsuku ezingamashumi amathathu esikweletini esingavikelekile kuyithuba lokuhamba phambili ngezinsuku ezingamashumi amathathu kubo bonke abanye ababolekisi.

Izenzo zomthetho zithathwa njengecebo lokubuyisa imali. Kuyabiza, kuhamba kancane, futhi ngokuvamile kubhekene nomboleki ongenalutho olunganamathiselwa.

Ukugxila kwemiholo akulandelelwa. Umqashi uba umlingani wangempela futhi akekho obeke umkhawulo kuye.

Ukuvuselelwa kwezikweletu kanye nezengezo kufihla ukucindezeleka kwezimali. Umboleki okwazi ukukhokha kuphelangokuboleka futhi usevele wehlulekile ukukhokha; ukuvuselela isikweletu kumane kuhambisa usuku lokuqashelwa futhi kwandisa ukulahlekelwa.

Ukukhanselwa kwesikweletu kuhlehlisiwe ukuze kuvikelwe isimo esibikiwe. Ukubambezela ukukhanselwa kwesikweletu encwadini yezikweletu ezingavikelekile akulondolozi inani. Kwandisa izimpahla ngokweqile, kuphazamisa i-PAR, futhi kugcina amafayela okusebenza ekuqoqweni angeke akhokhe.