Ukuzimela ekusebenzeni (OSS)

Ukuzimela ngokokusebenza, okuvame ukufinyezwa ngokuthi i-OSS, kukala ukuthi isikhungo esibolekisa ngemali siyithola yini imali engenayo eyanele ngokusebenza kwaso ukuze sikhokhe izindleko zaso zokusebenza, izindleko zaso zezimali kanye nokulahleka kwaso kwemalimboleko.

Kuvezwa njengephesenti. Umphumela wamaphesenti ayi-100 usho ukuthi isikhungo sizikhokhela izindleko zaso ngokuphelele kulokho esikutholayo. Ngaphansi kwamaphesenti ayi-100 sincike ezibonelweni, eminikelweni noma ekufakweni kwemali ngabanikazi bamasheya ukuze siqhubeke nokusebenza. Ngaphezu kwamaphesenti ayi-100 siyakwazi ukuzimela ngokokusebenza futhi sikhiqiza inzuzo eyengeziwe.

Le nkomba yaba indinganiso ku-microfinance ngoba ingxenye enkulu yalo mkhakha yaqala ngoxhaso lwabaxhasi futhi yayidinga isibalo esisodwa ukuphendula umbuzo owodwa: ingabe lesi sikhungo sasingaphila uma izibonelelo zingase ziyeke? Lowo mbuzo usaqhubeka nokuqhuba ukusetshenziswa kwale nkomba — ngabaxhasi abahlola isikhungo, ngamabhodi alandelela indlela eya ekuzimeleni, nangabalawuli ababheka ukuthi umbolekisi uyakwazi yini ukuqhubeka nokusebenza.

Ifomula

I-OSS = Imali engenayo yezezimali ÷ (Izindleko zokusebenza + Izindleko zezezimali + Ukulahleka kokwehla kwenani emalimbolekweni)

Okufakwa kwinombolo ephezulu

Imali engenayo yezezimali iyimali engenayo ekhiqizwa umsebenzi wezezimali wesikhungo ngokwaso:

• Inzalo etholakele ephothifoliyweni yemalimboleko
• Izinkokhelo, amakhomishini nezinhlawulo ezikhokhiswa emalimbolekweni
• Imali engenayo evela ekutshalweni kwemali nasemadiphozini emali
• Enye imali engenayo yokusebenza ehlobene ngqo nezinsizakalo zezezimali

Kukhipha ngaphandle izibonelelo, iminikelo, uxhaso kanye nanoma iyiphi imali engenayo engeyona eyokusebenza njengenzuzo evela ekudayisweni kwempahla. Lokhu kukhishwa ngaphandle kuyinhloso yale nkomba. Isikhungo esibala imali yoxhaso njengemali engenayo singabika i-OSS engaphezu kwamaphesenti ayi-100 kuyilapho sincike ngokuphelele koxhaso.

Okufakwa kwinombolo engezansi

Izindleko zokusebenza — izindleko zabasebenzi, ukuphatha, irenti, ukwehla kwenani lempahla, ukuhamba, izinhlelo. Yonke into ebiza ukuze isikhungo siqhubeke nokusebenza.

Izindleko zezezimali — inzalo nezimali ezikhokhelwa ekubolekeni, emadiphozini nakwezinye izikweletu zoxhaso. Lezi yizindleko zemali.

Ukulahleka kokwehla kwenani emalimbolekweni — izindleko zokubekela eceleni zenkathi, okuyindleko efakwa esitatimendeni semali engenayo kunesibonelelo sebhalansi ngokwaso. Bheka ukubekela eceleni ukulahleka kwemalimboleko.

Isibonelo esisetshenziwe

Isikhungo sibika lokhu okulandelayo ngonyaka:

• Imali engenayo yezezimali: 1,850,000
• Izindleko zokusebenza: 1,200,000
• Izindleko zezimali: 320,000
• Ukulahlekelwa kokwehla kwenani emalimbolekweni: 180,000
• Izindleko eziphelele: 1,700,000

OSS = 1,850,000 ÷ 1,700,000 = 108.8%

Isikhungo sikhokhela izindleko zaso futhi sikhiqiza inzuzo engaphansi nje kwamaphesenti ayisishiyagalolunye ngaphezu kwephuzu lokulingana. Uma uxhaso luka-300,000 lwalutholakele futhi phakathi nonyaka, alungeni ekubalweni — i-OSS ayishintshiwe kumaphesenti ayi-108.8, okuwulwazi ngqo isilinganiso esenzelwe ukulunikeza.

Indlela yokufunda umphumela

• Ngaphansi kuka-100%: Ukusebenza ngokulahlekelwa. Ukuqhubeka kokusebenza kuncike ekwesekweni kwangaphandle.
• 100–110%: Iphuzu lokulingana kuya ekuzinzeleni okuncane. Isivikelo esincane; ikota eyodwa embi noma ukwanda kwezikweletu ezingakhokhiwe kungakwehlisela ngaphansi kuka-100%.
• 110–130%: Kuzinzile ngokunethezeka. Inzuzo etholakalayo yokwakha izinqolobane nokuxhasa ukukhula.
• Ngaphezu kuka-130%: Kunenzuzo enkulu. Kufanele kuhlolwe ukuthi ngabe intengo iphezulu uma iqhathaniswa nemakethe, nokuthi ngabe ukuhlinzekela kwanele, nokuthi ukukhula kutshalwa yini imali encane kakhulu.

Izixwayiso ezimbili mayelana nokuchazwa. I-OSS yenkathi eyodwa ikusho okuncane — umkhuba ezinkathini eziningana, kanye nendawo okubheke kuyo, yikho okuthwala ulwazi. Futhi i-OSS ephezulu kakhulu ayizona izindaba ezinhle ngokuzenzakalela: emkhakheni lapho amakhasimende azwelayo ngentengo futhi evikeleke kancane, isibalo esiphezulu ngokungajwayelekile sidala imibuzo mayelana namazinga, izimali ezikhokhwayo nokuthi ukulahlekelwa kubonakala ngokugcwele yini.

I-OSS nokukhula okusheshayo

I-OSS yombolekisi okhulayo ibikwa iphansi ngendlela ehlelekile, futhi lokhu kufanele kuqondwe ngaphambi kokuthatha iziphetho ngesibalo esiwayo.

Izindleko zandulela imali engenayo. Ukuqasha nokuqeqesha izisebenzi, ukuvula amagatsha kanye nokusungula imalimboleko konke kubiza imali enkathini okwenzeka ngayo, kanti inzalo elethwa yileyo malimboleko ifika ezinyangeni naseminyakeni elandelayo. Ukuhlinzekela kusebenza ngendlela efanayo — isihlinzeko esijwayelekile senziwa emalimbolekweni emisha ngokushesha, ngaphambi kokuthi noma yikuphi kube nesikhathi sokuphambuka.

Umphumela wukuthi ukukhula okusheshayo kwehlisa i-OSS ngisho nalapho yonke imalimboleko ebhaliwe inempilo. Isikhungo esizinzile nesesikhula ngokushesha esinezomnotho eziyisisekelo ezifanayo sizobika izibalo ezahlukene. Ukuqhathanisa i-OSS ezikhungweni ngaphandle kokubheka izinga lokukhula kukhiqiza iziphetho ezidukisayo, futhi ibhodi ebuyekeza i-OSS ewayo ngesikhathi sokwanda kufanele lihlole ukuthi lokho kubonisa isikhathi sokukhula noma ukuwohloka kwangempela.

I-OSS uma iqhathaniswa nokuzimela kwezimali

Ukuzimela kwezimali (FSS) kuwukuhlola okuqinile. Akubuzi kuphela ukuthi isikhungo siyazikhokhela yini izindleko zaso zangempela, kodwa nokuthi sasingazolokhu sizikhokhela yini uma zonke izibonelelo zaso zisuswa futhi sizixhasa ngokuphelele ngamanani ezohwebo.

I-FSS ilungisa idenomineyitha ye-OSS ngalokhu:

• Izindleko ezixhasiwe zezimali — umehluko phakathi kwenzalo encishisiwe ekhokhwe ngempela kanye nalokho ukuxhaswa ngezinga lezimakethe obekungabiza khona
• Izindleko ze-equity noma zokwehla kwamandla emali — inkokhelo ecatshangelwayo yokugcina inani langempela lemali eyinhloko, ikakhulukazi ebalulekile eminothweni enokwehla okuphezulu kwamandla emali
• Uxhaso olungelona lwemali — isikhathi sabasebenzi esinikelwe, izakhiwo zamahhala, izinhlelo ezinikezwa ngaphandle kwezindleko

Ukuqhubeka nesibonelo esingenhla, ngokulungiswa okucatshangelwayo kwezindleko zemali eyinhloko okungu-150,000, ukulungiswa kokwehla kwamandla emali okungu-60,000, kanye noxhaso olungelona lwemali olulinganiselwa ku-40,000:

Izindleko ezilungisiwe = 1,700,000 + 250,000 = 1,950,000

I-FSS = 1,850,000 ÷ 1,950,000 = 94.9%

Isikhungo esifanayo siyakwazi ukuzimela ngokusebenza ngamaphesenti angu-108.8 kodwa asikwazi ukuzimela ngokwezimali ngamaphesenti angu-94.9. Siyazihlangabeza izindleko zaso zangempela, kodwa hhayi izindleko ebesizobhekana nazo ngaphandle koxhaso oluncishisiwe kanye nezinsiza ezinikelwe.

• Umbuzo oyinhloko: I-OSS ibuza ukuthi "Siyazihlangabeza yini izindleko zethu zangempela?"; i-FSS ibuza ukuthi "Singazihlangabeza yini izindleko zethu ngaphandle koxhaso?"
• Ilungisa uxhaso oluxhasiwe: Cha (i-OSS) vs. Yebo (i-FSS)
• Ilungisa ukwehla kwamandla emali kanye nezindleko zemali eyinhloko: Cha (i-OSS) vs. Yebo (i-FSS)
• Ifaka uxhaso olungelona lwemali: Cha (i-OSS) vs. Yebo (i-FSS)
• Inani eliqhathaniswayo: I-OSS ihlala iyinombolo ephakeme (noma ilingane); i-FSS iba ngaphansi
• Ukusetshenziswa okuvamile: I-OSS isetshenziselwa ukuphathwa kokusebenza kanye nokubikwa ebhodini; i-FSS isetshenziselwa ukuhlolwa kwabaxhasi kanye nokuhlola ukusimama

I-FSS ihlala iphansi kune-OSS esikhungweni esithola uxhaso, futhi zombili ziyahlangana njengoba uxhaso lunyamalala. Kumbolekisi ohweba ngokugcwele ongenalo uxhaso oluncishisiwe futhi ongenalo usizo olungelona lwemali, empeleni ziyefana.

I-OSS uma iqhathaniswa nezinkomba zenzuzo

I-OSS ihlobene kakhulu nenzuzo kodwa ayiyona indlela efanayo yokulinganisa.

Imajini yenzuzo ikala imali esele njengengxenye yemali engenayo. I-OSS ikala imali engenayo njengokuphindaphindwa kwezindleko. Zihamba ndawonye — i-OSS engu-108.8 amaphesenti isho imajini yenzuzo ecishe ibe ngamaphesenti ayisishiyagalombili emali engenayo — kodwa i-OSS ivezwa njengesilinganiso sokumboza, okwenza umkhawulo wokungabi nanzuzo noma wokulahlekelwa ubonakale ngokushesha.

Imbuyiselo yezimpahla ihlobanisa imali esele nesisekelo sezimpahla. Iphendula ukuthi izimpahla zisetshenziswa kahle kangakanani, okuyinto i-OSS engakubheki. Umbolekisi angakwazi ukuzimela ngokusebenza ngenkathi ethola imbuyiselo embi kushidi lokulinganisa elikhukhumalisiwe.

Imbuyiselo ye-equity ihlobanisa imali esele nemali eyinhloko yabanikazi bamasheya futhi iyinkomba esetshenziswa abatshalizimali bezohwebo. Ayibalulekile kangako ezikhungweni ezine-equity enikelwe noma izinhlaka zobunikazi bokubambisana ezifana ne- SACCO.

Isizathu sokuthi i-OSS iqhubeke ikhona kanye nalezi yindlela okuphathwa ngayo izibonelelo. Izinkomba ezijwayelekile zenzuzo ezibalwa kusukela kuma-akhawunti asemthethweni zifaka imali engenayo yezibonelelo, okuyiyona nto efihla umbuzo wokusimama esikhungweni esixhaswa ngabanikeli.

Yini eqhuba i-OSS

Isivuno sephothifoliyo. Inzalo esebenzayo kanye neholo lezinkokhelo njengephesenti lephothifoliyo emaphakathi. Ukukhuphula isivuno kukhuphula i-OSS ngqo, kodwa kunqandwa ukuncintisana, ikhono lamaklayenti lokukhokha kanye, ngokwandayo, imikhawulo yamazinga enzalo.

Isilinganiso sezindleko zokusebenza. Izindleko zokusebenza njengephesenti lephothifoliyo emaphakathi. Yilapho ubukhulu obumaphakathi bemalimboleko buba nomthelela: njengoba izindleko eziningi zingaguquki nge-akhawunti ngayinye, amabhalansi amancane amaphakathi aveza ngokuzenzakalelayo izilinganiso zezindleko eziphezulu futhi adinga izivuno eziphezulu ukuze kunxeshezelwe.

Ukukhiqiza kwabasebenzi. Ababolekayo ngesikhulu semalimboleko kanye nephothifoliyo ngesisebenzi ngasinye. Izinzuzo zokukhiqiza zigelezela ngqo ku-OSS.

Izindleko zezimali. Izinga elihlanganisiwe lezimali ezibolekiwe kanye namadiphozithi. Uxhaso olunemibandela ethambile lwenza i-OSS ibukeke ingcono ngesikhathi lusekhona, okuyisizathu sokuthi i-FSS ibe khona.

Ikhwalithi yephothifoliyo. Izikweletu ezingakhokhiwe zithinta i-OSS ngezindlela ezimbili: izindleko zokwehla kwenani zikhuphuka kudenominetha, futhi inzalo yama- limboleko angasebenzi iyeka ukuqashelwa kunumeretha uma amalimboleko esengena esimweni sokungaqongelelwa kwenzalo — bheka inzalo eqongelelwe. Iphothifoliyo esengozini ewohlokayo ngakho-ke ishaya i-OSS kabili.

Izinga lokukhula kwephothifoliyo. Njengoba kuchaziwe ngenhla, ukukhula kwehlisa isibalo senkathi yamanje.

Amaphutha ajwayelekile

Ukufaka imali yoxhaso emalini engenayo. Iphutha elilodwa elivame kakhulu, futhi lichitha yonke inhloso yesilinganiso.

Ukufaka imali engenayo engeyona eyokusebenza. Izinzuzo zokudayiswa kwezimpahla, izinzuzo zokushintshaniswa kwezimali zangaphandle kanye nokubuyiselwa okuyenzeka kanye kwenyusa isibalo okuhloswe ukuthi sichaze ukusebenza okuphindelelayo.

Ukwenza isibonelelo esinganele. Njengoba ukwehla kwenani kutholakala kudenominetha, ukubekela eceleni imali enganele kunyusa i-OSS. Isikhungo esinenqubomgomo ebuthaka yokubekela eceleni sizobika i-OSS eqine kakhulu kunalokho okufanele isimo saso, futhi ukulungiswa kufika konke ngesikhathi esisodwa.

Ukuqhubeka nokuqongelela inzalo yamalimboleko angasebenzi. Kukhuphula inumeretha ngemali engenayo engeke iqoqwe.

Ukushiya ngaphandle izindleko zezimali. Ezinye izibalo ezishicilelwe zishiya ngaphandle izindleko zezimali, okukhiqiza isibalo esiphezulu ngokubonakalayo esingafaniswa nencazelo ejwayelekile.

Ukungazinaki uxhaso olunikezwa ngezinto. Indawo yokusebenza yamahhala noma abasebenzi abatshaliwe yehlisa izindleko zokusebenza ezibikiwe. Lokhu kuvumelekile ku-OSS kodwa kufanele kufakwe lapho kudlulelwa ku-FSS.

Izibalo zesikhathi esisodwa kunalezo zenkathi. I-OSS isilinganiso sesitatimende semali engenayo esihlanganisa inkathi ethile. Ukusixuba nezithombe zesimo sezimali kudala ukungahambisani.

Ukuqhathanisa izikhungo ngaphandle kokulungisa. Izinga lokukhula, izinga loxhaso, indlela yokusebenza kanye nesilinganiso sobukhulu bemboleko konke kushintsha i-OSS ngokungaxhomekile kwekhwalithi yokuphatha.

Ukuthuthukisa i-OSS

Izindlela zokuthuthukisa zilinganiselwe futhi ngayinye inezindleko:

• Khuphula inzuzo — kukhawulelwe ukuncintisana, ukuvikelwa kwamakhasimende nemikhawulo yamazinga, futhi kuphakamisa ubungozi besikweletu uma amakhasimende engakwazi ukukumunca
• Khuphula isilinganiso sobukhulu bemboleko — kuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwezindleko ngokuqondile, kodwa kuhambisa isikhungo siye emakethe ephezulu futhi sisuke emsebenzini wokufinyelela okujulile emphakathini
• Khuphula ukukhiqiza — ababoleki abaningi ngesikhulu ngasinye ngokusebenzisa inqubo engcono, ukuqopha ngeselula kanye nendlela yokusebenza ngamaqembu, ngaphandle kokumane kuthwese abasebenzi umthwalo omningi
• Yehlisa izindleko zokuthola imali — ukugqugquzela amadiphozithi lapho kuvunyelwe khona, noma ukuxhaswa kabusha ngamanani angcono njengoba umlando wokusebenza kwesikhungo ukhula
• Thuthukisa ikhwalithi yephothifoliyo — indlela enenani eliphakeme kakhulu, ngoba ithuthukisa inombolo engenhla nenombolo engezansi ngesikhathi esisodwa
• Lawula izindleko zokusebenza ezingaguquki — ubukhona bamagatsha, izindleko zehhovisi elikhulu, izinhlelo

Ukungezwani phakathi kwezindlela ezimbili zokuqala zokuthuthukisa nomgomo kungokoqobo futhi kufanele kushiwo ngokusobala kunokuba kuxazululwe buthule umnyango wezezimali.

Imibuzo evame ukubuzwa

I-OSS kufanele ibalwe kangaki? Ngekota ekubikeni kwebhodi, ngonyaka ekuqhathaniseni kwangaphandle. Izibalo zanyanga zonke ziyashintshashintsha ngoba ukuhlinzekela nesikhathi sezindleko akuhlelekile.

Ingabe i-SACCO noma umfelandawonye ingasebenzisa i-OSS? Yebo. Ukubala kuyafana. Ukuchazwa kwehluka kancane, ngoba inhloso yomfelandawonye ukuzuzisa amalungu kunokwandisa inzuzo, ngakho i-OSS ephezulu ingase ikhombise ukuthi amalungu akhokhiswa ngaphezu kwalokho okudingekayo.