Ezezimali Ezincane

Ezezimali ezincane ukunikezwa kwezimalimboleko ezincane, ukonga, kanye nezinye izinsizakalo zezimali emakhaya aholelwa kancane nasemabhizinisini amancane amabhange asemthethweni angafuni ukuwasiza. Kushintsha isivivinyo esijwayelekile sebhange — isibambiso, amaphepha eholo, umlando wesikweletu — ngezindlela ezisebenzayo lapho lezo zinto zingekho: izimali ezincane, izikhathi ezimfushane, ukukhokha njalo, kanye nokwethembana okwakhiwa ngobulungu beqembu noma ngokubolekwa kaningi.

Leli gama lifaka umsebenzi kanye nemboni. Njengomsebenzi, kusho nje ukubolekisa ngezimali ezincane kubantu uhlelo lwamabhange olubashiye ngaphandle ngenxa yezindleko. Njengemboni, kusho inethiwekhi yezikhungo zezimali ezincane (ama-MFI), izinhlangano zokonga nokubolekisa (SACCO), amabhange ezimali ezincane, izinhlangano ezingekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni, kanye nababolekisi abazimele abenza lokho kubolekisa — imvamisa okuyiyona kuphela indlela esemthethweni yesikweletu etholakalayo ezimakethe abazisebenzelayo.

Kungani ezezimali ezincane zikhona

Uhlelo lokubolekisa lwebhange lakhelwe phezu kwezindleko ezingaguquki ngamalimboleko ngalinye. Ukuhlola umboleki, ukubhala isivumelwano, ukukhipha imali kanye nokulandelela ukukhokha kubiza cishe okufanayo noma imalimboleko ingu-500 noma ingu-500 000. Kumalimboleko elikhulu, lezo zindleko zinyamalala enzuzweni. Kwelincane, ziyayigwinya. Umphumela wukuthi amabhange ajwayelekile ayeka ukubolekisa ngaphansi kwesilinganiso esithile — hhayi ngenxa yokucwasa, kodwa ngenxa yezibalo.

Nakhu okunye: isidingo sesibambiso. Iningi lababolekimali abaholelwa kancane alinaso isitifiketi somhlaba, alinayo imoto ebhalisiwe, futhi alinawo umlando womsebenzi osemthethweni. Bangase babe nebhizinisi lokuthengisa elinenzuzo, kodwa akukho lutho ngalo olubhalwe ngendlela ikomiti lezikweletu lebhange elingayibona.

Ezezimali ezincane ziyiqoqo lamasu akhiwe ukuze kubolekiswe kulelo gebe ngenzuzo. Umlando owaziwa kakhulu ngowaseGrameen Bank kaMuhammad Yunus eBangladesh ngeminyaka yawo-1970, owabonisa ukuthi ababolekimali abampofu kakhulu — ikakhulukazi abesifazane — babuyisela imali ngokwethembeka uma indlela yokubolekisa ihambisana nezimo zabo. Le ndlela yasabalala eNingizimu ye-Asia, eLatin America nase-Afrika, futhi selokhu yehlukana yaba yizinhlobo eziningi zendawo.

Yini eyenza imalimboleko elincane lihluke

Izici eziyisithupha zihlukanisa ezezimali ezincane nokubolekisa okujwayelekile. Iningi lababolekisi lisebenzisa inhlanganisela yazo ezimbalwa, hhayi zonke eziyisithupha.

Imali eyisisekelo emncane. Izimalimboleko zilinganiselwa ngesidingo semali yokusebenza — ukugcwalisa isitolo, ukuthenga imbewu, ukushintsha umshini — hhayi ngokuthengwa okukhulu kwempilo yonke.

Izikhathi ezimfushane. Amasonto ambalwa kuya onyakeni yikho okuvamile. Izikhathi ezimfushane zinciphisa ubungozi futhi zivumela umbolekisi ukuthi ahlole umboleki kaningi.

Ukukhokha njalo. Izinkokhelo zamasonto onke, zamasonto amabili noma zenyanga eziqala ngokushesha ngemva kokukhishwa kwemali. Lokhu kuhambisana nomjikelezo wemali wansuku zonke noma wamasonto womthengisi noma womlimi omncane kangcono kunenkokhelo eyodwa enkulu ekugcineni, futhi kunika umbolekisi isexwayiso sokuqala uma umboleki eqala ukushelela.

Isibambiso esinye. Esikhundleni somhlaba noma isakhiwo, ezezimali ezincane zithembela esiqinisekisweni seqembu, empahleni yasekhaya, emalini eyongiwe egcinwe esikhungweni, esivumelwaneni sokudonswa eholweni ngomqashi, noma emlandweni wokukhokha womboleki uqobo.

Ukubolekisa okukhulayo. Umboleki uqala ngokuncane, akhokhe, bese efaneleka imali enkulu ngokwengeziwe. Ithemba lemalimboleko elikhulu elilandelayo ngokwalo liyisikhuthazo sokukhokha, futhi livumela umbolekisi ukwakha umlando wesikweletu lapho ubungekho khona.

Ubudlelwano obuseduze. Izikhulu zezimalimboleko zivakashela amabhizinisi, ziyayazi imakethe, futhi ziya emihlanganweni yamaqembu. Ukuhlola kusekelwe ekubukeni njengoba kusekelwe emaphepheni.

Umjikelezo wokubolekisa usebenza kanjani

Umjikelezo ojwayelekile udlula ezigabeni ezifanayo noma ngabe umbolekisi uyi-MFI, iyi-SACCO noma yibhizinisi elincane elizimele lokubolekisa:

1. Ukwakhiwa kweqembu noma ukwamukelwa kweklayenti. Ekubolekiseni kwamaqembu, ababolekimali bazikhethela bona ukwakha iqembu bese beqeqeshwa ngemithetho. Ekubolekiseni komuntu ngamunye, isikhulu sithatha isicelo kanye nomazisi.
2. Ukuhlola. Isikhulu sivakashela ibhizinisi noma ikhaya, silinganise ukugeleza kwemali, bese sibala ukuthi ikhaya lingakwazi ukukhokha malini ngempela — imvamisa ngokubuka nangokuxoxa kunokuya ngezitatimende zezimali.
3. Ukugunyazwa. Ifayela lidlula ohlelweni olucacile — isikhulu sezimalimboleko, umphathi wegatsha, kuye phezulu ngokuya ngenani. Lolu hlelo lukhona ukuze kungabikho muntu oyedwa oqalisa futhi agunyaze imalimboleko elilodwa.
4. Ukukhishwa kwemali. Imali ikhishwa nge-mobile money, ngokudluliselwa ebhange, noma ngokheshi. I-mobile money isiya ngokuba yindlela evamile eMpumalanga naseNingizimu ye-Afrika, ngoba isusa ngokuphelele ubungozi bokuphatha ukheshi.
5. Ukuqoqwa kwezinkokhelo. Izinkokhelo zingena ngohlelo oluvunyelwene ngalo. Yonke inkokhelo isetshenziswa ngohlelo olungaguquki, ukuze izinhlawulo nenzalo kukhokhwe ngaphambi kwemali eyisisekelo.
6. Ukulandelela nokutholwa kwemali. Izinkokhelo ezingakhokhiwe zidala izikhumbuzo, bese kulandela ukuvakasha kwesikhulu, bese kulandela ingcindezi yeqembu noma ukuxhumana nomqinisekisi, bese kulandela ukubuyiswa ngokusemthethweni. Isivinini sibaluleke lapha ngaphezu kwanoma yiluphi olunye uhlobo lokubolekisa, ngoba isikweletu esincane esisalele emuva emalimbolekweni elifushane sikhula ngokushesha sibe sikhulu.
7. Ukuphinda noma ukuphuma. Umboleki okhokha ngokuphelele unikezwa imalimboleko elikhulu. Ongakhokhi uyavalwa futhi, esikhungweni esiphathwe kahle, ubhalwe phansi ukuze angaphinde abolekwe ngegama elehlukile.

Ukubolekisa kwamaqembu nokuziphendulela ndawonye

Indlela ehluke kakhulu kwezezimali ezincane ukubolekisa kwamaqembu. Ababolekimali bakha iqembu elivame ukuba namalungu ayisihlanu kuya kwangamashumi amabili nanhlanu. Ngamunye uthatha imalimboleko lakhe, kodwa iqembu liphatha umthwalo ndawonye: uma ilungu lehluleka ukukhokha, amanye ayaphoqeleka ukumboza isikhala, futhi akekho kubo ofaneleka enye imalimboleko kuze kube i-akhawunti yeqembu ihlanzekile.

Lokhu kwenza izinto ezintathu ngesikhathi esisodwa. Kudlulisela ukuhlungwa eqenjini — amalungu ngeke amukele umuntu abakholelwa ukuthi ngeke akhokhe. Kudlulisela ukuqashwa eqenjini — omakhelwane bayazi ukuthi ibhizinisi liyawa kudala kunesikhulu sezimalimboleko. Futhi kudala indlela yokuphoqa ngezindleko zenhlalo esikhundleni senqubo yezomthetho, okubaluleke lapho ukubuyisa imali ngezinkantolo kuhamba kancane futhi kubiza kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nobukhulu bemalimboleko.

Kunemikhawulo futhi okufanele ishiwo. Ukuziphendulela ndawonye kungaphoqa ilungu elisenkingeni ukuthi liboleke kwenye indawo ukuze iqembu lihlale lihlanzekile, okufihla inkinga esikhundleni sokuyixazulula. Amaqembu angahlukana. Futhi njengoba ababolekimali bekhula, badlula ubukhulu bamaqembu bafune izimalimboleko zomuntu ngamunye — yingakho ama-MFI amaningi asekhulile esebenzisa zombili izindlela ngasikhathi sinye. Kumbolekisi, lokho kusho ukuthi uhlelo kumele lulandelele izimalimboleko zamaqembu nezomuntu ngamunye kuphothifoliyo eyodwa, ngaphandle kokuphatha enye njengento eyengeziwe efakwe phezu kwenye.

Ubani onikeza ezezimali ezincane

Lolu hlobo lubanzi kunalokho igama elikushoyo, futhi izidingo zokusebenza ziyahluka ngokohlobo.

• Izikhungo zezimali ezincane (ama-MFI). Ababolekisi abagxile ezikweletini, ngesinye isikhathi abamukela imali egciniwe, imvamisa banelayisensi futhi bayagadwa. Bayinsika yale mboni.
• Ama-SACCO nezinhlangano zesikweletu. Ziphethwe ngamalungu. Amalungu ayonga, futhi izimalimboleko zivamise ukunikezwa njengesiphindaphindo samasheya noma imali eyongiwe yelungu, leyo mali eyongiwe ibe yisibambiso. Bheka SACCO.
• Amabhange ezimali ezincane. Amabhange anelayisensi asebenza ohlangothini lwezimali ezincane, amukele imali egciniwe futhi anemibandela eqinile yemali eyisisekelo neyokubika.
• Izinhlelo zezinhlangano ezingekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni nezixhaswe ngabaxhasi. Imvamisa zixhaswe ngemali, futhi zivame ukuhlanganisa isikweletu nokuqeqeshwa noma nezinsiza zezolimo.
• Ababolekisi abazimele namabhizinisi amancane okubolekisa. Iqembu elikhulu kunawo wonke ngobuningi ezimakethe eziningi zase-Afrika. Aphathwa ngumnikazi, anabasebenzi abambalwa, abolekisa ngemali yawo.
• Ababolekisi bedijithali nabakwi-mobile. Basebenzisa ama-algorithm, bakhipha imali ngaso leso sikhathi, ngezimali ezincane kakhulu nezikhathi ezimfushane kakhulu — indlela umuntu akhokha ngayo kunethiwekhi yeselula ithatha indawo yomlando wesikweletu.
• Amaqembu okonga angekho emthethweni. I-chilimba eZambia, i-chama eKenya, i-susu eNtshonalanga Afrika — izinhlangano zokonga nokubolekisana ezijikelezayo. Akuzona izikhungo zezimali ezincane, kodwa zenza umsebenzi ofanayo, futhi imvamisa yilapho ababolekimali bombolekisi beqala khona ukufunda ukonga nokukhokha ngohlelo.

Ezomnotho: kungani inzalo yezezimali ezincane ibonakala iphakeme

Amazinga enzalo kwezezimali ezincane ahlala ephakeme kunawamabhange ezentengiselwano, futhi yilapha lolu hlelo luqondwa kabi khona kakhulu — ngisho nangababolekimali nangabenzi bemigomo.

Izindleko zokuphatha imalimboleko azishintshi kakhulu. Ukuvakasha kwesikhulu, amaphepha, ukukhishwa kwemali kanye nokulandelela kubiza cishe okufanayo kumalimboleko elincane nakwelikhulu. Sabalalisa lezo zindleko ezingaguquki phezu kwemali eyisisekelo encane nesikhathi esifushane, bese izinga elidingekayo ukuze kungabi nakulahleka liba phezulu ngamaphesenti nakuba inani lenzalo lincane. Yengeza ukulahlekelwa okulindelekile okukhulu, kanye nezindleko eziphezulu zokuthola imali kwezinye izimakethe, bese izibalo zingabe zisanqandeka.

Izilinganiso ezimbili zikuvumela ukuthi wahlulele ukuthi izinga limboza izindleko ngempela noma likhipha nje imali:

• Ukuzimela ekusebenzeni (OSS) — imali engenayo yokusebenza ihlukaniswe ngezindleko zokusebenza kuhlanganise nemali ebekelwe ukulahlekelwa kwezimalimboleko kanye nezindleko zokuxhaswa. Ngaphansi kuka-100%, isikhungo sisebenza ngoxhaso noma ngemali eyisisekelo.
• Izindleko ngomboleki ngamunye — izindleko zonke zokusebenza zihlukaniswe ngababolekimali abasebenzayo. Yiyo inombolo ekutshela ukuthi ukusebenza kahle kuyathuthuka njengoba ukhula, noma ukwengeza nje abasebenzi ngesivinini esifanayo nesokwengeza amaklayenti.

Imikhawulo yamazinga enzalo iyinto ephindaphindwayo emigomweni. Inhloso ukuvikela umbolekimali; umphumela ojwayelekile wukuthi ababolekisi bahoxa kuqala ezimalimbolekweni ezincane kakhulu nezikude, ngoba yizona eziyeka ukumboza izindleko zazo.

Izinombolo umbolekisi azigadayo

Amaphothifoliyo ezimali ezincane ahamba ngokushesha kunawajwayelekile — izikhathi ezimfushane, izinkokhelo eziningi, izimalimboleko eziningi — ngakho ukubika kumele kuhambisane naleso sivinini.

Iphothifoliyo esengcupheni (PAR). Ingxenye yephothifoliyo esasele enenkokhelo eyodwa okungenani esale emuva ngaphezu komkhawulo, imvamisa izinsuku ezingu-30. I-PAR 30 yisilinganiso esijwayelekile sempilo yemboni. Okubaluleke kakhulu: ibala lonke ibhalansi esele yemalimboleko elithintekile, hhayi inkokhelo engakhokhiwe kuphela — yilokho okuyenza iqotho.

Amabhakede eminyaka yesikweletu. Izimali ezisalele emuva zihlanganiswa ngokuya ngokuthi zisale kangakanani, imvamisa izinsuku ezingu-30, 60 nezingu-90. Isimo salokhu kusabalala sikutshela ukuthi inkinga intsha noma isijulile.

Ukubekelwa kokulahlekelwa kwezimalimboleko. Ukubekela eceleni ukulahlekelwa okulindelekile ngokumelene nephothifoliyo, imvamisa ngamazinga akhuphukayo njengoba isikweletu sisala kakhulu. Yikho lokhu okuvimba iphothifoliyo ukuthi ibonakale inempilo ephepheni ngaphezu kwalokho eyikho.

Izinga lokukhokha nokugcinwa kwamaklayenti. Ukugcinwa kwamaklayenti yikho okungabhekwa kahle. Ukubolekisa okukhulayo kusebenza kuphela uma ababolekimali abahle behlala; umbolekisi onezinkokhelo ezinhle kodwa engawagcini amaklayenti ulahlekelwa yiwo kanye amaklayenti uhlelo lwakhe oluthembele kuwo.

Ubukhulu obujwayelekile bemalimboleko nenzuzo yephothifoliyo. Uma kufundwa ndawonye, kubonisa ukuthi isikhungo sishelela siye phezulu yini — sibolekisa ngezimali ezinkulu kubabolekimali abaphephe kakhudlwana — okuyisu elisemthethweni, kodwa elehlukile kunenhloso ama-MFI amaningi ayimemezelayo.

Lapho ababolekisi bebanjwa khona

Indawo yokwehluleka ekusebenzeni ihlala ifana cishe njalo, futhi ingumphumela wohlelo uqobo kunokuphatha okubi.

Ezezimali ezincane wukubolekisa okuningi ngenani elincane. Isikhulu esisodwa singaphatha amakhulu ezimalimboleko ezisebenzayo emaqenjini ayizinkulungwane, ngalinye linenkokhelo yesonto noma yamasonto amabili. Lezo ziyizinkulungwane zokuthengiselana ngenyanga esikhungweni esincane. Kokukodwa nakukodwa kumele kubhalwe emalimbolekweni elifanele, kwabelwe ngohlelo olufanele, futhi kubonakale ezincwadini zegatsha elifanele.

Uma kwenziwa ngamaspredishithi nangamabhuku amarisidi, lokhu kusebenza kuze kufike endaweni ethile bese kuyama. Amabhalansi ayaphambuka. Izikhulu ezimbili zibhala inkokhelo eyodwa ngezindlela ezehlukene. Isikweletu seqembu sihlala singabonwa ngoba akekho oye wabala izinombolo kuleli sonto. Isimo sephothifoliyo — inombolo eyodwa enquma ukuthi isikhungo siyakwazi yini ukukhokha izikweletu zaso — saziwa kuphela ngemva kokuthi umuntu esechithe izinsuku ezintathu ehlanganisa amabhuku. Ngesikhathi i-PAR isibaliwe, ichaza inyanga edlule.

Lo mkhuba kufanele ushiwo ngokucacile: kwezezimali ezincane, into evimba ukukhula kuvame ukungabi yisidingo sezimalimboleko noma imali eyisisekelo. Kungamandla okuphatha okulandelela lokho osekubolekisiwe. Izikhungo ziyama hhayi ngoba ziphelelwe ngababolekimali, kodwa ngoba ziphelelwe ngamandla okugcina amabhuku eqondile.