KYC (Yazi Umthengi Wakho)

KYC, esishunqulelo samagama athi Yazi uMxhasi Wakho, yinkqubo elawulwayo esetyenziswa ngamaziko emali ukuqinisekisa ukuba ngoobani abaxhasi bawo, ukuqonda injongo yobudlelwane, nokuvavanya umngcipheko ovezwa ngumxhasi. Yimfuneko esemthethweni kwiindawo ezininzi zolawulo kwaye isebenza phambi kokuba i-akhawunti ivulwe kwaye ngokuqhubekayo emva koko.

I-KYC ikho ukuthintela amaziko emali ukuba asetyenziswe — esazi okanye ngenye indlela — ekuthunjweni kwemali, ekuxhaseni ubugrogrisi, ubuqhophololo, ukuphepha izohlwayo nokuphepha irhafu. Licandelo elijongene nomxhasi le nkqubo ebanzi yokuchasana nokuthunjwa kwemali (AML) yokuthobela.

Uxanduva ludlulela ngaphaya kweebhanki. Ngokuqhelekileyo lusebenza kumaziko ezemali ezincinci, kwiimanyano zamatyala nakwi-SACCO, kubaboneleli ngeenkonzo zokuhlawula, kubaqhubi bemali yeselula, kwiinkampani zeinshorensi, kwiifemu zezibambiso, kubaboneleli ngeenkonzo ze-crypto-asset, kwaye kwiindawo ezininzi zolawulo kumagqwetha, kubagcini-mali, kwiarhente zezindlu nakubarhwebi bezinyithi ezixabisekileyo.

Kutheni i-KYC ikhona

Umiseli wemigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe ngu Financial Action Task Force (FATF), iqumrhu eliphakathi koorhulumente elasekwa ngo-1989 elineengcebiso zalo ezisisiseko semithetho emininzi yelizwe ye-AML. INgcebiso ye-10 ye-FATF ichaza izibophelelo zokuhlolwa komxhasi ngenyameko, kwaye amazwe angamalungu azitshintshele ezi zinto kumthetho wasekhaya nakwizikhokelo zolawulo.

Ngenxa yokuba uphunyezo lusekelwe kwilizwe ngalinye, amaxwebhu athile, imilinganiselo kunye namaxesha ahluka ngokolawulo — kodwa isakhiwo esisisiseko siyafana phantse kuyo yonke indawo: chonga umxhasi, qinisekisa isazisi, qonda ubudlelwane, linganisa umngcipheko, kwaye ubeke iliso ekuhambeni kwexesha.

Iintsika ezine ze-KYC

1. Inkqubo yokuchonga uMxhasi (CIP)

Ukuqokelela iinkcukacha zokuchonga nokuziqinisekisa ngokuchasene nemithombo ethembekileyo, ezimeleyo. Kumntu ngamnye oku kudla ngokuba ligama elipheleleyo, umhla wokuzalwa, idilesi yendawo yokuhlala kunye nenombolo yesazisi ekhutshwe ngurhulumente. Ukuqinisekisa kusenokuba kuxwebhu (uxwebhu lwesazisi kunye nobungqina bedilesi) okanye kungabi kuxwebhu (ukuthelekisa iinkcukacha ne-database yesazisi kazwelonke, i-credit bureau okanye irekhodi lezonxibelelwano).

2. Ukuhlola uMxhasi ngeNyameko (CDD)

Ukudlulela ngaphaya kwesazisi ukuze uqonde umxhasi: ubume nenjongo yobudlelwane, umthombo olindelekileyo wemali, ipateni elindelekileyo yeentengiselwano, kwaye — kumaqumrhu — ubume bobunini nolawulo. I-CDD ivelisa isiseko ekugwetywa ngaso umsebenzi wexesha elizayo.

3. Ukuhlola okuQinisiweyo koMxhasi (EDD)

Ukuphononongwa okongezelelekileyo kubaxhasi abanomngcipheko ophezulu. I-EDD idla ngokufuna imvume yabaphathi abaphezulu ukwamkela umxhasi, ubungqina obubhaliweyo bomthombo wobutyebi kunye nomthombo wemali, kunye nokuphononongwa rhoqo. Izinto ezidla ngokubangela oku ziquka:

• Abantu abavezwe kwezopolitiko (PEPs) — abantu ababambe imisebenzi yoluntu ebalulekileyo, kunye namalungu eentsapho zabo noogxa babo abasondeleyo
• Abaxhasi abahlala okanye abenza iintengiselwano neendawo zolawulo ezinomngcipheko ophezulu okanye ezithintelweyo
• Ubume bobunini obuntsokothileyo, ii-trust, okanye amaqumrhu anezabelo ezingenagama lomnini
• Amashishini asebenzisa imali eninzi ephathekayo, amashishini eenkonzo zemali kunye namanye amacandelo anomngcipheko ophezulu
• Iziphumo zosasazo olubi okanye ubutyebi obungachazwanga

4. Ukubeka iliso okuqhubekayo

I-KYC ayisosango lesihlandlo esinye. Amaziko kufuneka abeke iliso kwiintengiselwano ngokuchasene neprofayili elindelekileyo, ahlole abaxhasi ngokuchasene noluhlu lwezohlwayo kunye nee-PEP ngokuqhubekayo, ahlaziye iirekhodi zabaxhasi ngamaxesha athile, kwaye aphande aze axele imisebenzi ekrokrisayo kwiyunithi kazwelonke yezobuntlola ngezemali.

Inkqubo ye-KYC inyathelo ngenyathelo

1. Qokelela iinkcukacha zokuchonga kunye namaxwebhu afunekayo xa kuvulwa i-akhawunti.
2. Qinisekisa iinkcukacha ngokuchasene nemithombo ezimeleyo — irejista yesazisi kazwelonke, irejista yamashishini, i-credit bureau, okanye ukuqinisekiswa koxwebhu kunye nokuhlolwa kwebhayometriki.
3. Hlola umxhasi ngokuchasene noluhlu lwezohlwayo, iinkcukacha zee-PEP kunye nosasazo olubi.
4. Chonga abanini abaxhamlayo kumaqumrhu asemthethweni — abantu bokwenyani abathi ekugqibeleni babe ngabanini okanye balawule umxhasi. Iindawo ezininzi zolawulo zisebenzisa umda wobunini we-25% njengesixhobo, kunye novavanyo olwahlukileyo lolawulo.
5. Yenza ireyithi yomngcipheko kumxhasi, ngokuqhelekileyo kumaqela aphantsi, aphakathi naphezulu, okukhokelwa yindawo, imveliso, ijelo, umsebenzi okanye ishishini, kunye neprofayile elindelekileyo yentengiselwano.
6. Vuma okanye udlulisele phambili. Abaxhasi abanomngcipheko ophantsi banokufaneleka kuhlolo olulula; abaxhasi abanomngcipheko ophezulu bafuna i-EDD kunye nokuvunywa ngabaphathi abaphezulu.
7. Qwalasela kwaye uhlaziye. Ukubekwa esweni kweentengiselwano kwenziwa ngokuqhubekayo; imijikelo yohlaziyo lwamaxesha athile iqhelekile ukuba ibe minyaka le kubantu abanomngcipheko ophezulu, kwaye ibe qho kwiminyaka emibini ukuya kwemihlanu kubantu abanomngcipheko ophantsi, kuphinde kubekho uhlaziyo oluqhutywa ziziganeko xa kukho into etshintshileyo.

Amaxwebhu aqhelekileyo e-KYC

Abantu ngabanye

• Isazisi esinefoto esikhutshwe ngurhulumente — ikhadi lesazisi likazwelonke, ipaspoti, ilayisensi yokuqhuba.
• Ubungqina bedilesi — i-invoyisi yeenkonzo zendlu, ingxelo yebhanki, isivumelwano sokuqeshisa, okanye ileta evela kwigunya elaziwayo.
• Inombolo yerhafu okanye yesazisi sikazwelonke apho kufanelekileyo.
• Ifoto okanye ukuhlolwa kokuphila, xa kubhaliswa ngedijithali.

Amashishini (Yazi ishishini lakho, okanye i-KYB)

• Isatifikethi sokubhaliswa kwenkampani okanye ubhaliso lweshishini.
• Imemorandam kunye nemiqathango yombutho, okanye amaxwebhu omgaqo-siseko alinganayo.
• Irejista yabalawuli nabanini-zabelo.
• Ubungqina bedilesi yeshishini ebhalisiweyo.
• Isigqibo sebhodi okanye isigunyaziso esichaza abatyikityi abagunyazisiweyo.
• Amaxwebhu esazisi abalawuli, abatyikityi abagunyazisiweyo nabanini bokwenene.
• Ubhaliso lwerhafu kwaye, apho kufanelekileyo, ilayisensi yokurhweba okanye yokusebenza.

eKYC kunye nokuqinisekiswa kwedijithali

eKYC kukuphunyezwa nge-elektronikhi kwezi zibophelelo ezifanayo. Endaweni yokuqokelela amaphepha, iziko liqinisekisa isazisi ngeendlela zedijithali:

• Ukuthathwa koxwebhu ngohlolo oluzenzekelayo lobunyani
• Ukuthelekiswa kwebhayometriki — iselfi okanye ukuhlolwa kokuphila xa kuthelekiswa nefoto yesazisi.
• Ukuqinisekiswa ngokuthe ngqo kwiindawo zogcino-lwazi zesazisi sikazwelonke okanye kwiirejista.
• Ukuthelekiswa kwedatha yomqhubi wenethiwekhi yefowuni kunye ne-bureau yamatyala.
• Utyikityo lwe-elektronikhi kunye nokufakwa kwemvume enomkhondo wophicotho.

eKYC yenza ukubhaliswa kube mfutshane ukusuka kwiintsuku ukuya kwimizuzu kwaye isusa ukuxhomekeka kwisebe. Ikwabeka umngcipheko endaweni enye: uhlaselo lokunikezela ubuso obungeyonyani, izazisi ezenziweyo kunye nokukhandwa kwamaxwebhu konke kujolise kuhlolo oluzenzekelayo, ngoko ke uninzi lwamaziko lugcina uphononongo lwezandla kwiimeko ezingaqhelekanga kunye neeprofayili ezinomngcipheko ophezulu.

KYC vs AML vs CDD vs KYB

• AML (Ukulwa nokuhlantshwa kwemali): Inkqubo epheleleyo yokuthobela — imigaqo-nkqubo, ulawulo, ukubekwa esweni, ingxelo, uqeqesho, kunye nophicotho.
• KYC (Yazi umxhasi wakho): Inxalenye ye-AML ejongene nomxhasi — ukuchonga, ukuqinisekisa, kunye nokulinganisa umngcipheko wabaxhasi.
• CDD (Ukuhlolwa ngenyameko komxhasi): Umsebenzi wokuhlolwa ngenyameko ngaphakathi kwi-KYC — ukuqonda injongo, imvelaphi yemali, nobunini.
• KYB (Yazi ishishini lakho): I-KYC esetyenziswa kubaxhasi bamashishini, kubandakanywa ukuchongwa kwabanini bokwenene.
• EDD (Ukuphononongwa okuQinisiweyo): Inguqulelo eyandisiweyo ye-CDD kubathengi abanomngcipheko ophezulu.

Ngamafutshane: i-CDD ne-EDD ziinxalenye ze-KYC, i-KYC yinxalenye ye-AML, kwaye i-KYB yi-KYC yamaqumrhu.

Iindleko, iingxaki kunye nokubandakanywa kwezemali

I-KYC ibeka iindleko zokwenyani kuwo omabini amacala obudlelwane.

Kumaziko, oku kuthetha iziseko zokuqinisekisa, imirhumo yokuhlola, abasebenzi bokuthobela imithetho, iinkqubo zokubeka esweni kunye namaphulo okuhlaziya ngamaxesha athile — ubukhulu becala ziindleko ezisisigxina eziba nzima kakhulu kwiipotfoliyo zamatyala amancinci, ezinomthamo ophezulu apho ingeniso ngomthengi ngamnye iphantsi.

Kubathengi, iimfuno zamaxwebhu zinokuba ngumqobo. Ubungqina bedilesi bunzima apho iinkqubo zeedilesi zingekho sesikweni; amaxwebhu ezazisi awakho kuyo yonke indawo; amaphepha obhaliso lweshishini anokuphelelwa lixesha okanye angabikho kubarhwebi abancinci. Yiyo le nto i-FATF nabalawuli belizwe bexhasa ngokucacileyo indlela esekelwe kumngcipheko: ukusebenzisa ukuphononongwa okulula kwiimveliso ezinobungqina bomngcipheko ophantsi — ii-akhawunti ezinebhalsansi encinci, iiwallet zeselula ezinomda obekiweyo, amatyala exabiso elincinci — ukuze ukuthobela kungabakhuphi abathengi iinkqubo zemali ekufuneka zifikelele kubo.

Kukwakho ukungqubana okungapheliyo nomthetho wokukhuselwa kwedatha. I-KYC inyanzelisa ukuqokelelwa nokugcinwa kwedatha yobuqu enkulu, ngelixa iindlela zobumfihlo zifuna ukuncitshiswa, ukusikelwa umda kwenjongo, ukhuseleko kunye namaxesha agciniweyo achaziweyo. Amaziko kufuneka anelise zombini: aqokelele oko kufunwa yimithetho ye-AML, akugcine ngexesha eligunyazisiweyo lokugcina, akukhusele, kwaye akucime xa kungekho nasiphi na isibophelelo esisebenzayo.

Iziphumo ze-KYC ebuthathaka

Unyanzeliso lubalulekile kwaye lusesidlangalaleni. Abalawuli bawise izohlwayo ezikhulu kakhulu kumaziko ngenxa yokusilela okukhulu kwe-KYC ne-AML, kwaye imiphumo idlulela ngaphaya kwezohlwayo ukuya kwimiyalelo yolungiso, kwizithintelo zoshishino, kwizivumelwano zokunqunyanyiswa kotshutshiso, ubutyala bobuqu kumagosa okuthobela imithetho, iimeko zelayisensi kunye nokurhoxiswa.