Ukuphathwa kwemali-mboleko

Yintoni ukuseviswa kwemali-mboleko?

Ukuseviswa kwemali-mboleko kulawulo oluqhubekayo lwemali-mboleko ukususela kumzuzu iimali zikhutshwayo de i-akhawunti ivalwe. Kubandakanya yonke into eyenziwa ngumbolekisi emva kokuba isigqibo setyala senziwe: ukuhlawulisa umboleki, ukuqokelela iintlawulo, ukusebenzisa ezo ntlawulo kumacandelo achanekileyo etyala, ukulandelela amatyala ashiyekileyo, ukugcina nokukhulula isibambiso, ukunxibelelana nomboleki, nokuvelisa iirekhodi ezixhomekeke kuzo ucwangciso-mali nabalawuli.

Apho ukuqaliswa kwemali-mboleko kuphendula umbuzo "ngaba simele sibolekise, kwaye phantsi kwemiqathango enjani?", ukuseviswa kwemali-mboleko kuphendula umbuzo "ngaba le mboleko ihlawulwa njengoko kuvunyelwene, kwaye ngaba iincwadi zethu zithetha inyaniso ngayo?" Ukuqaliswa yiprojekthi enomhla wokuphela. Ukuseviswa yinkqubo eqhuba ubomi bonke bemboleko.

Umsevisi wemali-mboleko ngumbutho owenza lo msebenzi. Kumashishini amaninzi okubolekisa, umsevisi ngumbolekisi ngokwakhe. Kweminye, ngakumbi kwiimarike zemboleko yezindlu netyala labathengi, ukuseviswa kuqeshiswa kumntu wesithathu oyingcali ngelixa umdla wezoqoqosho kule mboleko uhlala kumtyali-mali.

Kutheni ukuseviswa kwemali-mboleko kubalulekile

Ukuseviswa kulapho ipotifoliyo yemboleko igcina ixabiso layo okanye ilahlekelwe lilo ngokuthe cwaka. Imboleko evavanywe kakuhle isenokuba yilahleko ukuba iintlawulo zisetyenziswa ngendlela engafanelekanga, amatyala ashiyekileyo angabhaqwa kangangeeveki, okanye umboleki akaze aqhagamshelwe emva kwesahlulo esingahlawulwanga.

Iziphumo ezithathu zivela ngqo kumgangatho wokuseviswa:

• Umgangatho wepotifoliyo. Ukungahlawuli ngexesha kulungiseka ngexabiso eliphantsi kakhulu ngeentsuku ezisixhenxe kuneentsuku ezingamashumi alithoba. Ukuseviswa kumisela ukuba intlawulo ephosiweyo ibhaqwa kwaye kuthathwe amanyathelo ngayo ngokukhawuleza kangakanani.
• Isimo semali esixeliweyo Ingeniso yenzala, ingeniso yeefizi, inzala eqokelelweyo kunye iiprovishini zonke zivela kwiirekhodi zokuseviswa. Ukuba ileja yokuseviswa iphosakele, iingxelo zemali ziphosakele.
• Isimo sokulawulwa Abalawuli bavavanya ababolekisi ngokuhlelwa kwamatyala ashiyekileyo, ukwanela kweprovishini nokubhengezwa kolwazi kubaboleki. Zonke ezi zintathu zixhomekeke kwidatha yokuseviswa.

Inkqubo yokuseviswa kwemali-mboleko

1. Ukubhaliswa kwemboleko

Imboleko imiselwa kwisistim yokuseviswa kunye neimiqathango ekuvunyelwene ngayo: inqununu, izinga lenzala nendlela, ixesha lemboleko, isixa sesahlulo, ukuphindaphinda kweentlawulo, iifizi, imigaqo yezohlwayo, iinkcukacha zesibambiso nalo naliphi na ixesha lobabalo. Iimpazamo zokubhalisa ziyabiza kuba lonke ubalo olulandelayo luzizuza njengelifa.

2. Ukuveliswa kweshedyuli yeentlawulo

Ishedyuli yokunciphisa ityala iveliswa ibonisa umhla ngamnye wesahlulo kunye nokwahlulwa phakathi kwenqununu, inzala nazo naziphi na iifizi eziphindaphindwayo. Ishedyuli iba yindawo ekubhekiswa kuyo apho intsebenzo yokwenyani ilinganiswa khona.

3. Ukuhlawulisa kunye neenkumbuzo

Ababoleki bayaziswa phambi komhla wokuhlawula ngamnye, ngokuqhelekileyo nge-SMS, i-imeyile, umyalezo ophuma kwi-app okanye nge-WhatsApp. Kwiimarike apho ababoleki bahlawula ngokusebenzisa imali yeselula okanye ugqithiselo lwebhanki, isikhumbuzo sidla ngokuba nereferensi yentlawulo ekufuneka umboleki ayichaze.

4. Ukuqokelelwa nokufakwa kwentlawulo

Iintlawulo zifika ngekheshi kwisebe, ugqithiselo lwebhanki, imali yeselula, idirect debit, i-standing order, okanye ukutsalwa emvuzweni. Intlawulo nganye kufuneka ingqamaniswe ne-akhawunti echanekileyo yemali-mboleko kwaye ifakwe ngomhla wexabiso ochanekileyo. Iintlawulo ezingangqamananga okanye ezingaphelelanga zihlala kwi-akhawunti ye-suspense de zisonjululwe.

5. Ukwabiwa kwentlawulo

Intlawulo engenayo ayifane ibe sisavenge esicocekileyo. Iyahlulwa kwaye isetyenziswe kwiibhalansi ezingekahlawulwa ngolandelelwano olumiselweyo, ngokuqhelekileyo izohlwayo, emva koko iifizi, emva koko inzala, emva koko isixa esiyinqununu, kwaye nayiphi na intsalela ithathwa njengentlawulo egqithisileyo okanye intlawulo yangaphambili. Olu landelelwano luyaziwa ngokuba yi-allocation waterfall kwaye kufuneka lusetyenziswe ngokungaguqukiyo, kuba olu landelelwano lumisela ukuba ingakanani inzala eqhubekayo ukongezeleleka.

6. Ukongezeleleka kwenzala nokubalwa ngokutsha

Inzala iyaqhubeka ukongezeleleka phakathi kweentlawulo phantsi kwendlela echazwe kwisivumelwano, nokuba ithe tyaba, ibhalansi enciphayo, okanye izinga eliguquguqukayo elidityaniswe nesalathisi. Iintlawulo zangaphambi kwexesha, iintlawulo ezisemva kwexesha kunye nohlenga-hlengiso zonke ziyayitshintsha indlela yokongezeleleka kwenzala kwaye, kwimali-mboleko yebhalansi enciphayo, zitshintsha neshedyuli eseleyo.

7. Ulawulo lwamatyala asemva kunye nokuqokelelwa

Iimali-mboleko ezisilelayo zihlelwa ngokobudala betyala zibe ngamaqela, ngokuqhelekileyo 1 ukuya ku-30, 31 ukuya ku-60, 61 ukuya ku-90 kunye neentsuku ezingama-90 nangaphezulu emva komhla wokuhlawula. Iqela ngalinye livusa impendulo eyahlukileyo: izikhumbuzo ezizenzekelayo kuqala, emva koko kudibane negosa, emva koko kufakwe ibango elisemthethweni, uhlenga-hlengiso, okanye ukubuyiswa ngokuthathwa kwesibambiso. Ukuguga kwetyala kwakhona kuqhuba ukubalwa komngcipheko wepotfoliyo kunye nokuhlelwa okusetyenziselwa ulungiselelo lwelahleko yemali-mboleko.

8. Ukugcinwa kwe-akhawunti

Ebudeni bobomi bemali-mboleko umphathi wenkonzo uphatha ukuhlengahlengiswa kweshedyuli kunye nokwakhiwa ngokutsha, utshintsho lwezinga lenzala, ukongezwa, iintlawulo zangaphambili ezingaphelelanga, ukuxolelwa kweefizi, uhlaziyo lweenkcukacha zonxibelelwano zomboleki, kunye neenguqu kubaqinisekisi okanye ubulungu beqela.

9. Iintlawulo ze-escrow kunye nezeqela lesithathu

Xa umbolekisi eqokelela iimali egameni labanye, njengeepremiyamu zeinshorensi yobomi yetyala, irhafu yepropati, okanye ukutsalwa okusemthethweni, ezo mali zigcinwa zodwa kwaye zithunyelwa ngexesha elimiselweyo. Ezi bhalansi aziyongeniso yombolekisi kwaye akufuneki zidityaniswe nayo.

10. Ukunika ingxelo kubatyali-mali nabaxhasi-mali

Ababolekisi abaxhaswa ngemigca ye-wholesale, amaziko aphezulu, okanye amaziko ezemali ophuhliso banika ingxelo ngokusebenza kwepotfoliyo ngeshedyuli ekuvunyelwene ngayo. Izibophelelo malunga ne-PAR, umlinganiselo wokucinywa kwetyala kunye nemida yokugxininisa zivavanywa ngokuthelekiswa nedatha yokugcina imali-mboleko.

11. Ukuhlawulwa ngokupheleleyo, ukuvalwa nokukhululwa

Xa intlawulo yokugqibela ihlawulwe, umphathi wenkonzo uqinisekisa ukuba ibhalansi ingu-zero, akhuphe ileta yokuzinzisa okanye yokukhululwa, akhulule nasiphi na isibambiso okanye umdla osisibambiso, ahlaziye i-credit bureau, kwaye agcine ifayile kwixesha elimiselwe ngumthetho lokugcinwa kwayo.

Ukuphathwa kwemali-mboleko vs ukusungulwa kwemali-mboleko

Ukusungulwa kwemali-mboleko

• Umbuzo ophendulweyo: Ngaba kufuneka sibolekise, kwaye phantsi kwemimiselo enjani?
• Ubude bexesha: Iintsuku okanye iiveki
• Imisebenzi ephambili: Isicelo, i-KYC, uhlolo lwetyala, ukuvunywa, kunye nokukhutshwa kwemali
• Umngcipheko ophambili: Ukhetho olubi kunye nobuqhophololo
• Iphela xa: Iimali zikhutshiwe

Ukuphathwa kwemali-mboleko

• Umbuzo ophendulwayo: Ingaba le mboleko iyasebenza, kwaye iirekhodi zethu zichanekile?
• Ubude bexesha: Ixesha elipheleleyo lemboleko
• Imisebenzi ephambili: Ukuhlawulisa, ukuqokelela, ukwaba, ukulawula iintsalela, ukunika ingxelo, kunye nokuvalwa
• Umngcipheko ophambili: Impazamo yokusebenza kunye nokungabhaqwa kokungahlawuli ngexesha
• Iphela xa: i-akhawunti ivaliwe okanye icinywe

Zombini zimi phantsi koqeqesho olubanzi lokulawula umjikelezo wobomi bemboleko, oluphatha ezi zimbini njengeziqhubekayo endaweni yokwahlukana.

Ukuphathwa ngaphakathi ngokuchasene nokuphathwa ngumntu wesithathu

Ukuphathwa ngaphakathi kugcina ulawulo kumbolekisi owavelisa imali-mboleko. Kugcina ubudlelwane nomboleki, kugcina iinkcukacha phantsi kolawulo oluthe ngqo, kwaye kuyabafanela ababolekisi abaneephothifoliyo ezincinci ngokwaneleyo okanye ezikhethekileyo ngokwaneleyo kangangokuba ukunikezela ngaphandle akuniki nzuzo yomlinganiselo. Uninzi lwamaziko emali encinci, ii-SACCOs kunye namashishini amancinci okubolekisa aphatha ngaphakathi.

Ukuphathwa ngumntu wesithathu kudlulisela ulawulo lwemihla ngemihla kwingcali. Kuxhaphakile kwiimali-mboleko zendlu, kwiimoto nakwityala labathengi eli-securitised, kuvumela abavelisi bemali-mboleko ukuba bathengise iimali-mboleko ngelixa umphathi eqokelela egameni lomthengi ngentlawulo. I-sub-servicer yenza umsebenzi phantsi kwekhontrakthi kumphathi ochongiweyo ogcina ubudlelwane nomxhasi.

Amalungelo okuphatha alilungelo lekhontrakthi lokuphatha imali-mboleko kunye nokufumana intlawulo ehambelana nayo. Kwiimarike ze-mortgage la malungelo ayathengwa kwaye athengiswa njenge-asethi, afakwe kwi-balance sheet njengamalungelo okuphatha i-mortgage (ii-MSRs), kwaye axatyiswa ngokuhamba kwemali okulindelekileyo okulungiselelwe isantya sokuhlawula kwangaphambili.

Iintlawulo zokuphatha imali-mboleko

Ababoneleli ngeenkonzo bahlawulwa ngeendlela ezininzi:

• Umrhumo wenkonzo. Ipesenti emiselweyo yenqununu eseleyo, ngokuqhelekileyo ireyithi yonyaka ethatyathwa kwi iintlawulo eziqokelelweyo.
• Ingeniso eyongezelelweyo. Iintlawulo zokulibala, iintlawulo zentlawulo ebuyisiweyo, iintlawulo zeengxelo kunye neentlawulo zokusetyenzwa kwentlawulo yokugqibela.
• I-Float. Inzala efunyenwe kwiimali eziqokelelweyo ngexesha eliphakathi kokuqokelelwa nokuthunyelwa kwentlawulo.

Imithetho yokukhusela abathengi kwiindawo ezininzi zolawulo iyayinciphisa okanye iyaziveza ezi ntlawulo, kwaye izikhokelo zobulumko zinokuzithintela iintlawulo umbolekisi olawulwayo anokuzibiza kumboleki osengxakini.

Ukuphathwa kweemboleko kwi-microfinance

Ukuphathwa kweemboleko kwi-microfinance kwahlukile kumatyala aqhelekileyo oluntu ngeendlela ezibumba iinkqubo nabasebenzi:

• Umthamo ophezulu weentlawuliswano, ubungakanani obuncinci bemboleko. Ipotfoliyo yamawaka aliqela eemboleko ezihlawula rhoqo ngeveki ivelisa iziganeko zokurekhoda ezininzi kakhulu kunencwadi yemali-mboleko yezindlu enexabiso elifanayo.
• Ukubolekiswa ngamaqela. Iintlawulo zinokufika njengentlawulo enye yeqela ekufuneka yahlulwahlulwe phakathi kwamalungu ngokwemithetho yokwabelana ngetyala.
• Ukuqokelelwa ebaleni. Amagosa emboleko aqokelela ebaleni, ngoko ke irekhodi yentlawulo nokuhamba kwemali kunokwahlulwa ngokwexesha. Ulawulo longqinelaniso lubaluleke ngaphezu kweemodeli ezisebenza ngesebe kuphela.
• Imali yeselula. Inxalenye enkulu yeentlawulo eziqokelelweyo ifika ngeengxowa zemali zeselula, nto leyo ifuna ukuthelekisa okuzenzekelayo kweereferensi zentlawuliswano neeakhawunti zemboleko.
• Imisebenzi yamasebe amaninzi. Ukubalelwa kwesebe kwirekhodi nganye kuyimfuneko kumlinganiselo wokusebenza kunye noxanduva.

Iintsilelo eziqhelekileyo zokuphathwa kweemboleko

• Iintlawulo ezisetyenziswe ngendlela engeyiyo. Ukusetyenziswa kwinqununu phambi kwenzala, okanye ukungahoywa kwezohlwayo eziqokelelweyo, kunciphisa ingeniso kwaye kuphazamisa ishedyuli.
• Ii-akhawunti zokulinda ezingangqinelaniswanga. Iintlawulo ezingenakuthelekiswa ziyaqokelelana, ababoleki babonakala besilela xa kungenjalo, kwaye i-PAR iboniswa ngaphezulu.
• Ukugcinwa kweshedyuli ngesandla. Iinguqulelo ziphinde zibalwe kwi iispredishithi ziyaphambuka kwi-ledger.
• Idatha endala yamatyala asemva. Ukubalwa kobudala ngenyanga endaweni yosuku nosuku kulibazisa yonke inyathelo lokuqokelela ukuya kufikelela kwinyanga.
• Umkhondo obuthathaka wophicotho. Ngaphandle kwengxelo yokuba ngubani otshintshe ntoni kwaye nini na, ukurhoxiswa kweentlawulo nokucinywa kwamatyala akunakulawulwa.
• Ukukhula kwenzala ngokuthe cwaka kwiimali-mboleko ezingahlawulwayo. Ukuqhubeka nokubhala inzala kwiimali-mboleko ezingayi kubuyiselwa kunyusa ingeniso de kube kubhalwa phantsi ekugqibeleni.

Imibuzo ebuzwa rhoqo

Ngaba ukuphathwa kwemali-mboleko kuyatshintsha xa imali-mboleko ithengisiwe? Izibophelelo zomboleki azitshintshi. Oku kunokutshintsha yindawo ekuthunyelwa kuyo iintlawulo nokuba ngubani ekufuneka kuqhagamshelwane naye. Ukudluliswa kokuphathwa kwemali-mboleko kudla ngokufuna ukuba umboleki aziswe kwangaphambili ngesaziso esibhaliweyo.

Yintoni inkqubo yokuphathwa kwemali-mboleko? Isoftware egcina iirekhodi zemali-mboleko, ivelisa iishedyuli, ifaka kwaye yabele iintlawulo, ibala ubudala bamatyala ashiyekileyo, ibala izibonelelo, kwaye ivelise amangenelo e-accounting neengxelo zolawulo. Ithatha indawo yeespredishithi ezininzi ababolekisi abancinci abaqala ngazo.

Ngaba ukuphathwa kwemali-mboleko kulawulwa? Kumazwe amaninzi, ewe. Imithetho idla ngokulawula ukubhengezwa kweentlawulo, ukuhamba rhoqo kweengxelo, ukwaziswa ngamatyala ashiyekileyo, ukuphathwa kwababoleki abasokolayo, ukukhuselwa kwedatha nokugcinwa kweerekhodi. Iimfuno ziyahluka ngokwamazwe nangokodidi lombolekisi.

Kwenzeka ntoni ngokuphathwa kwemali-mboleko xa imali-mboleko ibhalwa phantsi? Ukubhalwa phantsi sisenzo se-accounting, hayi ukukhululwa ngokomthetho. Umbolekisi uyasusa i-asethi kwi-balance sheet kodwa iinzame zokubuyisa nokugcinwa kweerekhodi zidla ngokuqhubeka, kwaye nakuphi na ukubuyiswa kamva kubhalwa njengengeniso.