AML (ukuchasana nokuhlambululwa kwemali)

AML (ukuchasana nokuhlanjwa kwemali) ibhekisa kwimithetho, imigaqo, iinkqubo zomgaqo-nkqubo nolawulo lwangaphakathi ezisetyenziswa ngamaziko emali ukubhaqa, ukuthintela nokuxela iinzame zokufihla imvelaphi yemali efunyenwe ngolwaphulo-mthetho. Inkqubo ye-AML idibanisa ukuhlolwa kwabathengi ngokucokisekileyo, ukubeka iliso kwintengiselwano, ukukhangelwa kunye nokuxela ngokomgaqo ukuze kuthintelwe imali engekho mthethweni ukuba ingene kwinkqubo yezemali.

Ukuhlanjwa kwemali yinkqubo yokwenza ingeniso evela kulwaphulo-mthetho — ubuqhophololo, urhwaphilizo, ukuphepha ukuhlawula irhafu, ukuthutyeleziswa kweziyobisi, ukuthutyeleziswa kwabantu — ibonakale ngathi ivela kumthombo osemthethweni. I-AML luphiko oluchasene noku: yonke into eyenziwa liziko ukwenza loo nkqubo ibe nzima, ibhaqeke kwaye ixeleke.

Izibophelelo ze-AML zisebenza ngaphaya kweebhanki zorhwebo. Amaziko emali-mfitshane, ii-SACCO, iimanyano zamatyala, abaqhubi bemali yeefowuni, abacwangcisi beentlawulo, ii-inshorensi, amaziko otshintshiselwano lwemali yangaphandle, iikhasino, iiarhente zezindlu, amagqwetha noogqirha-mali bonke bathathwa njengamaqumrhu axelayo kwiindawo ezininzi zolawulo.

Kutheni i-AML Ibalulekile

I-AML ikho kuba inkqubo yezemali ingumjelo ophambili ekuhanjiswa kuwo kwaye kwenziwe ngokusemthethweni ingeniso yolwaphulo-mthetho. Injongo yayo kukuthintela nokuphanda.

• Isibophelelo somgaqo. Ukuthobela i-AML yimfuneko esemthethweni, hayi umkhwa nje ogqwesileyo. Ukusilela kuzisa izohlwayo, ukumiswa kwelayisensi, uxanduva lomlawuli kwaye, kwiimeko ezinzulu, ukutshutshiswa ngolwaphulo-mthetho.
• Ukuphazamiswa kolwaphulo-mthetho lwezemali. Iingxelo ezifakwe ngamaziko zinika iiyunithi zobuntlola bezemali idatha ekrwada esetyenziselwa ukulandelela nokumisa ingeniso yolwaphulo-mthetho.
• Umngcipheko weziko. Ukusetyenziswa njengomjelo wokuhlanjwa kwemali — usazi okanye ungasazi — kudala ukonakala kwegama, ukupheliswa kobudlelwane neebhanki ezingamahlakani ngenxa yomngcipheko kunye nokulahleka kwamaqabane enkxaso-mali.
• Umngcipheko welizwe. Imimandla yolawulo enonyanzeliso lwe-AML olubuthathaka inokubekwa phantsi kokubekwa kweliso okuqinisiweyo kumazwe ngamazwe, nto leyo enyusa iindleko zeentlawulo ezinqumla imida kulo naliphi na iziko elisebenza apho.

Izigaba eziThathu zokuHlanjwa kweMali

Ulawulo lwe-AML luyilwe ngokweziqaba ezintathu ezaziwayo zomjikelo wokuhlanjwa kwemali.

1. Ukufakwa

Imali engekho mthethweni ingena kwinkqubo yezemali — iidiphozithi ezingaphantsi komda wokuxela, amashishini asebenzisa imali eninzi, izixhobo ezihlawulelwa kwangaphambili, izipaji zeefowuni, okanye iintlawulo zemboleko ezenziwa ngemali ezinkozo. Eli liqondo apho imali yolwaphulo-mthetho ivezwa kakhulu kwaye ibhaqeka lula.

2. Ukwenza iingqimba

Iimali zihanjiswa ngothotho lweentengiselwano ezenzelwe ukuqhawula umkhondo wokuhlola: ukudluliselwa phakathi kwee-akhawunti, ukuthunyelwa kwemali ngeentambo ezinqumla imida, iinkampani ezingenamsebenzi wokwenene, ukuhlawulwa kwemboleko kwangethuba, ukuguqulwa kwemali kunye nokuthengwa kwezixhobo zezemali.

3. Ukudityaniswa

Iimali ngoku eziqelelene nomthombo wazo ziphinde zingene kuqoqosho njengobutyebi obubonakala busemthethweni — izakhiwo, utyalo-mali lweshishini, izinto zodidi okanye isibambiso semboleko. Okwangoku le mali kunzima ukuyahlula kubutyebi obucocekileyo.

Iinxalenye eziNgundoqo zeNkqubo ye-AML

Uninzi lweenkqubo zolawulo lufuna izinto ezifanayo zesakhiwo, ezidla ngokuchazwa njengeentsika zokuthobela i-AML.

Uvavanyo lomngcipheko weziko

Uvavanyo olubhaliweyo lwemngcipheko wokuhlanjwa kwemali nokuxhaswa kwabanqolobi ngezimali iziko elijongene nawo, olusekelwe kubathengi balo, iimveliso, iindlela zokuhambisa, iintlobo zeentengiselwano kunye neendawo. Lonke olunye ulawulo lulinganiswa ngokolu vavanyo.

Ukuhlolwa kwabathengi ngokucokisekileyo (CDD) kunye ne-KYC

KYC (Yazi Umthengi Wakho) linyathelo lokuchonga nokuqinisekisa: ukuqokelela nokuqinisekisa amaxwebhu ezazisi, iidilesi, iinkcukacha zobhaliso lweshishini kunye neenkcukacha zobunini benzuzo. CDD iyayandisa oku ekuqondeni injongo yobudlelwane kunye nendlela yentengiselwano elindelekileyo yomthengi.

Ukuhlolwa ngokucokisekileyo okwandisiweyo (EDD) kusebenza kubudlelwane obunomngcipheko ophezulu — abantu abavezwe kwezopolitiko, izakhiwo zobunini ezintsonkothileyo, ukusetyenziswa kwemali ezinkozo enexabiso eliphezulu, okanye abathengi abakwimimandla enomngcipheko ophezulu. Kufuna ukuqinisekiswa okongezelelweyo, ubungqina bomthombo wemali nobutyebi, kunye nokuvunywa ngabaphezulu.

Ukuqinisekiswa okwenziwe lula (SDD) kunokuvunyelwa kwiimveliso ezibonakalisa umngcipheko ophantsi, ezinje nge iimali-mboleko zamaqela ezinexabiso elincinane okanye ii-akhawunti zokonga ezisisiseko, apho ummiselo uvumela khona.

Ukuhlolwa

Abathengi kunye nabalingane bezoshishino bayahlolwa ngokuchasene noluhlu lwezohlwayo, uluhlu lokutyunjwa kwabanqolobi, oovimba beenkcukacha be-PEP (abantu abavezwe kwezopolitiko) kunye namajelo eendaba amabi. Ukuhlolwa kwenziwa ngexesha lokubhaliswa kwaye kuphindwa ngamaxesha athile okanye xa uluhlu lutshintsha.

Ukubekwa kweliso kwiintengiselwano

Ukuphononongwa okuqhubekayo kwe-akhawunti kunye nomsebenzi wentlawulo ngokuchasene nokuziphatha okulindelekileyo. Imigaqo yokubeka iliso idla ngokuphawula ukwahlulahlulwa kwemali ngaphantsi kwemida, ukushukuma ngokukhawuleza kwemali, iintlawulo ezingachazwanga ezivela kubantu besithathu, ukuhlawulwa kwemali-mboleko kwangoko ngeenkozo, ii-akhawunti ezileleyo ezivukayo, kunye neentengiselwano ezingahambelaniyo neprofayili yengeniso echaziweyo.

Ukunika ingxelo

Apho umsebenzi ungenakuchazwa, iziko lifaka ingxelo yentengiselwano ekrokrisayo (STR) — ebizwa ngokuba ingxelo yomsebenzi okrokrisayo (SAR) kwezinye iindawo zolawulo — kwi-ofisi yesizwe yobuntlola bezemali. Amazwe amaninzi afuna iingxelo zentengiselwano ngemali okanye ngeenkozo (CTRs) ngaphezulu komda omiselweyo kungakhathaliseki ukukrokra. Ukuxelela umthengi ukuba ingxelo ifakiwe lityala lolwaphulo-mthetho kwiinkqubo ezininzi.

Ulawulo, uqeqesho kunye novavanyo oluzimeleyo

Igosa le-AML lokuthobela elichongiweyo elinodidi olwaneleyo lwezikhundla kunye nokuzimela, imigaqo-nkqubo evunywe yibhodi, iinkqubo ezibhaliweyo, uqeqesho lwabasebenzi ngamaxesha athile, kunye nophicotho-zincwadi oluzimeleyo okanye uphononongo lokusebenza kwenkqubo.

Ukugcinwa kweerekhodi

Iirekhodi zokuchongwa kwabathengi, iirekhodi zentengiselwano kunye neengxelo zangaphakathi zihlala zigcinwa iminyaka emihlanu ukuya kwelishumi emva kokuphela kobudlelwane, kwaye kufuneka zikwazi ukufunyanwa ngabalawuli kunye nabanyanzelisi bomthetho.

Indlela Esekwe kuMngcipheko

Ummiselo we-AML wangoku wakhiwe phezu kwe-indlela esekwe kumngcipheko (RBA): amaziko abela umzamo wokuthobela ngokomlinganiselo womngcipheko ovavanyiweyo kunokuba asebenzise ukuhlolwa okufanayo kumthengi ngamnye. Ubudlelwane obunomngcipheko ophantsi nobunexabiso eliphantsi bufumana ulawulo olulinganayo; ubudlelwane obunomngcipheko ophezulu bufumana ukuphononongwa okwandisiweyo.

Indlela esekwe kumngcipheko ikwayiyo eyenza ukubandakanywa kwezemali kwenzeke. Iimfuno zamaxwebhu ezingqongqo nezifanayo ziyabakhupha abathengi abangenazo izazisi ezisemthethweni okanye ubungqina bedilesi, nto leyo eyinkxalabo enkulu kwiimarike ezisetyenziswa amaziko emali-mboleko encinci kunye nee-SACCO. I-KYC enamanqanaba — apho imida ye-akhawunti ikhula ngokwenqanaba lokuqinisekiswa okunikiweyo — yindlela eqhelekileyo yokuphendula ngokommiselo.

AML vs KYC vs CFT

La magama ahlobene kodwa awanakutshintshiselana.

• AML — Isakhelo esipheleleyo sokuthintela, ukubhaqa nokunika ingxelo ngokuthutyeleziswa kwemali.
• KYC — Inxalenye yokuchongwa nokuqinisekiswa komthengi ngaphakathi kwi-AML.
• CDD — Ukuqonda okuqhubekayo komthengi kunye nomsebenzi wabo olindelekileyo.
• CFT / CTF — Ukulwa nokuxhaswa ngemali kobunqolobi — kuhlala kulawulwa kunye ne-AML njenge "AML/CFT".
• CPF — Ukuchasana nokuxhaswa ngemali kokusasazeka kwezixhobo, okuya kusoloko kudityaniswa kwiimbophelelo ezifanayo.

Umahluko ophambili phakathi kwe-AML ne-CFT: ukuxhaswa kwemali ngokungekho mthethweni kufihla iimali ezingekho mthethweni njengezisemthethweni, ngelixa ukuxhaswa kwemali kwabanqolobi kusenokuthumela iimali ezisemthethweni kwiinjongo ezingekho mthethweni. Indlela yokubhaqa yahlukile, kodwa uluhlu lolawulo luyafana kakhulu.

Izikhokelo ze-AML zehlabathi nezengingqi

• FATF (Financial Action Task Force) — ngumiseli wemigangatho ophakathi koorhulumente. Iingcebiso zayo ezingama-40 zenza isiseko somthetho we-AML kumazwe amaninzi, kwaye inkqubo yayo yovavanyo ihlola ukuthotyelwa kobuchule kunye nokusebenza. Imimandla yolawulo eneentsilelo zobuchule zinokufakwa kuluhlu lokubeka iliso olonyukileyo (oludla ngokubizwa ngokuba luluhlu olungwevu) okanye kuluhlu lomngcipheko ophezulu.
• Amaqumrhu ommandla alandela isimbo se-FATF — kuquka i-ESAAMLG eMpuma nakuMazantsi e-Afrika, i-GIABA eNtshona Afrika, i-MENAFATF ne-APG, eziqhuba uphononongo olulinganayo kwinqanaba lommandla.
• Iinkqubo zesizwe — njengoMthetho we-Bank Secrecy Act wase-US noMthetho we-USA PATRIOT olawulwa yi-FinCEN, iMiyalelo ye-EU yokuLwa nokuXhaswa kweMali ngokungekho mthethweni noMmiselo we-AML, kunye neMigaqo yase-UK yokuLawulwa kokuXhaswa kweMali.
• Amacandelo obuntlola bezemali (ii-FIU) — ngamaqumrhu esizwe afumana ii-STR, azihlalutye kwaye asasaze ulwazi olubalulekileyo kumagosa anyanzelisa umthetho.

Ubume boluhlu, imida kunye neefomathi zokunika ingxelo zitshintsha rhoqo. Amaziko kufuneka aqinisekise iimfuno zangoku kunye nomlawuli wawo wesizwe okanye i-FIU kunokuba athembele kulwazi oluqhelekileyo lokubhekisa.

I-AML kwiMboleko nakwiTyala

Ukubolekisa kudla ngokuthathwa njengomngcipheko ophantsi kunokwamkela iidipozithi, kodwa iipotfoliyo zetyala zineendlela ezithile zokuxhasa imali ngokungekho mthethweni:

• Amacebo okubuyisela imali-mboleko — iimali ezingekho mthethweni zifakwa phesheya okanye kumntu onxulumeneyo kwaye zibuyiswe njengemali-mboleko ebonakala isemthethweni.
• Ukuhlawulwa kwangoko ngekheshi — imali-mboleko iyatsalwa ize ihlawulwe ngokukhawuleza ngekheshi, ivelise umkhondo ocacileyo wamaxwebhu "ukuhlawulwa kwemali-mboleko".
• Iintlawulo ezenziwa ngabantu besithathu — iintlawulo ezenziwa rhoqo ngabantu abangenabudlelwane bumiselweyo nomboleki.
• Ukubekwa kwezibambiso ngokugqithisileyo — imali evela kulwaphulo-mthetho ibekwa njengesibambiso, apho ukusilela kusetyenziswa ngabom ukudlulisela i-asethi.
• Ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kwemali-mboleko yeqela — ababoleki abamela abanye basetyenziswa ukwahlula iimali ezinkulu zibe ziimali ezincinci ezingabonakaliyo.

Ulawulo olusebenzayo kumxholo wetyala ngoko lubandakanya ukuhlolwa kwemvelaphi yeemali kwizibambiso nakwiintlawulo zangaphambili, ukubeka iliso kwiindlela zokuhlawula, kunye nokuqinisekisa ubunini obuyinzuzo kubaboleki beenkampani namaqela.