Incwadi yesithembiso sokuhlawula

Inqaku lesithembiso sisithembiso esibhaliweyo, esisayiniweyo, esingenamiqathango esenziwe ngumntu omnye — umenzi — ukuhlawula isixa-mali esithile komnye umntu — umhlawulwa — nokuba kufunwa kwangoko okanye ngomhla omiselweyo okanye onokumiselwa wexesha elizayo.

Olona hlobo lulula lwesixhobo setyala. Apho isivumelwano semali-mboleko sichaza ubudlelwane obupheleleyo bezorhwebo phakathi kombolekisi nomboleki, inqaku lesithembiso lenza into enye: lingqina isithembiso sokuhlawula, ngendlela umthetho oyiphatha ngokukhethekileyo.

Olu phatho olukhethekileyo luyeyona nto ibalulekileyo. Apho inqaku lihlangabezana neemfuno zomthetho, liba sisixhobo esinokudluliselwa — linokudluliselwa kumnini omtsha onokufumana amalungelo angcono kunalawo umhlawulwa wokuqala awayenawo. Akukho sivumelwano siqhelekileyo sisebenza ngaloo ndlela.

Eli phepha lichaza imigaqo-siseko jikelele. Iimfuno ziyehluka ngokwendawo yomthetho, kwaye amaxwebhu athile kufuneka ahlolwe ligqwetha eliqeqeshiweyo.

Izinto ezingundoqo

Iindawo ezininzi zomthetho zifumana imigaqo yazo kumnombo omnye — i-Bills of Exchange Act 1882 yaseNgilane kwi-Commonwealth, kunye neSiqendu 3 se-Uniform Commercial Code e-United States. Iimfuno ziyafana ngokubanzi.

• Ngokubhaliweyo — Kufuneka lube luxwebhu olubhaliweyo; izithembiso zomlomo azizizo izixhobo ezinokudluliselwa.
• Isayinwe ngumenzi — Utyikityo okanye uphawu olugunyazisiweyo luseka isithembiso kunye nomenzi waso.
• Isithembiso esingenamiqathango — Akukho miqathango encanyathiselwe kwintlawulo; isithembiso esinemiqathango asinakudluliselwa.
• Isixa-mali esiqinisekileyo — Isixa esithile ngemali; iimpahla, iinkonzo okanye izixa-mali eziguquguqukayo ziyasilela kuvavanyo.
• Ihlawulwa xa ifunwa okanye ngexesha elinokumiselwa — Nokuba ibizwa kwangoko okanye ngomhla omiselweyo; umhla ongachazwanga uphelisa ukudluliselwa.
• Ihlawulwa kumyalelo okanye kumntu ophetheyo — Lichaza umhlawulwa okanye lihlawulwa kuye nabani na ophetheyo, nto leyo eseka ukudluliselwa.

Ukuba nayiphi na imfuneko iyasilela, uxwebhu ngokuqhelekileyo asisosixhobo esinokudluliselwa. Lisenokuthi lunyanzeliswe ngokupheleleyo njengesivumelwano esiqhelekileyo — isithembiso asinyamalali — kodwa luphulukana nokudluliselwa kunye neenzuzo zenkqubo ezenza amanqaku ezithembiso abe luncedo.

Ukudluliselwa kunye nomnini othembekileyo

Inqaku elithengisekayo linokugqithiselwa ngokusayinwa ngasemva nokunikezelwa, okanye ngokunikezelwa kuphela ukuba lihlawulelwa lowo uliphetheyo. Umntu ogqithiselwayo uba ngumnini kwaye angalinyanzelisa inqaku ngegama lakhe.

Umntu ogqithiselwayo ofaneleka njengomnini osemthethweni — ngokubanzi, umntu owathatha inqaku ngexabiso, ngokunyanisekileyo, nangaphandle kolwazi lokuba lalidlulile ixesha okanye lalinesiphene — ukhuselwe kuninzi lweengxabano phakathi kwamaqela okuqala.

Umahluko olandelayo ubalulekile, kwaye uqhelekile kwiinkqubo ezininzi nangona isigama sahlukile.

• Izikhuselo zobuqu ngokubanzi azisebenzi ngokuchasene nomnini osemthethweni. Ezi ziquka ukusilela kwembuyekezo, ukwaphulwa kwesivumelwano esisisiseko, okanye ubuqhophololo ekuphembeleleni umenzi ukuba asayine.
• Izikhuselo zokwenene ngokubanzi ziyasebenza ngokuchasene nomntu wonke. Ezi ngokuqhelekileyo zibandakanya umgunyathi, ukungabi nasakhono, ukunyanzelwa, ukungabikho mthethweni kwexwebhu ngokwalo, kunye noguqulo olubalulekileyo.

Isiphumo esibonakalayo kukuba umenzi osayina inqaku aze kamva abe nengxabano nomhlawulelwa wokuqala usenokufuneka ahlawule umnini olandelayo, aze ayilungise ngokwahlukileyo ingxabano yakhe. Oku kuko kanye okwenza amanqaku akwazi ukuxhaswa ngemali — umbolekisi angathenga okanye athathe isibambiso ngenqaku ngaphandle kokuthwala iingxabano zorhwebo zomthengisi.

Inqaku lesithembiso sokuhlawula xa lithelekiswa namanye amaxwebhu

• Inqaku lesithembiso sokuhlawula — Isithembiso sokuhlawula phakathi kwamaqela amabini (umenzi nomhlawulelwa); liyathengiseka ukuba iimfuno zomthetho ziyahlangatyezwa; ngokuqhelekileyo liphepha elinye okanye amabini; alifane liqulathe izibophelelo okanye imiqathango.
• Isivumelwano semali-mboleko — Isivumelwano esilawula imali-mboleko phakathi kombolekisi nomboleki; asithengiseki; ngokuqhelekileyo sinamaphepha amaninzi; siqulathe izibophelelo, imiqathango, neengxelo eziqinisekisiweyo.
• Incwadi yetyala — Kukuvuma ityala phakathi kwamaqela amabini; ayithengiseki; ngokuqhelekileyo yimigca embalwa; ayinazibophelelo okanye isithembiso esicacileyo sokuhlawula.
• Ibhili yotshintshiselwano — Umyalelo kumntu wesithathu wokuhlawula obandakanya amaqela amathathu (umyali, ohlawulayo, umhlawulelwa); iyathengiseka ukuba iimfuno zomthetho ziyahlangatyezwa; ngokuqhelekileyo ikwiphepha elinye; ayifane iqulathe izibophelelo.

Incwadi yetyala iyavuma nje ukuba kukho imali etyalwayo. Bubungqina betyala kodwa ayinaso isithembiso sokuhlawula ngexesha elichaziweyo, ngoko ke ayithengiseki.

Ibhili yotshintshiselwano ngumyalelo osuka kwelinye iqela ukuya kwelinye wokuhlawula umntu wesithathu — isakhiwo esisemva kweetsheki nakuninzi lwemali yorhwebo. Inqaku lesithembiso sokuhlawula lisithembiso somntu osayinileyo ngokwakhe.

Ngokwenziwayo, amanqaku ezithembiso zokuhlawula kunye nezivumelwano zemali-mboleko zihlala zisetyenziswa kunye: isivumelwano sithwala izibophelelo, amalungiselelo ezibambiso kunye neengxelo eziqinisekisiweyo, kwaye inqaku libonisa uxanduva lokuhlawula ngendlela ethengisekayo.

Iintlobo zenqaku

• Inqaku lokuhlawula xa kufunwa — lihlawulelwa nanini na xa umnini efuna ukuba lihlawulwe. Liqhelekile kubolekiso lwabaninizabelo nakumaqela anxulumeneyo.
• Inote yexesha (ixesha) — ehlawulwa ngomhla omiselweyo.
• Inote yezavenge — ehlawulwa ngezavenge ezicwangcisiweyo, ngokuqhelekileyo inegatya lokukhawulezisa.
• Inote enesibambiso — ibhekisa kwisibambiso, kwaye ukhuseleko ngokwalo lwenziwa ngesibambiso esahlukileyo okanye ngemortgage.
• Inote engenasibambiso — ixhomekeke kuphela kwisithembiso somenzi.
• Inote engenakudluliselwa — ebhalwe "hlawula ku-X kuphela", nto leyo esusa ngabom ukudluliselwa.
• Inote enokuguquka — inote enokuthi iguquke ibe zizabelo kwiziganeko ezichaziweyo, esetyenziswa kakhulu kwinkxaso-mali yamanqanaba okuqala.

Okuqhele ukuba kuqulethwe yinote

• Isixa esiyintloko kunye nohlobo lwemali
• Izinga lenzala, isiseko sokubala kunye nendlela yokubala iintsuku
• Ishedyuli yokuhlawula, okanye imiqathango yokuhlawula xa kufunwa
• Umhla wokuvuthwa
• Indawo kunye nendlela yokuhlawula
• Igatya lokukhawulezisa — lenza yonke intsalela ihlawuleke ngoko nangoko xa kukho ukungahlawuli.
• Inzala yokungahlawuli kunye neentlawuliso zokulibazisa
• Imiqathango yokuhlawula kwangaphambi kwexesha
• Isalathiso kulo naliphi na uxwebhu lwesibambiso
• Umthetho olawulayo kunye negunya lenkundla
• Umhla, indawo yokutyikitya, kunye nokutyikitya komenzi.
• Ukungqinwa okanye ukufakazelwa ngunodari apho kufuneka khona ekuhlaleni.

Igatya lokukhawulezisa libaluleke ngaphezu kokuba ubude balo bubonisa. Ngaphandle kwalo, umbolekisi ojongene nomboleki ongahlawuliyo kwinote yezavenge unokukwazi kuphela ukumangalela izavenge njengoko zifanele ukuhlawulwa, endaweni yokufuna yonke intsalela ngaxeshanye.

Iingongoma eziphathekayo ezibangela iingxaki

• Ulwimi olunemiqathango luyayitshabalalisa ukuthengiseka kwenqaku. "Ndiyathembisa ukuhlawula i-$10,000 emva kokuba isivuno sithengisiwe" inemiqathango. Inote isenganyanzeliswa njengesivumelwano, kodwa ayisekho njengexwebhu elinokudluliselwa.
• Irhafu yesitampu. Iindawo ezininzi zolawulo zifuna ukuba iinote zifakwe isitampu, kwaye uxwebhu olungenasitampu lunokungamkeleka enkundleni okanye lutsale izohlwayo phambi kokuba lwamkelwe. Oku kusilela okuqhelekileyo nokunokuthintelwa.
• Uxwebhu loqobo lilo elona sixhobo somthetho. Ngokungafaniyo nesivumelwano esiqhelekileyo, apho ikopi ihlala yanele, amalungelo akwisixhobo somthetho esinokudluliselwa axhomekeke kuxwebhu loqobo. Ukulahleka kwalo kubangela ubunzima bokwenene kwinkqubo.
• Izilungiso kufuneka zisayinwe ngoonobumba bokuqala begama. Utshintsho olubalulekileyo ngaphandle kwemvume lunokumkhulula ngokupheleleyo umenzi.
• Amaxesha okuphelelwa lixesha. Kwiinoti zokufunwa, ukuba ixesha lokuphelelwa lixesha liqala nini — ekusayinweni okanye ekufunweni — kuyahluka ngokwegunya lolawulo, kwaye ukwenza impazamo kungalicima ibango ebelilungile ngenye indlela.
• Iinoti ze-elektroniki. Ngenxa yokuba ukurhweba ngokwasemthethweni ngokwembali kuxhomekeke ekubeni nempahla ephathekayo, izinto ze-elektroniki ezilinganayo zifuna ingcamango yomthetho "yokulawula" phezu kwerekhodi elikhethekileyo. Amanye amagunya olawulo amkele izikhokelo zeerekhodi ze-elektroniki ezinokudluliselwa; amaninzi awakamkeli. Jonga umthetho wendawo phambi kokuba uthembele kwinoti ye-elektroniki kuphela.

Amanqaku okusebenza kubabolekisi.

• Gcina iioriginali kugcino olukhuselekileyo nolulawulwayo, nerejista erekhoda indawo, intshukumo kunye nemo.
• Bhala iindorshimenti kunye nokudluliselwa. ngaxeshanye, hayi ngokubuyela emva.
• Cima uze uyibuyisele inoti xa kuhlawulwa ityala. Inoti ehlawulweyo eshiywe isajikeleza yingozi ekhoyo; ukubuyiselwa okanye ukucinywa okucacileyo kufuneka kube yinxalenye yoluhlu lokuqinisekisa ukuhlawula kwangoko.
• Qinisekisa ukufakwa kwesitampu ekusayinweni, hayi ekunyanzelisweni.
• Sebenzisa ithempleyithi esemgangathweni ephononongwe ngokomthetho wendawo wamaxwebhu athengisekayo, kunokuba ubhale ngetransekshini ngayinye.
• Qinisekisa igunya lokusayina kubenzi beenkampani — inoti esayinwe ngaphandle kwegunya yindlela yokuzikhusela ongafuni ukudibana nayo xa kunyanzeliswa.