Uxhaso-mali lwe-asethi

Inkxaso-mali ye-asethi yimali ebonelelwa ukuze kuthengwe okanye kusetyenziswe i-asethi ethile ephathekayo — imoto, umatshini, okanye isixhobo — ecwangciswe ngendlela yokuba i-asethi ngokwayo ibe sisibambiso sesibonelelo. Umboleki ufumana ukusetyenziswa kwe-asethi ngoko nangoko aze ayihlawule ngexesha elihambelana nobomi bokusebenza be-asethi.

Ligama eliquka izinto ezininzi kunokuba ibe yimveliso enye. Ngaphantsi kwalo kukho iindlela ezininzi ezahluka ikakhulu kumbuzo omnye: ngubani ongumnini we-asethi ngexesha levumelwano? Ubunini bumisela ukuba ngubani onokuhlutha i-asethi kwaye ngokukhawuleza kangakanani, ngubani ofaka ibango lokwehla kwexabiso, indlela elivela ngayo ilungiselelo kwii-akhawunti, nokuba kwenzeka ntoni na ekupheleni.

Isizathu sokuba ababolekisi bathande inkxaso-mali ye-asethi kukuba isibambiso sicocekile ngendlela engaqhelekanga. I-asethi iyachazeka, ixabiso layo lingqinwa yi-invoyisi yomthengisi kunokuba kuxhomekeke kuluvo, imali iya ngqo kumthengisi ukuze ingakwazi ukuphambukiswa, kwaye into exhaswa ngemali idla ngokuba yile nto ivelisa ingeniso ehlawula loo mboleko. Xa kuthelekiswa nemboleko yokusebenza engenasibambiso, kuncipha kakhulu ukuxhomekeka kwintembeko.

Iindlela

• Hire purchase: Umxhasi-mali uba ngumnini we-asethi ngexesha levumelwano; ubunini bugqithiselwa kumboleki emva kwentlawulo yokugqibela. Umboleki uphatha umngcipheko wexabiso eliseleyo kunye nokugcinwa/i-inshorensi. Idiphozithi eqhelekileyo iyafuneka. Isetyenziselwa iimoto, oomatshini abakhulu, kunye nezixhobo. Ukuhluthwa kwempahla kwenzeka ngokubuyisa ipropati eyeyakho.
• Finance lease: Umxhasi-mali uba ngumnini ngexesha levumelwano; i-asethi idla ngokudluliselwa kumboleki okanye ithengiswe ekupheleni kwexesha. Umboleki uphatha umngcipheko wexabiso eliseleyo kunye nokugcinwa/i-inshorensi. Idiphozithi iyafuneka ngamanye amaxesha. Isetyenziselwa izixhobo ezihlala ixesha elide. Ukuhluthwa kwenzeka ngokubuyisa ipropati eyeyakho.
• Operating lease: Umxhasi-mali uhlala engumnini ngalo lonke ixesha; i-asethi ibuyela kumqeshisi ekupheleni kwexesha. Umqeshisi uphatha umngcipheko wexabiso eliseleyo; ukugcinwa ne-inshorensi kudla ngokuhlawulwa ngumqeshisi. Akukho diphozithi, kodwa iirenti ezihlawulwa kwangaphambili ziqhelekile. Isetyenziselwa ii-asethi eziphelelwa lixesha ngokukhawuleza okanye ezifunwa ixeshana elifutshane. Ukuhluthwa kwenzeka ngokubuyisa ipropati eyeyakho.
• Imali-mboleko ekhuselwe yi-asethi: Umboleki uba ngumnini we-asethi ukususela ngomhla wokuqala ngalo lonke ixesha levumelwano. Umboleki uphatha umngcipheko wexabiso eliseleyo kunye nokugcinwa/i-inshorensi. Idiphozithi iyafuneka. Isetyenziswa xa umboleki kufuneka abe nesihloko somthetho ngoko nangoko. Ukuhluthwa kufuna ukunyanzelisa isibambiso esibhalisiweyo.
• Sale and leaseback: I-asethi ithengiselwa umxhasi-mali ize iphinde iqeshiselwe umboleki; umboleki angaphinda ayithenge okanye ayibuyise ekupheleni kwexesha. Umqeshisi uphatha umngcipheko wexabiso eliseleyo; umboleki ugubungela ukugcinwa/i-inshorensi. Idiphozithi ayisebenzi. Isetyenziselwa ukukhulula imali kwii-asethi esele zingezakho. Ukuhluthwa kwenzeka ngokubuyisa ipropati eyeyakho.

Kukho amanqaku amathathu afanele ukutsalwa kolu thelekiso:

I-Operating lease yiyona kuphela indlela apho umxhasi-mali aphatha umngcipheko wexabiso eliseleyo. Kuzo zonke ezinye iimeko umboleki ugqibela enomnini we-asethi enexabiso eliyiyo. Kwi-operating lease umxhasi-mali kufuneka ayithengise, kwaye ngenxa yoko ubeke ixabiso loqikelelo lwakhe malunga nemarike yezinto esele zisetyenzisiwe kwiirenti. Oko kwenza ii-operating lease zibe lishishini elahlukileyo — elisondele ekurenteni kunasekubolekeni — nelifuna ukuba umxhasi-mali ayiqonde ngokwenene imarike yokuthengisa kwakhona ye-asethi.

Ukuhluthwa kulula kakhulu xa umxhasi-mali engumnini we-asethi. Ukubuyisa ipropati eyeyakho ngumsebenzi womthetho owahlukileyo kunokunyanzelisa isibambiso sempahla yomnye umntu, kwaye sesona sizathu esisebenzayo sokuba i-Hire purchase ihlale iphambili kwiimoto nakwizixhobo kwiimarike ezininzi.

Sale and leaseback kukuxhaswa ngemali ngokutsha, ayikokuthenga. Ishishini lithengisa i-asethi esele liyiphethe kumxhasi-mali lize liphinde liyiqeshise, liguqula i-asethi esisigxina ibe yimali. Ikulungele ukukhulula imali; ikwangumqondiso wolumkiso xa ishishini lisenza ngokuphindaphindiweyo, kuba yindlela engenabuyo.

Umzekelo osebenzayo: imoto ethengwe nge-Hire purchase.

Ixabiso le-asethi 300,000, idiphozithi 20%, ixhaswa ngemali ngeenyanga ezingama-36 nge 2% ngenyanga kwi bhalansi enciphayo.

• Ixabiso le-asethi: 300,000
• Idiphozithi (20%): (60,000)
• Isixa-mali esibolekiweyo: 240,000
• Intlawulo yenyanga: 9,415
• Iintlawulo zizonke kwiinyanga ezingama-36: 338,940
• Iindleko zizonke zemboleko: 98,940

Indlela esitshintsha ngayo isimo sesibambiso

Kucingelwa ukuba isithuthi siphulukana malunga ne-20% yexabiso laso nyaka ngamnye:

• Ngexesha lokukhutshwa kwemali: Intsalela yetyala 240,000 | Ixabiso lesithuthi 300,000 | LTV 80.0%
• Ekupheleni konyaka woku-1: Intsalela yetyala 178,077 | Ixabiso lesithuthi 240,000 | LTV 74.2%
• Ekupheleni konyaka wesi-2: Intsalela yetyala 99,566 | Ixabiso lesithuthi 192,000 | LTV 51.9%
• Ekupheleni konyaka wesi-3: Intsalela yetyala 0 | Ixabiso lesithuthi 153,600 | LTV 0%

Isimo siyaphucuka ngalo lonke ixesha, kodwa kancinci ekuqaleni: emva konyaka opheleleyo weentlawulo, i-LTV itshintshe ngaphantsi kwamanqaku amathandathu, kuba izavenge zokuqala ubukhulu becala ziyinzala ngelixa i-asethi yehla ngexabiso ngokukhawuleza.

Ngoku susa idiphozithi. Ukuxhasa ngemali i-300,000 epheleleyo ngokwemiqathango efanayo kunika intlawulo ye-11,769 kunye ne-LTV yokuqala eyi-100%. Emva kweenyanga ezilishumi elinambini, intsalela yetyala ngama-222,600 xa ithelekiswa nesithuthi esinexabiso lama-240,000 — i-LTV eyi-92.8%, kwaye iba ngaphantsi kwexabiso nje ukuba izaphulelo zentengiso ngenkani neendleko zokubuyisa zisetyenzisiwe. Idiphozithi ayisiyo nto nje yokwenziwa okanye uvavanyo lokuzinikela. Yiyona nto kuphela egcina isibonelelo sikhuselekile ngalo lonke ixesha apho ukwehla kwexabiso kugqitha ukuncitshiswa kwetyala.

Ukuhambelanisa ixesha lemboleko ne-asethi

Umgaqo olawulayo wezimali ze-asethi kukuba isibonelelo kufuneka sihlawulwe ngokukhawuleza kunokuba i-asethi ilahlekelwa lixabiso, kwaye kufuneka singaze sidlule ubomi bokusebenza obuluncedo be-asethi.

• Izithuthi zorhwebo neelori (iinyanga ezingama-36–60): Ukusetyenziswa kakhulu, imayileji ephezulu, kwaye iindleko zokuyilungisa zinyuka kakhulu.
• Izithuthi zabakhweli (iinyanga ezingama-36–60): Imarike yokuthengisa kwakhona inzulu kwaye inokucingelwa kwangaphambili.
• Izithuthuthu neenqwelo ezinamavili amathathu (iinyanga ezili-12–24): Ubomi obufutshane kwezoqoqosho nokusetyenziswa okunzima mihla le.
• Izixhobo zokwakha nezolimo (iinyanga ezingama-36–84): Ubomi obude bokusebenza, kodwa buxhomekeke kakhulu ekusetyenzisweni kwaye bunamaxesha onyaka.
• Oomatshini bokuvelisa (iinyanga ezingama-60–84): Ubomi obude, nangona iiyunithi ezikhethekileyo zingathengiswa kakuhle kwakhona.
• Izixhobo ze-IT kunye nezeofisi (iinyanga ezingama-24–36): Ukuphelelwa lixesha, kunokuba kukonakala ngokwasemzimbeni, kuphelisa ubomi obuluncedo.
• Iinkqubo zelanga kunye nezixhobo ezincinci (iinyanga ezili-12–36): Ubungakanani bezimali-mboleko ezincinci obufuna ukubuyiswa ngokukhawuleza kwemali eyinkunzi.

Isibonelelo esisebenza ixesha elide kunobomi be-asethi sivelisa umboleki osahlawulela into engasasebenziyo, kulapho kuqala khona ukusilela ngokuzithandela. Kukwabeka umbolekisi kwimeko engenakunyanzeliswa, kuba akusekho nto inokuthathwa kwakhona.

Iibhaluni kunye neentlawulo zentsalela ziyanciphisa intlawulo yenyanga ngokuhlehlisa isixa esikhulu siye ekupheleni kwexesha. Zenza isibonelelo sifikeleleke ephepheni kwaye zishiya umboleki kunye nentlawulo ekufuneka ixhaswe ngemali kwakhona, bathengise i-asethi ukuze bayihlangabezane, okanye basilele kuyo. Apho ibhaluni isetyenziswa khona, kufuneka ibe ngaphantsi ngokukhululekileyo kunexabiso elilindelekileyo le-asethi ngaloo mhla, kunye nomda wemarike yesibini ethambileyo.

Ukuvavanya umngcipheko: iimvavanyo ezintathu, hayi enye

Umboleki. Uvavanyo lwemali-mboleko oluqhelekileyo — umthamo, isimilo, izibophelelo ezikhoyo, kwaye ngokukodwa ukuba ingaba ingeniso le-asethi ekufanele ivelise ingaba iyinyani na. Umboleki oxhasa ngemali ilori ngesiseko sezivumelwano anethemba lokuzifumana yahlukile kulowo unezivumelwano esele zisayiniwe.

I-asethi. Entsha okanye esetyenzisiweyo, kwaye ukuba isetyenzisiwe, ihlolwe kwaye ixatyiswe ngokuzimeleyo. Uphawu kunye nemodeli zibalulekile kubunzulu bokuthengiswa kwakhona: imodeli eqhelekileyo enemarike yesibini esebenzayo kunye namalungu afumanekayo ixabiseke ngakumbi ekuthathweni kwakhona kuneyunithi ekhethekileyo okanye e-importiweyo engacacanga ekungekho mntu wasekuhlaleni unokuyisebenza.

Umboneleli. Olu luvavanyo olusoloko lutsitywa kakhulu, kwaye ubuqhophololo lwezezimali ze-asethi buhamba phantse ngokupheleleyo kulo:

• Ukunyuswa kwe-invoyisi. Umboneleli nomboleki bavumelana ngexabiso elingaphezulu kunemarike, umxhasi-mali ukhuphe imali ngokwelo xabiso, kwaye intsalela yabelwana ngayo. Isibonelelo sintsala ngaphantsi kwexabiso le-asethi ngosuku lokuqala.
• Ukungahanjiswa. Iimali ezikhutshwa ngenxa ye-invoyisi ye-asethi engazange ifike.
• Ii-asethi ezingekhoyo. Iinombolo ze-serial kunye ne-chassis ezizezinye iimatshini, okanye ezingeyonto.
• Ukuxhaswa ngemali okuphindwe kabini. I-asethi enye exhaswa ngemali ngababolekisi ababini, kungabikho namnye kubo owabhalisa umdla wakhe kuqala.

Ulawulo alunabunewunewu kwaye luyasebenza: uluhlu lwababoneleli abavunyiweyo; intlawulo iye ngqo kumboneleli, ingaze iye kumboleki; ukuhlolwa ngokwasemzimbeni kunye neefoto ze-asethi zineenombolo ze-serial okanye ze-chassis ezibhalwe phambi kokukhutshwa; ukuqinisekiswa kwexabiso ngokuzimeleyo ngokuchasene nemarike kunokuba kuchasene ne-invoyisi; kunye nokukhangela irejistri yesibambiso phambi kokukhutshwa kwemali.

Ubhaliso, i-inshorensi nolawulo

Bhalisa umdla. Izithuthi zihlala zibhalwa kuxwebhu lobhaliso okanye kwilogbook; ii-asethi ezishukumayo zibhaliswa kwi- rejistri yesibambiso okanye kwirejistri yesibambiso sezinto ezishukumayo apho ikhoyo. Umdla ongabhaliswanga unokuphulukana nokuphambili kumbolekisi kamva okanye kumthengi ongenaso isaziso, nto leyo eguqula isibonelelo esinebambiso sibe yinto engenabambiso enamaphepha ongezelelweyo.

I-inshorensi ebanzi, kunye nombolekisi njengomamkeli wembuyekezo yelahleko. I-inshorensi yomntu wesithathu ayinaxabiso apha — ayihlawuli xa i-asethi itshatyalalisiwe, kwaye yiloo nto kanye ekufuneka isibambiso sisinde kuyo. Ukubeka iliso ekuphelelweni kwe-inshorensi kubaluleke ngokufanayo nepolisi ngokwayo, kuba ababoleki abaphantsi koxinzelelo lwemali bayayeka ukuhlawula iipremiyamu phambi kokuba bayeke ukuhlawula izavenge.

Ukuqinisekiswa ngokwasemzimbeni ngexesha lemboleko. Ukujongwa kwe-asethi ngamaxesha, ngakumbi kwizixhobo ezishukumayo neenqwelo-mafutha ezisebenza kude nesiseko esisisigxina. Ii-asethi ziyathengiswa, zihluthulwe, zifuduselwe ngaphaya kwemida okanye zonakaliswe ngokupheleleyo, kwaye akukho nanye kwezo nto evela kwirekhodi yokuhlawula de kube sele kusemva kwexesha.

I-telematics nokukhubaza okukude ziya zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwiinqwelo-mafutha nakwizixhobo. Zilifinyeza kakhulu ixesha lokufumana kwakhona i-asethi. Zikwanayo nemida yezomthetho eyahluka ngokwegunya lolawulo — ukuvala i-asethi kunokubangela ukuthathwa ngokungekho mthethweni okanye ukwaphulwa kwemithetho yokukhusela abathengi kuxhomekeke ekubeni kwenziwa phi kwaye njani, kwaye imeko kufuneka iqinisekiswe kunokuba icingelwe.

Imali-mboleko ye-asethi yokuhlawula-ngokusetyenziswa

Uhlobo olusele luxhaphakile kwiimarike zase-Afrika, ngakumbi kwiinkqubo zelanga zasekhaya, izixhobo zezolimo, iimpompo zamanzi kunye nezixhobo zokupheka. I-asethi inetekhnoloji edityanisiweyo eyigcina isebenza kuphela ngelixa umthengi ehlawulele, ngokuqhelekileyo iyongezwa ngemali yeselula ngezixa ezincinci zemihla ngemihla okanye zeveki.

Into eyenza oku kusebenze kukuba ukunyanzeliswa kwentlawulo kwakhiwe ngaphakathi kwimveliso kunokuba kongezwe kamva. Ukungahlawuli kumisa i-asethi ukuba isebenze ngoko nangoko, ngaphandle kwegosa, ileta okanye inkundla. Iindleko zokubuyisela i-asethi zehla kakhulu, kwaye ukubolekisa kuba nokwenzeka kubathengi abangenayo imbali yetyala, abangenazo izibambiso kwaye bengenayo ingeniso esesikweni — luluntu olungafikelelekiyo yimali-mboleko ye-asethi eqhelekileyo.

Ukuncama okuyimfuneko kuyinyani. Uqoqosho lweyunithi luxhomekeke kwimithamo emikhulu kakhulu yeentlawulo ezincinci kakhulu, ngoko ke iziseko zokuqokelela nokulungelelanisa kufuneka ziphantse zingabizi nto kwintengiselwano nganye. Izinga lenzala elisebenzayo liba phezulu xa iintlawulo zemihla ngemihla zibalwa ngokonyaka, nto leyo etsalela ingqalelo yokukhuselwa kwabathengi kwiimarike ezininzi. Kwaye apho i-asethi isebenzela imfuno ebalulekileyo njengokukhanyisa okanye ukupheka, ukuvalwa kude kuphakamisa imibuzo esemthethweni malunga nokulingana abalawuli bommandla abaya beyihlola ngakumbi.

Ubalo-mali kunye nerhafu

Ukuphathwa kuxhomekeke kulwakhiwo kwaye, ngaphezu kweendawo ezininzi ezigutyungelwe kule glosari, kuxhomekeke kwigunya lolawulo.

Phantsi kwe-IFRS 16, abaqeshisi bafaka phantse zonke iingqeshiso kwi-balance sheet njenge-asethi yelungelo lokusebenzisa enetyala leengqeshiso elihambelanayo, nto leyo eyasusa inzuzo yembali yokungabikho kwi-balance sheet yeengqeshiso zokusebenza kubaqeshisi. Ubalo-mali lwabanini bengqeshiso luyaqhubeka lwahlula iingqeshiso zezimali kwezokusebenza. Ukuthenga ngezavenge ngokuqhelekileyo kubhalwa njengenkunzi ngumthengi, i-asethi iyathotywa ngexabiso kwaye intlawulo yezemali ibhalwa njengenkcitho kwixesha lemboleko.

Ukuphathwa kwerhafu ne-VAT kwahluka kakhulu — izibonelelo zenkunzi, ukuba i-VAT ihlawuliswa kwixabiso elipheleleyo le-asethi ekuqaleni okanye kwirenti nganye, kunye nokutsalwa kweentlawulo zezimali zonke zixhomekeke kwigunya lolawulo kwaye ziyatshintsha. Qinisekisa indlela ephathwa ngayo ngoku kwindawo yakho kunokuba uthembele kwingxelo eqhelekileyo, kwaye ufumane ingcebiso apho ubume bukhethwa ngenxa yesiphumo serhafu.

Apho imali-mboleko ye-asethi ihamba gwenxa khona

Akukho idiphozithi, okanye idiphozithi exhaswa ngolunye umboleko. Isibonelelo siqala sinetyala elingaphaya kwexabiso le-asethi kwaye umboleki akanayo i-equity anokuyilahla. Apho idiphozithi ifunekayo, umthombo wayo kufuneka uqinisekiswe.

Ixesha lemboleko elide kunobomi be-asethi. Liqinisekisa ixesha lokuhlawula ngento engekhoyo, kwaye lishiya kungekho nto inokufunyanwa kwakhona.

Ixabiso elithathwe kwi-invoyisi kunokuba kwimarike. Yeyona ndlela iqhelekileyo eya kwisibonelelo semali esingenakuze sibuyiselwe ngokupheleleyo.

Iimali ezikhutshelwa umboleki. Intlawulo ethe ngqo kumboneleli ovunyiweyo lulawulo; ukudlulisa ngomboleki kulususa ngokupheleleyo.

Umdla osemthethweni ongabhaliswanga. Ilungelo lokuqala lilahleka kumbolekisi owalandelayo, okanye kumthengi ofumene i-asethi ngaphandle kwesaziso.

I-inshorensi iphelelwa lixesha kungabhaqwanga. I-asethi iyatsha, iyabiwa okanye iyacinywa, kwaye isibambiso siyanyamalala ngelixa ityala lihleli.

Umgaqo-nkqubo wokuhluthwa kwempahla otyeshela ukhuseleko lomthetho. Imimandla emininzi yomthetho iyakuthintela ukuhluthwa kweempahla ezithengwe ngezavenge xa sele kuhlawulwe umlinganiselo othile wexabiso, okanye ifuna umyalelo wenkundla kungakhathaliseki. Ukuhlutha ngokuzenzela okusemthethweni kwimarike enye akukho mthethweni kwenye. Qinisekisa umgaqo phambi kokuba uwubhale kwinkqubo yokuqokelela amatyala.

Ii-asethi ezihluthiweyo zigcinwa kunokuba zithengiswe. Rhoqo ngenyanga i-asethi efunyenweyo ihlala eyadini, yehla ixabiso kwaye yongeza iindleko zokugcina. Ukukwazi ukuthengisa — iindlela zefandesi, ubudlelwane nabathengisi, ixabiso eligciniweyo elisengqiqweni — yinxalenye yokuqhuba incwadi yemali-mboleko yee-asethi, hayi into ecingelwa kamva.