Ukubhankisha kwelali

Ukubhankisha kwasekuhlaleni yindlela yokubolekisa ngamaqela apho iqela elizikhethele lona lamalungu oluntu — ngokuqhelekileyo phakathi kwabantu abalishumi elinesihlanu ukuya kumashumi amahlanu — lenza ibhanki yasekuhlaleni, lifumana imali-mboleko enye kwiziko elibolekisayo, lize liyabe phakathi kwamalungu aqinisekisanayo ngokubuyiselwa kwetyala.

Iqela lonyula ubunkokeli balo, libamba iintlanganiso rhoqo, limisela imithetho yangaphakathi, liqokelela iintlawulo zokubuyisela kumalungu lize lithumele intlawulo edityanisiweyo kumbolekisi. Amalungu ayonga ngexesha linye nokuboleka, kwaye ukuhlawula ngempumelelo kumjikelo omnye kuvula imali-mboleko enkulu kumjikelo olandelayo.

Le ndlela ikho ukusombulula ingxaki ethile: ukubolekisa abantu abangenazo izibambiso eziphathekayo, abangenawo umlando wamatyala osemthethweni nabangenazingxelo zemali. Ukubhankisha kwasekuhlaleni kufaka izinto ezintathu endaweni yezo zinto zingekhoyo — ukukhethwa ngoontanga, uxanduva oluhlanganyelweyo kunye nokonga okwandiweyo komboleki ngokwakhe.

Eli gama lisetyenziswa ngokukhululekileyo ekusebenzeni. Ngokungqongqo, ukubhankisha kwasekuhlaleni kubhekisa kwimodeli ezilawulwa ngokwabo, edityaniswe nokonga echazwe apha. Ngokukhululekileyo, lisetyenziswa phantse kulo naliphi na ilungiselelo lokubolekisa ngamaqela asekuhlaleni.

Imvelaphi

Le ndlela yaphuhliswa eBolivia phakathi kwiminyaka yoo-1980 nguJohn Hatch, owathi kamva waseka iFINCA International. Yasasazeka ngokukhawuleza kulo lonke elaseLatin America, emva koko yaya eAfrika nase-Asiya, yamkelwa yaza yahlengahlengiswa luluhlu olubanzi lwamaziko emali-mboleko ezincinci neeNGO.

Uyilo lwantlandlolo lwaluncinci ngabom: nika iqela labasetyhini abahluphekayo basemaphandleni isixa esincinci senkunzi, bavumele balawule ukwabiwa nokubuyiselwa kwaso ngokwabo, kwaye bavumele ukonga kwabo kuqokelelane kube yingxowa-mali abangabanikazi bayo. Uninzi lwezinto ezalandelayo kwimali-mboleko encinci yamaqela luhlobo oluthile lweso sakhiwo.

Indlela olusebenza ngayo ukubhankisha kwasekuhlaleni

Ukuyilwa kweqela

Amalungu ayazikhethela. Olu luphawu loyilo kunokuba lube yindlela yokwenza lula ulawulo — abantu abaziyo isimilo neemeko zomnye nomnye bayabakhupha ababoleki abangathembekanga ngokuchanekileyo kunokuba igosa lemali-mboleko linokwenza. Amaqela adla ngokuvela kuluntu olukhoyo, imarike, okanye ubumelwane.

Uqeqesho nokumiselwa kwemithetho

Phambi kokuba nayiphi na imali ihambe, iqela liyavumelana ngomgaqo-siseko walo: ishedyuli yeentlanganiso, imfuneko yokonga, izohlwayo zokufika emva kwexesha okanye ukungabikho, iinkqubo zokusingatha ukungahlawuli, nemithetho yotshintsho lobulungu. Umbolekisi unika uqeqesho ngemigaqo yemali-mboleko, ukugcinwa kweerekhodi nolawulo lweqela.

Unyulo lwekomiti yolawulo

Amalungu onyula amagosa, ngokuqhelekileyo usihlalo, unobhala nonondyebo, ngamanye amaxesha kunye nekomiti encinci yemali-mboleko okanye yamatyala. Ikomiti iqhuba iintlanganiso, igcina iirekhodi kwaye ibambe imali phakathi kokuqokelelwa nokufakwa ebhankini.

Ukukhutshwa kwemali-mboleko yokuqala

Umbolekisi ukhupha imali-mboleko enye kwibhanki yasekuhlaleni. Iqela liyaba phakathi kwamalungu ngokwezigqibo zalo, ngokuxhomekeke kumyinge ophezulu wombolekisi kwizixa zomntu ngamnye. Iimali-mboleko zomjikelo wokuqala zincinci ngabom — zincinci ngokwaneleyo ukuba iqela lingakwazi ukumelana nokungahlawuli ngezibonelelo zalo.

Iintlanganiso rhoqo

Iqela lihlangana qho ngeveki okanye qho kwiiveki ezimbini. Intlanganiso nganye iqokelela iintlawulo zokubuyisela imali-mboleko nokonga okunyanzelekileyo, ikubhale kwiincwadi zamalungu nakwileja yamaqela, kwaye isingathe nawuphi na umcimbi weqela. Ukuya kuhlala kunyanzelekile, kukho izohlwayo zokungabikho.

Intlawulo edityanisiweyo yokubuyisela

Iqela lithumela intlawulo enye kumbolekisi equka onke amalungu. Ngokwembono yombolekisi kukho i-akhawunti enye kunye nomjelo omnye wokubuyisela; ngokwembono yeqela kukho ezininzi. Ukuvisisanisa ezi mbono zimbini ngumsebenzi ophambili wokusebenza ekubolekiseni ngamaqela.

Ukusingatha iintsilelo

Ukuba ilungu alikwazi ukuhlawula, iqela livala isikhewu — ngengxowa-mali yeqela, ngeminikelo yamanye amalungu, okanye ngokucinezela ilungu elingahlawuliyo nosapho lwalo. Umbolekisi akahluli ukuba leliphi ilungu elisileleyo ukuhlawula; ubona kuphela ukuba iqela liyifezile na isibophelelo salo. Olu luxanduva oluhlanganyelweyo.

Ukuvalwa komjikelo nokunyuselwa

Ekupheleni komjikelo, ngokuqhelekileyo iinyanga ezine ukuya kwishumi elinambini, imali-mboleko ihlawulwe ngokupheleleyo. Ingxelo yokuhlawula yeqela imisela ubungakanani bemali-mboleko yomjikelo olandelayo. Amaqela ahlawula ngokupheleleyo anyuselwa kwizixa ezikhulu; amaqela angahlawuliyo anokuncitshiswa, anqunyanyiswe okanye achithwe.

I-akhawunti yangaphakathi neyangaphandle

Uphawu oluchazayo lokubhankisha kwasekuhlaleni kokwenyani kukwahlulwa kweengxowa-mali ezimbini.

I-akhawunti yangaphandle yimali-mboleko evela kwiziko elibolekisayo. Ithwala izinga lenzala leziko, ishedyuli yalo yokuhlawula kunye nemigaqo yalo. Luxanduva lweqela kumbolekisi.

I-akhawunti yangaphakathi yimali yeqela ngokwalo: ukonga kwamalungu okuqokelelweyo, inzala iqela elizibiza yona ekubolekiseni kwangaphakathi, izohlwayo, kunye nentsalela egciniweyo. Iqela liyiboleka le mali kumalungu ngokwemigaqo yalo — amaxesha amaninzi ixesha elifutshane kakhulu, ngamazinga amiselwa liqela, kwiimfuno imali-mboleko yangaphandle ingazigubungeliyo.

Kulandela iziphumo ezibini. Okokuqala, i-akhawunti yangaphakathi iyakhula kwimijikelo elandelanayo, kwaye ibhanki yasekuhlaleni esele ikhulile inokuthi ekugqibeleni ixhase ngeemali zayo inxalenye enkulu yeemfuno zamalungu ayo. Amanye amaqela afikelela kwinqanaba lokungayidingi inkunzi yangaphandle kwaphela — injongo yokuqala yale modeli. Okwesibini, i-akhawunti yangaphakathi inika iqela isibonelelo salo sokugubungela ukusilela kwelungu, nto leyo eyomeleza isiqinisekiso soxanduva oluhlanganyelweyo.

Ayingawo onke amaziko aqhuba "ukubhankisha kwasekuhlaleni" asebenzisa i-akhawunti yangaphakathi. Apho engasebenziyo, imodeli isondele ngakumbi ekubolekiseni ngamaqela obumbano phantsi kwelinye igama.

Ukubhankisha kwasekuhlaleni kuthelekiswa neemodeli ezinxulumeneyo

• Ukubhankisha kwasekuhlaleni - Ubungakanani obuqhelekileyo: amalungu ali-15 ukuya kwangama-50

  • Inkunzi yangaphandle: Ewe
  • Uxanduva oluhlanganyelweyo: Iqela lonke
  • Ugcino-mali oludityanisiweyo: Ewe, kunyanzelekile
  • Ukuzilawula: Phezulu
  • Ingxowa-mali yemali-mboleko yayo: Ewe, i-akhawunti yangaphakathi
  • Ukuchanabeka kombolekisi: I-akhawunti enye ngeqela

• Ukubolekisa ngeqela lobumbano - Ubungakanani obuqhelekileyo: amalungu ama-4–7, adla ngokudityaniswa abe ngamaziko

  • Inkunzi yangaphandle: Ewe
  • Uxanduva oludibeneyo: Iqela elincinci
  • Ugcino-mali oludityanisiweyo: Ngamanye amaxesha
  • Ukuzilawula: Okuphakathi
  • Ingxowa-mali yemali-mboleko yayo: Kunqabile
  • Ukuchanabeka kombolekisi: I-akhawunti enye ngeqela okanye iziko

• Iqela logcino-mali (VSLA / ASCA) - Ubungakanani obuqhelekileyo: amalungu ali-15–30

  • Inkunzi yangaphandle: Ngokuqhelekileyo akukho
  • Uxanduva oludibeneyo: Akusebenzi
  • Ugcino-mali oludityanisiweyo: Ewe, ngundoqo wemodeli
  • Ukuzilawula: Phezulu kakhulu
  • Ingxowa-mali yemali-mboleko yayo: Ewe, yiyo kuphela ingxowa-mali
  • Ukuchanabeka kombolekisi: Akukho

• Umbutho ojikelezayo wogcino-mali nemboleko (ROSCA) - Ubungakanani obuqhelekileyo: amalungu angama-5–30

  • Inkunzi yangaphandle: Akukho
  • Uxanduva oludibeneyo: Akusebenzi
  • Ugcino-mali oludityanisiweyo: Ewe, njengamagalelo
  • Ukuzilawula: Ngokupheleleyo
  • Ingxowa-mali yemali-mboleko eyeyakho: Hayi, iimali ziyajikeleza
  • Umngcipheko wombolekisi: Akukho

Umahluko osebenzayo: ibhanki yaselalini nokubolekisa ngobumbano zingenisa inkunzi yangaphandle kwaye zidala umngcipheko wetyala; amaqela okonga kunye nemibutho yokonga nokubolekisa ejikelezayo aphinda asebenzise imali yamalungu ngokwawo kwaye akadali nto. Amalungiselelo axubeneyo — apho iqela lokonga esele livuthiwe lithatha imali-mboleko yangaphandle ukongeza kwingxowa-mali yalo — aphakathi kwezi zimbini.

Iindima kwibhanki yaselalini

Amalungu aya ezintlanganisweni, ahlawula ngexesha, agcina isixa esifunekayo, abambele amanye amalungu kwaye avote kwizigqibo zeqela.

Ikomiti yolawulo iyongamela iintlanganiso, igcina incwadi yee-akhawunti yeqela kunye neencwadana zamalungu, iphethe kwaye ifake imali ebhankini, kwaye imele iqela kumbolekisi. Amalungu ekomiti ayingobasebenzi yaye ahlala engahlawulwa.

Igosa lemboleko liququzelela kunokuba lilawule. Umsebenzi walo kukuseka amaqela nokuqeqesha, ukuya ezintlanganisweni ngexesha lemijikelo yokuqala, ukuqinisekisa iirekhodi, ukuvavanya ukuba iqela likulungele na ukudlulela kwinqanaba elilandelayo, nokungenelela xa ukuhlawula kusiya kusiba mbi. Igosa elinye lingaxhasa ababoleki abaninzi kakhulu phantsi kwale ndlela kunakwimeko yokubolekisa komntu ngamnye, nto leyo engumthombo wenzuzo yendleko yayo.

Kutheni amaziko esebenzisa ibhanki yaselalini

Akukho mfuneko yesibambiso. Ukubolekisa kufikelela kubantu abangenanto umbolekisi anokuyihlutha ngokunokwenzeka.

Iindleko eziphantsi ngomboli ngamnye. Intlanganiso enye isebenzela amashumi abathengi. Iakhawunti enye nentlawulo enye zithatha indawo yezininzi. Esi sesona sizathu sokuba le ndlela ikwazi ukubonelela ngeemali-mboleko ezincinane kakhulu ngendleko ephathisekayo.

Ukuhlola nokubeka iliso ngamalungu. Iqela liyazazi izinto ngeshishini lelungu nokuthembeka kwalo ezingasoze zivele kuyo nayiphi na inkqubo yovavanyo. Amalungu kwakhona ayabekana iliso ngokuqhubekayo, ngaphandle kweendleko kumbolekisi.

Ukuqokelelwa kogcino-mali. Ugcino-mali olunyanzelekileyo lwakhela ilungu isikhuselo kwaye, kumaziko avunyelwe ukwamkela iidiphozithi, luba ngumthombo wemali kumbolekisi.

Ukubolekisa okuqhubela phambili njengenkuthazo. Ithemba lokufumana imali-mboleko enkulu kumjikelo olandelayo lukhuthazo oluqinileyo lokuhlawula, ingakumbi apho ezinye iindlela zinqabile.

Imida nezigxeko

Iindleko zexesha zithwalwa ngamalungu. Iintlanganiso zeveki, ukuhamba kunye nemithetho yokuzimasa zidla iiyure ebezinokusetyenziswa kumashishini axhaswa zezi mboleko. Le ndleko yeyokwenyani kwaye ithwalwa ngababoleki ngokupheleleyo.

Uxanduva oludibeneyo ludala uxinzelelo kubudlelwane. Ukuhlawulela uxanduva lomntu ongahlawuliyo kudlulisela ilahleko kubamelwane nakwizizalwana. Apho oku kuthe kwaba yinto eqhelekileyo, inkunzi yentlalontle eyenze le ndlela yasebenza iyancipha.

Umngcipheko wokusasazeka. Iqela kukuvezwa okuhambelanayo. Amalungu abelana ngemarike, umjikelo wezityalo, nedolophu. Umothuko wengingqi ubetha bonke ngaxeshanye, kwaye isiqinisekiso esisebenza kukungahlawuli komntu ngamnye siyasilela kumothuko ohambelanayo.

Imida ephezulu yemali-mboleko iyakhawulela ukukhula. Ubungakanani bemboleko obufanele iqela buncinci kakhulu kumalungu anamashishini aphumelelayo nakhulayo. Amalungu aphumelelayo adla ngokukhula ngaphaya kwemodeli aze ahambe.

Ukukhutshelwa ngaphandle kumacala omabini. Amaqela ayabakhaba abona bahluphekayo kuba benobungozi obukhulu kakhulu ukuba babe sisibambiso, kwaye aphulukana nabawona baphumeleleyo kuba baya kubabolekisi abazimeleyo. Le modeli isebenzela iqela eliphakathi.

Iishedyuli ezingaguqukiyo. Ukuhlawula ngeveki okuqala kwangoko emva kokukhutshwa kwemali kufanele amashishini orhwebo anengeniso yemihla ngemihla kwaye akufanelekanga kwezolimo.

Umthwalo ongalinganiyo. Amalungu ekomiti, ngakumbi unondyebo, athwala uxanduva olukhulu olungahlawulelwayo kwaye amaxesha amaninzi abe semngciphekweni wobuqu ngenxa yokugcina imali yeqela.

Indlela imodeli etshintshe ngayo

Iinguqu ezintathu ziyabonakala kwicandelo lonke:

Ukuya ekubolekiseni umntu ngamnye. Amaziko amaninzi aqala ngebhanki yaselalini ngoku aqhuba iimveliso zemali-mboleko zomntu ngamnye ecaleni kwayo, egcina amaqela kubathengi abasaqalayo aze anyusele amalungu aphumeleleyo ukuya kwiikredithi zomntu ngamnye.

Ukuya kwiimodeli ezikhokelwa kukonga. Apho inkxalabo ikukuba amatyala angaphandle athwalisa umthwalo kumakhaya asemngciphekweni, abaququzeleli baye batshintshela kumaqela okonga akha ingxowa-mali yangaphakathi ngaphandle kwemali-mboleko yangaphandle, ngamanye amaxesha benxibelelana nombolekisi kuphela xa iqela sele likhulile.

Ukuya kunikezelo lwedijithali. Ukuqokelelwa kwemali ngeselula kususa ukuphathwa kwemali ezintlanganisweni. Iithebhulethi zamagosa zithatha indawo yeeleja zephepha. Amanye amaziko aye ayeka ngokupheleleyo iintlanganiso zeveki ezinyanzelekileyo, egcina iqela njengesakhiwo sesibambiso ngelixa eqhuba iintengiselwano umntu ngamnye bekude — nto leyo enciphisa iindleko kodwa ityhafisa ukujongana ngoontanga imodeli exhomekeke kuko.

Iimpembelelo zokusebenza kubabolekisi

Ukuqhuba ukubolekisa ngamaqela kufuna iinkqubo nolawulo oluthile:

• Iirekhodi ezikumanqanaba amabini. Imali-mboleko ikho kwinqanaba leqela kodwa ukusebenza kwayo kufuneka kubonakale kwinqanaba lelungu, kungenjalo iziko alinako ukwahlula iqela elisempilweni kwelo apho amalungu amathathu athwala wonke umntu.
• Ukwahlula iintlawulo ezidityanisiweyo. Intlawulo enye yeqela kufuneka yabelwe kwii-akhawunti ezingaphantsi zamalungu, emva koko kwizohlwayo, iifizi, inzala kunye nemali eyintloko kumntu ngamnye.
• Iintsalela ezingekahlawulwa kumanqanaba omabini. Iibhakethi zobudala betyala kunye nepotfoliyo esemngciphekweni zibalwa kumngcipheko weqela kwiingxelo, kodwa iintsalela ezingekahlawulwa kwinqanaba lelungu ziluphawu lwesilumkiso kwangoko.
• Ulawulo lwemali kwintsimi. Apho iikomiti ziqokelela imali kwaye amagosa eyiphatha, ukukhutshwa kwerisithi, ulawulo lwabantu ababini kunye nokufakwa kwemali ebhankini kwangolo suku kubalulekile.
• Utshintsho kubulungu. Abangenayo, abaphumayo kunye nokwabiwa ngokutsha kwesabelo selungu elishiyayo phakathi komjikelo konke kufuna ukuphathwa ngendlela elawulwayo.
• Ukubonakala kwe-akhawunti yangaphakathi. Ingxowa-mali yeqela ngokwayo ayiyo asethi yombolekisi, kodwa ukuyityeshela ngokupheleleyo kuthetha ukuphoswa yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yemeko yetyala lelungu.