Ukuhluthwa kwempahla

Ukuhluthwa kwempahla kukuthathwa ngokwasemzimbeni kwempahla ebambisa okanye engumxholo wesivumelwano setyala, emva kokusilela komboleki. Linyathelo phakathi kwenkqubo yokunyanzelisa — hayi yonke inkqubo. Ukuthathwa kwempahla kwenziwa ukuze emva koko impahla ikwazi ukuxabiswa, ithengiswe kwaye imali efunyenweyo isetyenziswe kwityala.

Umahluko ubalulekile xa ufunda inkqubo yokubuyisa impahla yombolekisi:

• Ukuhluthwa kwempahla — Ukuthathwa kwempahla
• Ukuphunyezwa kwetyala — Inkqubo epheleleyo yokunyanzelisa: ukuthathwa kwempahla, ukuxabiswa, ukuthengiswa, ukusetyenziswa kwemali efunyenweyo, intsalela okanye intsilelo
• Ukuhluthwa kwendlu — Kwiindawo ezininzi zomthetho, yinkqubo ethile ye-mortgage kwipropati yomhlaba, eyahlukileyo kwigunya nje lokuthengisa (isigama sahluka kakhulu ngokwenkqubo yezomthetho).

Isiseko soMthetho: Iimeko Ezimbini Ezahlukileyo

Ukuhluthwa kwempahla kubonakala kufana ngokwendlela yokusebenza kwezi meko zimbini zingezantsi, kodwa isimo esisisiseko somthetho — kwaye ngokufuthi ukhuseleko olusemthethweni — sahluka kakhulu.

Xa umboleki engumnini wempahla

Phantsi kwemali-mboleko enesibambiso, umboleki uphethe itayitile kwaye umbolekisi uphethe umdla wesibambiso (isibambiso, isithembiso okanye i-lien). Ukuhluthwa kwempahla linyathelo lonyanzeliso, elinokusetyenziswa kuphela xa ukusilela sele kwenzekile kwaye iimfuno zesivumelwano nezomthetho zifezekisiwe. Umbolekisi uthatha impahla yomnye umntu phantsi kwegunya elinikwe sisivumelwano sesibambiso nomthetho.

Xa umbolekisi engumnini wempahla

Phantsi kwe-hire purchase, phantsi kwe-finance lease, okanye kwintengiso enemiqathango, umbolekisi ugcina itayitile de kuhlawulwe intlawulo yokugqibela. Umthengi unokuyigcina nokuyisebenzisa impahla, kodwa hayi ubunini. Ngokobuchwephesha, ukubuyisa impahla kukubuyisa komnini impahla yakhe, kungekhona ukunyanzelisa umdla wesibambiso.

Lo mahluko uneziphumo eziphathekayo:

• Iindawo ezininzi zomthetho zisebenzisa imithetho yeempahla ezikhuselweyo kwi-hire purchase, kwaye kufuneka umyalelo wenkundla xa umthengi sele ehlawule umyinge othile wexabiso lilonke — ngokuqhelekileyo isithathu okanye isiqingatha. Ukuhluthwa kwempahla ngaphandle kwaloo myalelo kunokubangela ukuba isivumelwano sipheliswe kwaye kunyanzelise umbolekisi ukuba abuyisele iintlawulo esele zenziwe.
• Amalungelo omthengi ekuphelisweni kwesivumelwano — ukubuyisela iimpahla, ukufumana isaphulelo, okanye ukufumana ingxelo ye-akhawunti — ngokufuthi amiselwa ngumthetho kunokuba amiselwe sisivumelwano.

Imithetho esebenzayo yahluka kakhulu ngokommandla wolawulo nangokwemveliso; qinisekisa ekuhlaleni phambi kokuba uyile inkqubo yokuthathwa kwempahla.

Iindlela zokuThathwa kweMpahla

Ukunikezela ngokuZithandela

Umboleki unikezela nge-asethi ngesivumelwano. Le yeyona ndlela ingabizi kakhulu, ekhawulezayo neyona ingonakalisi kangako kumacala omabini: iyayiphepha imirhumo yeearhente, amatyala asenkundleni nokonakala okuhamba nokubuyiswa okuphikisanayo, kwaye idla ngokuvelisa ixabiso elithe chatha lokuthengisa.

Inkqubo yokuqokelela amatyala eyilwe kakuhle inikezela ngenkuthalo ukunikezela ngokuzithandela njengenketho phambi kokuba inyuke. Umboleki kufuneka anikwe ingxelo ebhaliweyo ecacileyo yesiphumo esinokubakho sokuthengisa kunye nentsilelo aya kuhlala enetyala layo, ukuze isigqibo senziwe sinolwazi kunokuba sicinezelwe.

Ukuzithathela iMpahla

Ukuthatha ulawulo lwempahla ngaphandle kwesigqibo senkundla, apho umthetho uvumela khona. Kuqhelekile kwiimoto kwiindawo ezikuvumelayo, kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo kuphantsi kwemida engqongqo:

• Akukho ukwaphulwa koxolo. Uthintelo oluphantse lube jikelele apho ukuzithathela kuvunyelwe khona. Ukungena kwipropathi etshixiweyo okanye ebiyelweyo, ukusebenzisa okanye ukusongela ngamandla, ukuthatha i-asethi ngelixa umboleki ephikisa ngokomzimba, okanye ukuxhokonxa ingxabano ngokuqhelekileyo kuguqula ukuthathwa okusemthethweni kube kokungekho mthethweni — nto leyo ebeka umbolekisi engozini yomonakalo, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha ekuphulukaneni nelungelo lokufuna intsilelo.
• Akukho kuchazwa gwenxa kwegunya, kwaye akukho kuzenza abezomthetho.
• Akukho kususwa kwee-asethi ngaphandle kwesivumelwano, kubandakanywa iimpahla ezingaphakathi okanye ezincanyathiselwe kwinto ethathiweyo.

Ukuthathwa kweMpahla ngoMyalelo weNkundla

Isicelo enkundleni somyalelo wonikezelo okanye wolawulo lwempahla, emva koko sinyanzeliswe ngamagosa enkundla. Kucotha kwaye kuyabiza, kodwa kukuphela kwendlela esemthethweni kwiindawo ezithintela ukuzithathela, kwaye kunyanzelekile kwiimeko ezininzi zempahla ekhuselweyo.

Ukukhubazwa kweAsethi Kude

Kuya kusanda ukuxhaphaka kwimali yee-asethi eziqhagamshelweyo — iimoto ezine-telematics okanye izixhobo zokuvala ukuqala, iinkqubo zelanga zasekhaya zokuhlawula ngokusetyenziswa, ii-smartphones ezithengwe ngetyala kunye nezixhobo zemveliso ezinolawulo olufakelweyo. Umbolekisi unakho ukunciphisa ukusebenza kwe-asethi ukude xa kungahlawulwanga.

Oku ayikokuthathwa kwempahla ngokwasemthethweni: i-asethi ihlala apho ikhoyo. Luhlobo loxinzelelo, kwaye kuphakamisa imiba ethile:

• Ukuchazwa. Ubuchule, iimeko zokuqalisa kunye nenkqubo yokubuyisela kufuneka zichazwe ngokucacileyo ekuqaleni kwetyala, zingangcwatywa kwimiqathango.
• Ukhuseleko. Ukukhubazwa kwesithuthi kufuneka kwenzeke kuphela xa isithuthi simile, kwaye kungaze kwenzeke xa sihamba.
• Iinkonzo ezibalulekileyo. Ukukhubaza ukukhanya okukuphela kwekhaya okanye indlela yonxibelelwano ekukuphela kwayo yomboleki kuneziphumo ezingaphaya koxinzelelo lokuhlawula, kwaye iimarike ezininzi ziye zafuna amaxesha obabalo kunye nezithintelo apha.
• Ubume basemthethweni. Ukuba ukukhubazwa kwe-asethi kude kusemthethweni na — nokuba kuthathwa njengokuthatha ulawulo na, nto leyo ebangela ukhuseleko lomthetho olungentla — akukagqitywa kwezinye iindawo kwaye kulawulwa ngokucacileyo kwezinye.

Inkqubo yokuThathwa kweMpahla

1. Ukusilela ukuhlawula ngokwesivumelwano, nokuphela kwalo naliphi na ixesha lokulungisa lekhontrakthi
2. Imfuno esesikweni kunye nesaziso esisemthethweni, ezichaza amatyala ashiyekileyo, isixa esifunekayo ukulungisa, umhla wokugqibela, kunye nesiphumo
3. Ixesha lokulungisa — ithuba lomboleki lokuhlawula amatyala asileleyo ukuze i-akhawunti ibuyele kwimeko efanelekileyo okanye ukuvumelana ngenye indlela
4. Inzame yokunikezela impahla ngokuzithandela phambi kokunyuselwa kwelinye inyathelo
5. Ukuthathwa kwempahla ngendlela evunyelweyo
6. Ingxelo yoluhlu lwempahla kunye nemeko, kufanelekileyo ukuba ibe neefoto kwaye ingqinwe, ngexesha lokuthathwa kwempahla
7. Ukubuyiswa kwempahla yobuqu efunyenwe ngaphakathi okanye phezu kwempahla — le nto ayiyonxalenye yesibambiso kwaye kufuneka ibuyiswe
8. Isaziso sasemva kokuthathwa kwempahla kumboleki: ukuba impahla ithathiwe, apho igcinwe khona, isixa esifunekayo ukuyikhulula, umhla wokugqibela wokukhulula, kunye nendlela ekucetywayo yokuthengisa
9. Ixesha lokukhulula okanye lokubuyisela kwimeko, apho umthetho okanye isivumelwano silibonelela khona
10. Ukuthengiswa, ukusetyenziswa kwemali ethe yafunyanwa, kunye nokunika ingxelo kumboleki ngentsalela okanye intsilelo — inqanaba lokuphumeza

Amalungelo Omboleki

Amalungelo ayahluka ngokwegunya lolawulo, kodwa alandelayo amkelwa ngokubanzi kwaye kufanelekile ukuba afakwe kumgaqo-nkqubo nokuba umthetho wendawo uyanyanzelisa okanye awunyanzelanga:

• Isaziso phambi kokuthathwa kwempahla, kunye nesaziso emva koko
• Ilungelo lokulungisa okanye lokubuyisela kwimeko ngokuhlawula amatyala asileleyo kunye neendleko phakathi kwexesha elimiselweyo
• Ilungelo lokukhulula ngokuhlawula intsalela epheleleyo kunye neendleko ngaphambi kokuthengiswa
• Ukubuyiswa kwempahla yobuqu efunyenwe kunye nempahla
• Ixabiso elifanelekileyo. Umbolekisi unoxanduva lokuthatha inkathalo efanelekileyo ukufumana ixabiso elifanelekileyo xa kuthengiswa. Ukuthengisa ngexabiso eliphantsi, ngakumbi kumntu onxulumeneyo, kubeka umbolekisi kwiimangalo.
• Ingxelo yentengiso — imali engenileyo, iindleko zitshitshiwe, kunye nentsalela okanye intsilelo ephumayo, ngokubhaliweyo
• Imali eyintsalela, eyeyomboleki kwaye ayinakugcinwa ngumbolekisi
• Ukukhuselwa ekuhluthweni ngokungekho mthethweni — kuquka ilungelo lembuyekezo, kwaye kwezinye iinkqubo ukulahleka kwelungelo lombolekisi lokufuna intsilelo
• Ii-asethi ezingahluthwayo. Iindawo ezininzi zolawulo zikhusela iimpahla zasekhaya ezisisiseko, izixhobo zokusebenza, okanye ikhaya eliphambili ekuhluthweni.

Uqoqosho Lokuhluthwa kweMpahla

Ukuhluthwa kweempahla kuyabiza xa kuthelekiswa nexabiso lee-asethi ezininzi ezixhaswa ngemali-mboleko, kwaye iindleko zihlala zijongelwa phantsi ngexesha lovavanyo lwemali-mboleko.

Uluhlu lweendleko olungumzekelo — isithuthi esihluthiweyo

• Ixabiso le-asethi ngexesha lokuhluthwa: 120,000
• Intlawulo ye-arhente yokuhluthwa: (8,000)
• Ukuthuthwa nokubuyiswa: (3,000)
• Ukugcinwa, iintsuku ezingama-60: (6,000)
• Ukulungiswa nokuhlaziywa: (9,000)
• Ifandesi / ikhomishini ye-arhente: (7,500)
• Iindleko zizonke zokuthengisa: (33,500)
• Imali eshiyekileyo: 86,500

Ngumzekelo kuphela. Iindleko apha zidla malunga ne-28% yexabiso le-asethi ngaphambi kokuba ityala lichukunyiswe — kwaye oku akubandakanyi ixesha labasebenzi bangaphakathi, iintlawulo zomthetho apho kwakufuneka umyalelo wenkundla, kunye nokwehla kwexabiso okwenzekayo phakathi kokungahlawuli nokuthengiswa.

Iziphumo ezithathu:

• Isantya siqhuba ixabiso. Ii-asethi ziyehla ngexabiso, ziyawohloka kwaye ngamanye amaxesha zinyamalala phakathi kokungahlawuli nokubuyiswa. Iveki nganye yokulibaziseka inciphisa imali eshiyekileyo.
• Ngaphantsi komda wexabiso, ukuhluthwa akunanzuzo. Kwii-asethi ezishukumayo ezinexabiso eliphantsi, iindleko zokubuyisa nokuthengisa zigqitha kuyo nantoni na enokufunyanwa. Ukuthatha isibambiso kwii-asethi ezinjalo kubeka iindleko noxinzelelo kumboleki kungekho nzuzo kumbolekisi — kukusilela okuqhelekileyo kuyilo lwenkxaso-mali yee-asethi ezincinci.
• Imeko yempahla ekubuyisweni ayinakuqikelelwa. Ukuhluthwa okuphikiswayo kudla ngokuvelisa ii-asethi ezikwimeko embi ngokubonakalayo kunezo zinikezelwa ngokuzithandela, nto leyo eyingxoxo ethe ngqo yezezimali yendlela ethambileyo.

Iingqwalasela ZokuSebenza

• Ulawulo lwee-arhente. Apho kusetyenziswa ii-arhente zangaphandle zokuhluthwa, umbolekisi uhlala enoxanduva ngokuziphatha kwazo. Iikhontrakthi kufuneka zibophelele ii-arhente kwimigangatho yeziko, zinamalungelo okuphicotha, kwaye iindlela zokuhlawula mazingavuzi ubundlobongela.
• Amaxwebhu. Iingxelo zobume bezinto ezifotiweyo, uluhlu lwezinto olusayiniweyo neerekhodi ezinesitampu sexesha ngexesha lokuthathwa kwempahla zikhusela kwiingxabano zamva malunga nobume bezinto nokuqulethwe kuzo.
• Ukulandelelwa kweeasethi. Itelematikhi, iGPS kunye nokulandelela okusekelwe kubhaliso kuphucula kakhulu amazinga okubuyiswa kwempahla kwiimoto, kodwa kunoxanduva lokukhusela idatha — ukulandelwa kwendawo kufuna isiseko esisemthethweni kunye nokucaciswa okucacileyo.
• Ugcino ne-inshorensi. Ii-asethi ezihluthiweyo mazigcinwe ngokukhuselekileyo kwaye zifakwe i-inshorensi ngexesha lokugcinwa kwazo; ilahleko okanye umonakalo okwizandla zombolekisi luxanduva lombolekisi.
• Ixesha lokuthengisa. Impahla ethathiweyo egugayo yilahleko ethe ngqo. Uluhlu lweempahla eziseyadini kufuneka lulawulwe ngoluleko olufanayo nolu lwamabakethi okulibaziseka kweentlawulo.

Ukuphathwa kweNcwadi-mali

Ii-asethi ezihluthiweyo ngokubanzi zibonwa ngokwahlukileyo kwipotfoliyo yemali-mboleko, njengee-asethi ezigcinelwe ukuthengiswa, ngexabiso eliphantsi phakathi kwexabiso elithwalwayo letyala nexabiso elifanelekileyo kuthotywe iindleko zokuthengisa. Aziyo nxalenye ye potfoliyo yonke yemali-mboleko.

Imali efunyenwe ekuthengiseni isetyenziswa ngokolandelelwano lweentlawulo olukwisivumelwano. Nayiphi na intsilelo ihlala iyi ityala elingenasibambiso, libekelwe ilungiselelo kwaye ekugqibeleni licinyiwe ukuba ukubuyiswa kwemali akulindelekanga ngokufanelekileyo. Nayiphi na intsalela ilityala elityalwa umbolekwayo, hayi ingeniso.

Iziphumo ezilindelekileyo zokuhluthwa kwempahla — kuthotywe iindleko kwaye kuthotywe ngenxa yexesha — zingena kwi loss given default iparameter esetyenziswa kwi expected credit loss uqikelelo, kwaye kufuneka ilungelelaniswe nangoko iziko likubonileyo ngokwenene ekubuyiseni impahla endaweni yeengxelo zoqingqo-maxabiso.

Imigibe eqhelekileyo

• Ukuhlutha ngaphandle kokuhlangabezana neemfuneko zangaphambili — isaziso, ixesha lokulungisa, okanye umyalelo wenkundla ofunekayo. Ukuhlutha okunesiphako kuhlala kunokuchithwa kwaye kungaphelisa ilungelo lokufuna intsilelo.
• Ukuphula uxolo ngexesha lokuzibuyisela impahla ngaphandle kwenkundla, ukuguqula isenzo esisemthethweni sibe sesingekho mthethweni.
• Ukungayihoyi imida yempahla ekhuselweyo kwiimvumelwano zokuthenga ngezavenge kunye nezentengiso ezinemiqathango.
• Ukugcina impahla yobuqu efunyenwe kunye ne-asethi.
• Ukusilela ukunika ingxelo ngentengiso, okanye ukugcina imali eyintsalela.
• Ukuthatha isibambiso ngeempahla ezingafanelekanga ukubuyiselwa, kangangokuba uncedo lukho ephepheni kuphela kodwa alusoze luthethelele ukusetyenziswa.
• Ukuziphatha kwe-arhente okungalawulwanga, apho umngcipheko wodumo nowomthetho usala kumbolekisi.
• Ukuphatha ukubuyiselwa kwempahla njengokuphela komcimbi xa intsilelo iyahlala kwaye kufuneka ilandelwe okanye icinywe.