Uhlelo lokuphatha imalimboleko

Uhlelo lokuphatha izimalimboleko (LMS) luyisoftware ephatha imalimboleko ngemva kokuba isikhishiwe. Lugcina isivumelwano semalimboleko, lukhiqiza ishejuli yokukhokha, lunqwabelanisa inzalo nezimali ezikhokhwayo, lufaka futhi lwabele izinkokhelo, lulandelela izikweletu ezingakhokhiwe, futhi lukhiqiza okufakiwe ezincwadini zezimali kanye nemibiko yephothifoliyo edingwa umbolekisi. Luwuhlelo olugcina amarekhodi asemthethweni encwadini yezimalimboleko esebenzayo yombolekisi.

Amaphuzu asemqoka

• I-LMS ilawula ingxenye yokunakekela yomjikelezo wempilo yemalimboleko: konke kusukela ekukhishweni kwemali kuze kube ukuvalwa noma ukucinywa.
• Ihlukile ohlelweni lokuqalisa imalimboleko (LOS), olusingatha isicelo, ukuhlolwa kanye nokugunyazwa kuze kufike ekukhishweni kwemali.
• Imisebenzi eyinhloko ukukhiqiza ishejuli, ukunqwabelanisa inzalo nezimali ezikhokhwayo, ukwabiwa kwezinkokhelo, ukulandelela ukweqa izikhathi nezikweletu ezingakhokhiwe, ukuhlela kabusha, ukufakwa ezincwadini zezimali, kanye nokubika.
• Isivivinyo esinquma se-LMS ukuthi ingakwazi yini ukubala, nganoma yisiphi isikhathi, ukuthi umboleki ngamunye ukweleta malini futhi ngani — inhloko, inzalo, izimali ezikhokhwayo, izinhlawulo — futhi ikuhlanganise nalokho okubhalwe encwadini yezimali jikelele.
• "LMS" futhi imele uhlelo lokuphatha ukufunda emkhakheni wezemfundo; lezi zinto ezimbili azihlangene.

Luyini uhlelo lokuphatha izimalimboleko?

Uhlelo lokuphatha izimalimboleko luyinjini yokusebenza neyezimali engaphansi kwephothifoliyo esebenzayo yombolekisi. Uma isivumelwano semalimboleko sisayiniwe futhi imali isikhishiwe, zonke izenzakalo ezilandelayo empilweni yaleyo malimboleko — inkokhelo etholiwe, usuku lwenzalo enqwabelene, isitolimende esingakhokhiwe, inhlawulo ekhushulwe, isikhathi esandisiwe, ibhalansi ecinyiwe — kufanele ziqoshwe, zibalwe ngendlela efanele, zibonakale kubhalansi yomboleki, futhi zifakwe ezincwadini zezimali. Lowo ngumsebenzi owenziwa yi-LMS.

Ababolekisi abangasebenzisi i-LMS ekhethekile ngokuvamile benza lo msebenzi ngama-spreadsheet, iphakethe lezimali elijwayelekile, kanye nenkumbulo yesikhungo. Lokho kuhleleka kuqhubeka kuze kube yilapho ubukhulu bephothifoliyo, ubunkimbinkimbi bomkhiqizo noma izibopho zokubika kudlula lokho okungasingathwa ukubuyisana ngesandla.

I-LMS isetshenziswa amabhange ezentengiselwano, izikhungo zezimali ezincane (MFIs), amacooperative okonga nokubolekisa (ama-SACCO), ababolekisi babathengi nabahola, izinkampani zezimali zezimpahla nokuqashisa, abaphathi bezimalimboleko zezindlu, ababolekisi bezolimo, ababolekisi bedijithali nabamaselula, kanye nabahlinzeki be-buy-now-pay-later. Amagama emikhiqizo ahluka ngokwesigaba, kodwa indlela yokusebenza eyisisekelo — ibhalansi, ishejuli, ukunqwabelanisa, umthetho wokwaba — ayishintshi.

Okwenziwa uhlelo lokuphatha izimalimboleko

1. Ukufakwa kwemalimboleko nokulungiselelwa

Uhlelo luqopha imigomo yemalimboleko esayiniwe: inhloko, izinga lenzalo nendlela, isikhathi, imvamisa yesitolimende, uhlaka lwezimali ezikhokhwayo, usuku lokukhishwa kwemali, usuku lokuqala lokukhokha, isibambiso, abaqinisekisi, kanye nethempulethi yomkhiqizo okukhishwe ngaphansi kwayo imalimboleko. Amathempulethi omkhiqizo abalulekile — afaka imithetho ezolawula imalimboleko impilo yayo yonke, ngakho i-LMS elungiselelwe kahle yenza umbolekisi akwazi ukuchaza umkhiqizo kanye futhi akhiphe ngawo ngokungaguquguquki.

2. Ukukhiqizwa kweshejuli yokukhokha

Ngalezo migomo uhlelo lwakha ishejuli yokunciphisa isikweletu: ukuthi inhloko engakanani nenzalo engakanani okumele zikhokhwe ngosuku ngalunye. Izindlela ezahlukene zenzalo zikhiqiza amashejuli ahluke kakhulu, futhi i-LMS kulindeleke ukuthi isekele lezo umbolekisi azisebenzisayo ngempela — ibhalansi enciphayo enezitolimende ezilinganayo, ibhalansi enciphayo nenhloko elinganayo, izinga elingaguquki, inzalo kuphela ene-balloon, kanye nokuhlukahluka okunezikhathi zomusa, izikhathi zokumiswa kokukhokha noma amaphethini okukhokha asezikhathini angaqondile.

3. Ukunqwabelanisa inzalo nezimali ezikhokhwayo

Inzalo inqwabelana ngokuqhubekayo; izitolimende zifanele ukukhokhwa ngezikhathi ezithile. I-LMS ibala inzalo enqwabelene phakathi kwezenzakalo ukuze isilinganiso senkokhelo esithathwe maphakathi nesikhathi sinembe. Iphinde isebenzise indlela yokubala izinsuku umbolekisi ayisebenzisayo, isingathe izinhlobo zezimali ezikhokhwayo eziziphatha ngendlela ehlukile (izimali zokuqalisa ezikhokhwa kanye, izimali zesevisi eziphindaphindwayo, izindleko eziqhutshwa izehlakalo), futhi imise noma iqhubekise ukunqwabelanisa kwezimalimboleko ezingasebenzi kahle ngokwenqubomgomo.

4. Ukufakwa nokwabiwa kwezinkokhelo

Uma imali ifika, i-LMS inquma ukuthi ikhokhelani. Lokhu kulawulwa yi-waterfall yokwabiwa — indlela ehlelekile yokusebenzisa, ngokuvamile izinhlawulo, bese izinkokhelo, bese inzalo, bese inani eliyinhloko, kanti noma iyiphi imali eyinsalela iphathwa njengokukhokha ngokweqile noma inkokhelo yangaphambili. I-waterfall kufanele isetshenziswe ngendlela efanayo kukho konke ukukhokha, ngoba ukwabiwa okungahambisani kuyimbangela eyodwa evame kakhulu yokuphikiswa kwamabhalansi omboleki.

Isistimu enekhono iphinde ibhekane nezinkokhelo eziyingxenye, ukukhokha kusenesikhathi kanye nezilinganiso zokukhokha ngokuphelele, ukukhokha ngokweqile, ukuhlehliswa kwemisebenzi efakwe ngephutha, kanye nezinkokhelo ezitholwa ngemigudu eminingi — ukheshi, ukudluliswa kwemali ebhange, imali yeselula, ukudonswa emholweni, ukudonswa okuqondile.

5. Ukuphathwa kokweqa isikhathi kanye nezikweletu ezingakhokhiwe

Isistimu ibona izimali ezibolekiwe ezisalele emuva, ihlukanisa izikweletu ezingakhokhiwe ngamaqembu ngokobudala (ngokuvamile izinsuku ezi-1–30, 31–60, 61–90 kanye nezingaphezu kuka-90), isebenzisa inzalo yesinhlawulo noma izinkokhelo zokubambezeleka lapho umkhiqizo uvumela khona, futhi iqhuba izinqubo zokusebenza zezikhumbuzo nokulandelela, futhi inikeza izinkomba zekhwalithi yephothifoliyo abaphathi nabalawuli abathembele kuzo — ikakhulukazi iphothifoliyo esengozini (PAR) kanye izigaba zokubekela eceleni.

6. Ukuhlela kabusha nokuguqulwa kwemali ebolekiwe

Izimali ezibolekiwe ziyashintsha. I-LMS isekela ukuhlela kabusha isheduli, ukuxhasa ngezimali kabusha, ukwelulwa kwesikhathi, amaholide okukhokha, ukuyekelwa kwenzalo, ukuhlanganisa, kanye nezivumelwano zokukhokhelana — futhi, okubalulekile, igcina umlando wokuhlolwa walokho okwashintsha nokuthi kwashintsha nini, njengoba izimali ezibolekiwe ezihlelwe kabusha ngokuvamile zingaphansi kokuhlukaniswa nokubikwa okuhlukile okulawulwayo.

7. Ukuhlanganiswa kokubhalwa kwamabhuku

Yonke isenzakalo sokunakekela sinomphumela wokubhalwa kwamabhuku. Ukukhishwa kwemali kususa ukheshi futhi kudala okufanele kutholwe. Ukuqongelela kukhuphula imali engenayo yenzalo. Inkokhelo ihlukaniswa phakathi kwemali engenayo nokuncishiswa kokufanele kutholwe. Inkokhelo yokubekela eceleni ithinta izindleko kanye ne-akhawunti ephikisana nempahla. Ukukhanselwa kwempahla kususa impahla. I-LMS kufanele ikhiqize lokhu okufakiwe ngokuzenzakalela ngaphansi kwemithetho yokubhala kabili, ngokuhambisana nohlu lwama-akhawunti oluchaziwe, kanye nokubalelwa kwegatsha, umkhiqizo noma isikhungo sezindleko esidale imali ebolekiwe — kungaba ukufaka ngaphakathi noma ukukhipha kusistimu yokubhalwa kwamabhuku yombolekisi.

8. Ukubika kanye nezimbuyiselo zokulawula

Ukubunjwa kwephothifoliyo, imibiko yokukhishwa kwemali nokuqoqwa, ukuhlaziywa kokuguga kanye ne-PAR, amasheduli okubekela eceleni nokwehla kwenani, ukusebenza kwezikhulu namagatsha, ukuqashelwa kwemali engenayo, kanye nezimbuyiselo ezimisiwe zezikhathi ezithile ezidingwa ngumlawuli. Isendlalelo sokubika yilapho i-LMS ithola khona inani layo elibonakalayo elikhulu, ngoba iguqula idatha yemisebenzi ibe amanani asetshenziselwa ukuqhuba nokuqondisa ibhizinisi.

9. Ukuxhumana nokuzisebenzela komboleki

Izikhumbuzo ezizenzakalelayo zokukhokha, izaziso zezikweletu ezingakhokhiwe, amarisidi nezitatimende nge-SMS, i-imeyili noma isiteshi sokuthumela imiyalezo, futhi ezinhlelweni eziningi ingosi ebheke kumboleki noma uhlelo lokusebenza lweselula olubonisa amabhalansi, amasheduli kanye umlando wokukhokha.

Isistimu yokuphathwa kwemali ebolekiwe uma kuqhathaniswa nesistimu yokuqalwa kwemali ebolekiwe

Lezi zistimu ezimbili zihlanganisa izingxenye ezimbili eziphikisanayo zomjikelezo wempilo ofanayo, futhi amagama avame ukudidaniswa.

• Isigaba somjikelezo wempilo: Isicelo kuya ekukhishweni kwemali (LOS) uma kuqhathaniswa nokukhishwa kwemali kuya ekuvalweni (LMS).
• Umbuzo oyinhloko: "Ingabe kufanele sibolekise, futhi ngayiphi imigomo?" (LOS) uma kuqhathaniswa "Yini ekweletwayo, ngubani, khona manje?" (LMS).
• Imisebenzi eyinhloko: Ukuthathwa kwesicelo, i-KYC, ukukalwa kwesikweletu, ukuhlolwa kokukwazi ukukhokha, kanye izinqubo zokugunyaza (LOS) uma kuqhathaniswa nokuhlela, ukunqwabelana, ukwabiwa kwezinkokhelo, ukuphathwa kwezikweletu ezingakhokhiwe, ukuhlela kabusha, nokubalwa kwezimali (LMS).
• Abasebenzisi abayinhloko: Izikhulu zemalimboleko, abahlaziyi bezikweletu, nabagunyazi (LOS) uma kuqhathaniswa nabasebenzi bokunakekela, amaqembu okuqoqa izikweletu, ababhali bamabhuku, nabaphathi (LMS).
• Isici esidala umthamo: Inani lezicelo zemalimboleko ezingenayo (LOS) uma kuqhathaniswa nobukhulu nobudala bencwadi yemalimboleko esebenzayo (LMS).
• Umphumela oyinhloko: Imalimboleko egunyaziwe, ekhishwe (LOS) uma kuqhathaniswa nebhalansi enembile kanye neleja evumelanisiwe (LMS).

Izinkundla eziningi zikhavara kokubili, futhi iphuzu lokudlulisela phakathi kwazo umcimbi wokukhishwa kwemali. Lapho lezi zimbili ziyizinhlelo ezihlukene, lokho kudlulisela kuwukuhlanganiswa okuvame ukudala izinkinga — imigomo egunyaziwe kufanele idluliselwe ohlelweni lwesevisi ngaphandle kwephutha lokubhala, ngoba uhlelo olukhiqizwa kuleyo migomo luzolawula imalimboleko iminyaka.

Indlela i-LMS ihlobana ngayo nezinhlelo eziseduze

• Uhlelo lwebhange oluyinhloko — inkundla yebhange ephelele ehlanganisa amadiphozithi, izinkokhelo, umgcinimafa kanye nokubolekisa. I-LMS ikhavara ukubolekisa kuphela, futhi ivamile lapho isikhungo singamukeli amadiphozithi noma lapho imojuli yokubolekisa yesistimu eyinhloko inganele emikhiqizweni enikezwayo.
• I-CRM — iphatha ubudlelwano nomzila wamathuba; igcina umlando woxhumana nokusebenzisana, hhayi ibhalansi yemalimboleko enegunya.
• Isofthiwe yokubhala amabhuku — igcina ileja evamile. I-LMS iyileja engaphansi yezimalimboleko, futhi kufanele ivumelane nama-akhawunti okulawula e-GL ngaso sonke isikhathi.
• Isofthiwe yokuqoqa izikweletu — igxile ekuhambeni komsebenzi wokubuyisa izikweletu esigabeni sakamuva nokuphathwa kwama-ejensi. I-LMS iphatha izikweletu ezingakhokhiwe zesigaba sokuqala ngokwemvelo; imisebenzi enzima yokubuyisa ngezinye izikhathi yengeza ithuluzi elikhethekile.
• Isikhungo sokubika izikweletu kanye nemizila yezinkokhelo — izinsizakalo zangaphandle i-LMS ehlangana nazo ukuze ibike ukusebenza komboleki nokuze iqoqe noma ikhiphe izimali.

Izinhlobo zohlelo lokuphathwa kwezimalimboleko

Ngokufakwa. Izinhlelo zefu noma ze-software-as-a-service, ezisingathwa futhi zinakekelwe umthengisi, uma kuqhathaniswa nokufakwa okusendaweni lapho umbolekisi esebenzisa ingqalasizinda. Ifu manje liyindlela eyisisekelo ngaphandle kwezikhungo ezinezibopho eziqinile zokuhlala kwedatha noma izithiyo zengqalasizinda.

Ngokwesigaba. Izinhlelo ezakhelwe i-microfinance nokubolekisa kwamaqembu zihluke kakhulu kulezo ezakhelwe ukunakekelwa kwezimalimboleko zezindlu, ezezimali zezimpahla, ukubolekisa ngomholo noma isikweletu sabathengi esijikelezayo. Umehluko awuwona owokubukeka nje — ukubolekisa kwamaqembu kudinga isibopho esihlanganyelwe nokuqoqwa okusekelwe emihlanganweni; ezezimali zezimpahla zidinga amanani asele namarejista ezimpahla; ukunakekelwa kwezimalimboleko zezindlu kudinga i-escrow nokulungiswa kabusha kwamanani esikhathi eside.

Ngokwendlela. Thenga uhlelo lokuhweba olulungisekayo, yakha ngaphakathi, noma unwebe iphakethe lokubhala amabhuku ngama-spreadsheet. Ukwakha ngaphakathi kuvame ukubukelwa phansi: injini yokubala iyingxenye elula, futhi umkhondo wokucwaninga, ukuvumelanisa, ukuphathwa kokuhlehlisa nokubika okulawulwayo yilapho umzamo wangempela ukhona.

Okufanele kuhlolwe ohlelweni lokuphathwa kwezimalimboleko

• Ukulungiseka komkhiqizo — ingabe izindlela zenzalo zangempela zombolekisi, izakhiwo zezimali ezikhokhwayo, izikhathi zomusa kanye namaphethini okubuyisela kungakwazi ukulungiswa ngaphandle kokuthuthukiswa okukhethekile?
• Imithetho yokwabiwa — ingabe i-waterfall icacile, ayiguquki futhi iyahloleka?
• Ukujula kokubalwa kwezimali — indlela yangempela yokubhala okuphindwe kabili enohlu lwama-akhawunti oluchaziwe, noma ungqimba lokubika olunanyathiselwe kurekhodi lokuthengiselana?
• Amagatsha amaningi nezinhlangano eziningi — ukwehlukaniswa kwezincwadi ngegatsha nokubika okuhlanganisiwe, lapho kufanele khona.
• Izinhlobo eziningi zemali — lapho umbolekisi ebhala izimalimboleko ngezinhlobo ezingaphezu kweyodwa zemali.
• Umkhondo wokuhlola kanye nezimvume — ubani oshintshe ini, nini, futhi ngokugunyazwa kabani; ukufinyelela okusekelwe endimeni nge-maker-checker ezenzweni ezibucayi.
• Ukuphathwa kokuhlehlisa nokulungisa — amaphutha ayenzeka, futhi uhlelo kufanele luwalungise ngaphandle kokucekela phansi umlando.
• Ukuguquguquka kokubika — imibiko evamile kanye nekhono lokukhipha idatha engahluziwe.
• Ukuhlanganiswa — imigudu yezinkokhelo, ukubalwa kwezimali, i-credit bureau, imiyalezo.
• Ukusekelwa kokudluliswa kwedatha — ikhono lokufaka ibhuku elidala elinamabhalansi okuqala alungile nezimo eziqongelelwe.

Izingibe ezivamile zokuqalisa ukusetshenziswa

Ukudluliswa kwamabhalansi okuqala. Ingxenye enzima kakhulu yanoma yikuphi ukuqaliswa kwe-LMS akukhona ukucushwa — kuwukulayisha iphothifoliyo ekhona ukuze, ngosuku lokuqala, inani eliyinhloko elisasele lawo wonke amalimboleko, inzalo eqongelelwe, isimo sezikweletu ezingakhokhiwe kanye nomlando wezinkokhelo konke kulunge. Amabhalansi angahambelani namarekhodi amadala azophikiswa ngababoleki.

Ukungafani kokubalwa kabusha kwenzalo. Uma uhlelo olusha lubala inzalo ngendlela ehluke kancane kunoludala, izimalimboleko ezidlulisiwe zizokhipha amabhalansi ahlukile kumashejuli ababoleki abanawo. Lokhu kufanele kuxazululwe ngamabomu, ngokuvamile ngokuhlonipha ishejuli yokuqala ezimalimbolekweni ezindala.

Ukuchezuka kokucushwa komkhiqizo. Ukucusha imikhiqizo yemalimboleko ngokunganaki, bese uyilungisa ngokushintsha ngesandla, kucekela phansi umkhondo wokuhlola futhi kwenza ukubika kungathembeki.

Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-ledger kubambezelekile. Uma iledger yesekela yezimalimboleko ingahlanganiswa neledger jikelele kusukela ekuqaleni, igebe liyakhula futhi kuba yindleko enkulu ukulivala.

Imibuzo evame ukubuzwa

Uyini umehluko phakathi kohlelo lokuphatha izimalimboleko nesoftware yokunakekela izimalimboleko? Zichaza into efanayo. "Loan servicing software" ivame kakhulu ezimakethe ze-mortgage nezikweletu zabathengi; "loan management system" ivame kakhulu kwezemali ezincane, kuma-SACCO nasekubolekiseni ezimakethe ezisafufusa.