Ubungakanani obuphakathi bemboleko

Ubungakanani obuphakathi bemboleko ngumndilili wexabiso leemboleko kwi ipotfoliyo. Lelinye lawona manani acatshulwa kakhulu ekubolekiseni, kwaye lelinye lawona achazwa ngokungangqinelaniyo, kuba "ubungakanani obuphakathi bemboleko" bunokuthetha amanani amane ahlukeneyo ngokuxhomekeke kwizigqibo ezimbini: nokuba ulinganisa izixa ezikhutshiweyo okanye iibhalansi ezingekahlawulwa, nokuba wahlula ngeemboleko okanye ngababoleki.

Xa lichazwa ngokuchanekileyo, eli nani liphendula umbuzo: buyintoni ubungakanani obuqhelekileyo bengozi kule potfoliyo? Elo nani linye linolwazi oluninzi. Libonisa ukuba leliphi icandelo lemarike eli mbolekisi lisebenza kulo, kakhulu ligqiba ukuba ingaba uqoqosho lweyunithi luyasebenza na, kwaye kwimicrofinance lithathwa njengomqondiso wokuba abathengi bahlwempuzeke kangakanani.

Iindidi ezine

Umndilili wemboleko ekhutshiweyo = Ixabiso elipheleleyo elikhutshiweyo kwixesha elithile ÷ Inani leemboleko ezikhutshiweyo kwelo xesha

Ilinganisa ubungakanani bokubolekisa okutsha. Iluncedo ekulandeleleni oko umbolekisi akukhupayo ngoku kunye nokuthelekisa phakathi kweemveliso okanye amagosa.

Umndilili webhalansi yemboleko engekahlawulwa = Ipotfoliyo yemboleko iyonke ÷ Inani leemboleko ezisebenzayo

Ilinganisa ubungakanani bengozi yangoku. Ihlala iphantsi kunomndilili okhutshiweyo kwipotfoliyo enciphayo, kuba iimali-mboleko zihlawulwa ngokuyinxenye.

Umndilili webhalansi yemboleko ngomboleki ngamnye = Ipotfoliyo yemboleko iyonke ÷ Inani lababoleki abasebenzayo

Iphakamile kunenani lemboleko nganye apho ababoleki baneemboleko ezingaphezu kwesinye. Le yindlela esetyenziselwa uhlalutyo lokufikelela, kuba ibonisa ubungakanani bengozi obupheleleyo emntwini kunokuba ibonise kwiakhawunti.

I-median yobungakanani bemboleko — indawo ephakathi kunokuba ibe ngumndilili. Ngokufuthi inolwazi olungcono kunomndilili, ngezizathu ezichazwe ngezantsi.

Umzekelo osonjululweyo

Umbolekisi onepotfoliyo yemboleko iyonke ye-2,400,000 engekahlawulwa kwiimali-mboleko ezisebenzayo ezingama-800 eziphethwe ngababoleki abasebenzayo abangama-640, ekhuphe iimali-mboleko eziyi-1,200 ezifikelela kwi-4,800,000 kunyaka ophelileyo:

• Umndilili wemboleko ekhutshiweyo: 4,800,000 ÷ 1,200 = 4,000
• Umndilili webhalansi yemboleko engekahlawulwa: 2,400,000 ÷ 800 = 3,000
• Umndilili webhalansi yemboleko ngomboleki ngamnye: 2,400,000 ÷ 640 = 3,750

Iimpendulo ezintathu ezithethelelekayo ezivela kwipotfoliyo enye. Naluphi na uthelekiso lwangaphandle olungachazi ukuba yeyiphi esetyenziswayo aluthelekiso.

Ubungakanani obuphakathi bemboleko njengesalathisi sobunzulu bokufikelela

Kwimicrofinance isenzo esiqhelekileyo kukuchaza umndilili webhalansi yemboleko ngomboleki ngamnye njengepesenti yengeniso yelizwe iyonke ngomntu ngamnye:

Ubunzulu bokufikelela = Umndilili webhalansi yemboleko ngomboleki ngamnye ÷ I-GNI ngomntu ngamnye

Ingqiqo yeyokuba abathengi abahlwempuzekileyo baboleka izixa ezincinci xa kuthelekiswa nengeniso yelizwe, ngoko umlinganiselo ophantsi ubonisa ukuba iziko lifikelela nzulu emarikeni. Umgaqo osetyenziswa ngokubanzi uthatha umlinganiselo ongaphantsi malunga neepesenti ezingamashumi amabini njengesalathisi sokunceda abathengi abahlwempuzeke kakhulu, kwaye imilinganiselo ephezulu ibonisa amacandelo angenabuhlwempu kangako.

Ukwahlula nge-GNI ngomntu ngamnye kukwenza ukuba eli nani lithelekiseke kumazwe ahlukeneyo — umndilili webhalansi we-400 uthetha into eyahluke kakhulu kuqoqosho olunengeniso ephantsi kunakoluphakathi.

Esi salathisi sinobuthathaka obaziwayo kwaye kufuneka sithathwe njengomqondiso kunokuba sithathwe njengomlinganiselo:

• Ubungakanani bemboleko bubonisa oko umthengi anakho ukuhlawula, okuphenjelelwa kukuyilwa kwemveliso, ukhuphiswano kunye neesilingi zombolekisi ngokwakhe, hayi kuphela bubuhlwempu.
• I-GNI yelizwe ngomntu ngamnye ayithethi kangako ngolwabiwo lwengeniso umbolekisi asebenza kulo ngokwenene — umbolekisi onceda i-quintile ehlwempuzeke kakhulu yelizwe elinengeniso ephakathi uya kubonisa umlinganiselo ophezulu.
• Lo mlinganiselo ubamba umthengi kwinqanaba elithile lomjikelo wemboleko, ngoko ipotfoliyo egxile kubaboleki bomjikelo wokuqala ibonakala inzulu kuneziko elifanayo xa lilinganiswa kunyaka kamva.
• Ayithethi nto malunga nokuba abathengi bangcono na.

Kutheni ubungakanani bemboleko obuphakathi bubalulekile

Uqoqosho lweyunithi

Inxalenye enkulu yeendleko zemboleko yindleko esisigxina kwiakhawunti nganye: uvavanyo, amaxwebhu, ukukhutshwa kwemali, ukubeka esweni, ukuqokelela, iingxelo. Ezo ndleko azitshintshi kangako ngesixa esibolekiweyo. Ngoko ke okukhona ubungakanani bemboleko obuphakathi buba ncinci, kokukhona iindleko ngeyunithi nganye yepotfoliyo ziba phezulu, kwaye kokukhona izinga lenzala elifunekayo ukuhlawula oko liba phezulu.

Le yeyona nyaniso iphambili yezoqoqosho malunga nokubolekisa ngezixa ezincinci, kwaye icacisa uninzi lomahluko wezinga phakathi kwe-microfinance namatyala aqhelekileyo. Ikwathetha ukuba ubungakanani bemboleko obuphakathi yeyona nto inamandla ekumiseleni ukuba umlinganiselo weendleko zokusebenza weziko unokuba yintoni ngokunokwenzeka.

Imveliso yamagosa

Umthwalo wamatyala wegosa lemboleko uhamba ngokuchaseneyo nobungakanani bemboleko. Amagosa aphethe iimboleko zamaqela amancinci alawula ababoleki abaninzi kakhulu kunamagosa avavanya amatyala e-SME ngabanye. Ukuthelekisa imveliso yamagosa kumaziko ngaphandle kokulungelelanisa ubungakanani bemboleko obuphakathi kuvelisa izigqibo ezingenantsingiselo.

Umngcipheko wokuxinana

Umyinge onyukayo, ngakumbi ubuninzi obunyukayo ecaleni kwawo, kuthetha ukuba isabelo esikhulayo sepotfoliyo sixhomekeke kwinani elincinci lababoleki. Imida yomboleki omnye phantsi kwezikhokelo zokulumka ikho kanye ukunqanda oku.

Ukuchongwa kwecandelo

Ubungakanani bemboleko obuphakathi sesona salathisi sikhawulezayo sento eyenziwa ngumbolekisi ngokwenene, nokuba uzichaza njani. Iziko elizibiza ngokuba ngumbolekisi wemali encinci elinentsalela ephakathi enamanani amahlanu lenza ukubolekisa kwe-SME.

Yintoni eqhuba ubungakanani bemboleko obuphakathi

Umxube wemveliso. Iimboleko ezingxamisekileyo, ii-advances zeefizi zesikolo nee-advances zemivuzo zehlisa umyinge. Izimali ze-asethi, iimboleko zoshishino nezezolimo ziwunyusa.

Ubude bexesha lomthengi. Ukubolekisa okuqhubela phambili kuthetha ukuba umjikelo ngamnye ophumeleleyo uvula imboleko enkulu, ngoko ke isiseko sabathengi esiba nexesha elide sinyusa umyinge ngaphandle kotshintsho kumgaqo-nkqubo.

Indlela yokusebenza. Ukubhankisha kwelali kunye nokubolekisa kwamaqela obumbano kusebenza ngezixa ezincinci zomntu ngamnye ngokuyilwa. Ukubolekisa komntu ngamnye kuqala phezulu kwaye kuqhubela phambili ngakumbi.

Ukhuphiswano. Apho ababolekisi abaninzi baleqa abathengi abafanayo, ubungakanani bemboleko buvame ukunyuka njengoko amaziko ekhuphisana ngesixa — nto leyo ekwayindlela yokwakheka kokutyala ngokugqithisileyo emarikeni.

Isicwangciso sangabom. Ukunyukela kwimarike ephezulu kunyusa umyinge ngokukhawuleza, kuba inani elincinci leemboleko ezinkulu litshintsha umyinge kakhulu.

Ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kunye nemali. Kuqoqosho olunokunyuka kwamaxabisookuphezulu umyinge wexabiso langoku unyuka minyaka le ngaphandle kotshintsho ngokwexabiso lokwenene kwaphela. Ukuthelekisa imiyinge yamaxabiso angoku kwiminyaka eyahlukeneyo kwimarike enjalo kuyalahlekisa.

Ubungakanani bemboleko obuphakathi kunye nokuphambuka kwenjongo

Ukunyuka komlinganiselo ophakathi wobungakanani bemboleko bubungqina obukhankanywa kakhulu bokutenxa kwinjongo — iziko elasekwa ukuze lincede abathengi abahluphekayo lithe chu lisiya kwabo bakwimo engcono, kuba iimali-mboleko ezinkulu zibiza kancinci ukulawula ngeyunithi nganye ebolekiweyo kwaye zithwala izinga eliphantsi lokulahleka.

Inkxalabo leyo ifanelekile, kodwa ukunyuka komlinganiselo ophakathi bubungqina obubuthathaka ngokwabo. Ubuncinane iinkcazelo ezine ezingenabungozi zivelisa uphawu olufanayo:

• Ukunyukela kwabathengi. Ukuphumelela kwababoleki abakhoyo nokuthatha iimali-mboleko ezinkulu sisiphumo semodeli eyilelwe ukuvelisa.
• Ukunyuka kwamaxabiso. Ukukhula okungokwezibalo kuphela ngaphandle kotshintsho lokwenyani.
• Ukuvuthwa kwepotfoliyo. Ipotfoliyo esencinci ineemboleko ezininzi zomjikelo wokuqala ngokomlinganiselo.
• Ukwandiswa kweemveliso. Ukongeza imveliso yenkxaso-mali yempahla okanye yeSME kunyusa umlinganiselo ophakathi odityanisiweyo ngelixa imveliso yokuqala ingatshintshanga.

Ukwahlula ukutenxa kwezi zinto kufuna ukujonga ngaphaya komndilili: ukwabiwa kobungakanani bemboleko endaweni yomndilili, ubungakanani obuphakathi beemboleko zomjikelo wokuqala ngokukodwa, inani labathengi abangaphantsi komda omiselweyo, nokuba icandelo leemboleko ezincinci liyancipha ngokwemiqathango epheleleyo okanye kuphela ngesabelo.

Iimpazamo eziqhelekileyo

Ukuthelekisa iintlobo ezingenakuthelekiswa. Umlinganiselo ophakathi okhutshiweyo ngokuchasene nomlinganiselo ophakathi ongekahlawulwa, okanye ngeboleko nganye ngokuchasene nomboleki ngamnye. Umahluko mkhulu kwaye uhleli ulandela indlela ethile.

Ukunika ingxelo ngomndilili apho ukwabiwa kugqwethekile. Ipotfoliyo eneemboleko ezili-199 ze-1,000 kunye nemboleko enye ye-500,000 inomndilili we-3,495 kunye ne-median ye-1,000. Umndilili awuchazi namnye umboleki wokwenyani. Apho iimali-mboleko ezimbalwa ezinkulu zihlala ecaleni kwezincinci ezininzi — nto leyo eyiyo kwiipotfoliyo ezininzi eziye zongeza imveliso yeSME — i-median kunye nokwabiwa kuchaza ngcono kunomndilili.

Ibhalsansi yexesha elithile kunokuba ibhalsansi yomndilili wexesha. Umfanekiso omnye wokuphela kwenyanga ugqwethwa kukukhutshwa kwemali kunye nexesha lokuhlawula. Ukwenza umndilili webhalansi zenyanga kulo lonke ixesha kuzinzile ngakumbi.

Iidenomineyitha ezingahambelaniyo. Ukubandakanya okanye ukungabandakanyi iimali-mboleko ezicinyiweyo, iimali-mboleko ezisemva kwentlawulo, ii-akhawunti ezileleyo kunye neemvume ezingekakhutshwa kuyalitshintsha inani. Umgaqo kufuneka ubhalwe phantsi kwaye usetyenziswe ngendlela efanayo kwixesha ngalinye.

Ukubhidanisa ababoleki nee-akhawunti. Apho umboleki omnye eneemboleko ezintathu, ukwahlula ngeemboleko kwenza utyekezo lwemali ngomntu ngamnye lubonakale luphantsi ngesibini kwezithathu.

Ukungahoyi ubume beqela. Kwinkqubo yokuboleka ngokwamaqela imali-mboleko inokubhalwa phantsi kwiqela. Nokuba inani lababoleki ngamaqela okanye amalungu liyalitshintsha inani ngomlinganiselo ophindwe kalishumi.

Ukuxuba iimali zamazwe ngamazwe. Ipotfoliyo eneemali ezininzi ifuna isiseko sokuguqula esichaziweyo kunye nomhla, kungenjalo umlinganiselo ophakathi uhamba ngeqondo lotshintshiselwano kunokuba uhambe ngenxa yokuboleka.

Ukuthelekisa okungokwezibalo kuphela kwiminyaka kwiimarike ezinokunyuka kwamaxabiso. Ngaphandle kokulungisa ukunyuka kwamaxabiso, umlinganiselo ulinganisa ukunyuka kwamaxabiso.

Indlela yokuyibala ngokuthethelelekayo

• Chaza ukuba yeyiphi kwiindidi ezine onika ingxelo ngayo, ngalo lonke ixesha.
• Sebenzisa i-avareji yeebhalansi zexesha kunokuba usebenzise umfanekiso nje omnye.
• Chaza ngokucacileyo amanani eemali-mboleko ezisebenzayo kunye nawababoleki abasebenzayo, kwaye ugcine le nkcazelo ingaguquki.
• Xela i-median kunye nokusasazwa ecaleni komndilili.
• Yahlula ngemveliso, isebe, indlela yokusebenza kunye nomjikelo wabathengi phambi kokuba ufikelele kwizigqibo kwinani elixutyiweyo.
• Bonisa amanani e-real kwakunye namanani e-nominal apho ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kubalulekile.
• Kuhlalutyo lokufikelela, sebenzisa i-avareji yebhalansi ngomboleki ngamnye ngokwe-GNI yomntu ngamnye, kwaye uthathe isiphumo njengesalathiso.