Igosa lemali-mboleko / igosa letyala

Igosa lemboleko ngumsebenzi onoxanduva lweqela lababoleki, ukususela kuqhagamshelwano lokuqala ukuya kutsho ekubuyiselweni kokugqibela. Indima ibandakanya ukufumana abafaki-zicelo, ukuqokelela nokuqinisekisa ulwazi, ukuvavanya amandla okubuyisela, ukucebisa ngesigqibo setyala, kwaye emva koko ukulandela imboleko ebomini bayo bonke ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba iyabuyiselwa.

Igama elithi igosa letyala lisetyenziswa ngokutshintshisanayo kumaziko amaninzi abolekisayo. Apho ezi zimbini zahlulwa khona, umahluko udla ngokuba ngowokugxininisa: igosa lemboleko lijongene nomthengi kwaye lingumnini wepotfoliyo, ngelixa igosa letyala lisondele kuhlalutyo nomgaqo-nkqubo, liphonononga izindululo eziqalwe ngabanye. Kwi-microfinance, iimanyano zokonga namatyala (ii-SACCO) namashishini amancinci abolekisayo, ezi ndima phantse zihlala zingumsebenzi omnye phantsi kwamagama ahlukeneyo.

Ezinye iinguqulelo eziqhelekileyo zibandakanya igosa lentsimi, igosa lobudlelwane, igosa le-akhawunti, igosa lophuhliso lweshishini kunye nomhlalutyi wetyala. Izihloko zemisebenzi ziyahluka ngokweziko ngaphezu kakhulu kokwahluka kwemisebenzi engundoqo.

Uphawu oluphambili lwale ndima kukuubunini bepotfoliyo. Igosa lemboleko alivavanywa ngeentengiselwano ezenziweyo kodwa ngokuba ingaba iqela elichaziweyo lababoleki liyabuyisela na.

Igosa lemboleko ngokuchasene negosa letyala nomhlalutyi wetyala

Igosa lemboleko

• Ingqwalasela ephambili: Ubudlelwane nomthengi kunye nokusebenza kwepotfoliyo
• Uqhagamshelwano nomthengi: Liphezulu, amaxesha amaninzi kusetyenzwa ekuhlaleni
• Ungumnini wepotfoliyo: Ewe
• Uvuma iimali-mboleko: Udla ngokucebisa kuphela
• Imeko eqhelekileyo: Microfinance, ii-SACCO, ukubolekisa kubathengi nakuma-SME

Igosa letyala

• Ingqwalasela ephambili: Uvavanyo nokuthobela umgaqo-nkqubo wetyala
• Uqhagamshelwano nomthengi: Okuphakathi
• Ungumnini wepotfoliyo: Ngamanye amaxesha
• Uvuma iimali-mboleko: Angaba nomda omncinci
• Imeko eqhelekileyo: Iibhanki kunye nababolekisi abakhulu

Umhlalutyi wetyala

• Ugxininiso oluphambili: Uhlalutyo lwezemali lwezindululo
• Uqhagamshelwano nomxhasi: Luphantsi
• Ungumnini wepotfoliyo: Ngokunqabileyo
• Uvuma iimali-mboleko: Hayi
• Imeko eqhelekileyo: Ukubolekisa kwezorhwebo nakumashishini amakhulu

Kumaziko anabasebenzi abangaphantsi kwesithuba esimalunga namashumi amahlanu, ezi nkcazelo zintathu zidla ngokudityaniswa zibe yindima enye.

Imisebenzi engundoqo

Ukufumana nokufunyanwa kwabaxhasi

Ukuchonga abo banokuba ngababoleki ngokutyelela iimarike, iintlanganiso zamaqela, iindlela zokudluliselwa kwabaxhasi, uthungelwano loluntu kunye nobudlelwane obukhoyo nabaxhasi. Kumaziko amaninzi igosa likwangoyena ndlela iphambili yokuqokelela iidiphozithi okanye imali yokonga.

Ukufakwa nokuqinisekiswa kwesicelo

Ukurekhoda isicelo, ukuqokelela izazisi namaxwebhu axhasayo, ukuqinisekisa ishishini okanye umthombo wengeniso ngokutyelela indawo, nokuqinisekisa ubukho nemo yaso nasiphi na isibambiso esinikiweyo.

Uvavanyo lwetyala

Ukwakha umfanekiso wamandla okuhlawula — ukuhamba kwemali kweshishini okanye kwikhaya, izibophelelo ezikhoyo zamatyala, iirekhodi zeofisi yamatyala, iingqinisekiso ngesimilo, kunye isikhundla seqela apho kufanelekileyo. Oku kukhokelela kwingcebiso ngesixa, ixesha kunye nolwakhiwo olunokwahluka koko kucelwe ngumboleki.

Ingcebiso nokunikezelwa

Ukulungisa isindululo setyala nokusinikezela kuye nabani na onegunya lokugqiba. Igosa phantse alikhe lizivume iimali-mboleko zalo; isindululo singena kwinkqubo yokuvunywa apho sihanjiswa ngokwesixa nomngcipheko.

Ukuququzelela ukukhutshwa kwemali

Ukuqinisekisa ukuba amaxwebhu emali-mboleko ayasayinwa, isibambiso sigqityezelwa, kwaye umboleki uyasiqonda ishedyuli yokuhlawula, iintlawulo kunye neziphumo zokusilela ukuhlawula phambi kokuba imali ikhutshwe.

Ukubeka esweni ukuhlawula kunye nokuqokelela

Ukulandelela ipotfoliyo ngokuhambelana neshedyuli, ukuqhagamshelana nabo babolekayo phambi nasemva kwemihla yokuhlawula, ukutyelela abo basilelayo, nokuthethathethana ngamalungiselelo okubuyisela. Lo ngumsebenzi wokunakekelwa kwemali-mboleko omisela ukuba ingaba imali-mboleko evavanywe kakuhle iyasebenza ngokwenene na.

Amatyala asemva nokubuyiswa

Ukunyusa ukungahlawuli okuqhubekayo, ukucebisa ukuhlengahlengisa apho ubunzima bomboleki obuyexeshana, nokuqalisa ukubuyiswa kwisibambiso okanye kubaqinisekisi apho bungekho njalo.

Ukufundisa abaxhasi nokugcinwa kwabo

Ukucacisa iimveliso, ukulawula ukuboleka okuphindaphindiweyo nokunyusela ababoleki ukuya kwiimali ezinkulu, nokugcina ababoleki abalungileyo — ngokuqhelekileyo kunexabiso eliphantsi kakhulu kunokufumana abatsha.

Indlela amagosa emali-mboleko alinganiswa ngayo

Ukusebenza kuvavanywa ngokubanzi kwiinkalo ezine, kwaye ulungelelwano phakathi kwazo lubumba indlela yokuziphatha kwegosa ngaphezu kwalo naluphi na uxwebhu lomgaqo-nkqubo.

Umgangatho wepotfoliyo

• Ipotfoliyo esemngciphekweni kwincwadi yegosa ngokwalo, edla ngokuba yi-PAR 30.
• Izinga lokuhlawula ngexesha
• Inani lee-akhawunti ezingena kumanqanaba obudala obungaphaya kweentsuku ezingama-30.
• Izinga lokucinywa kweemali-mboleko eziqalwe ligosa.

Ukukhula kwepotfoliyo

• Ixabiso leemali-mboleko ezikhutshiweyo kwixesha.
• Inani leemali-mboleko ezikhutshiweyo.
• Ixabiso lepotfoliyo eshiyekileyo ekupheleni kwexesha.
• Ukukhula okucocekileyo kwepotfoliyo emva kweentlawulo.

Umthwalo wamatyala kunye nemveliso

• Inani lababoleki abasebenzayo abalawulwayo.
• Izicelo ezicutshungulwayo ngenyanga.
• Ixesha eliqhelekileyo lokuphendula ukusuka kwisicelo ukuya kwisigqibo.

Iziphumo zabaxhasi

• Izinga lokugcinwa kwabaxhasi nokuboleka okuphindaphindiweyo.
• Izinga lokuyeka
• Ubuninzi bezikhalazo

Imithwalo yamatyala eqhelekileyo

Umthwalo wamatyala uhluka kakhulu ngokwendlela yokusebenza nangokwejografi. Amagosa okubolekisa ngamaqela kwiimarike ezixineneyo zasezidolophini anokulawula amakhulu aliqela ababoleki abasebenzayo kuba iintlanganiso zisingatha abaxhasi abaninzi ngaxeshanye. Amagosa okubolekisa ngabanye avavanya amashishini amancinci ahlala ephethe abambalwa kakhulu, kuba imali-mboleko nganye ifuna utyelelo lwesiza kunye nohlalutyo lokuhamba kwemali. Amagosa okubolekisa kuma-SME anokulawula ubudlelwane obumalunga namashumi ambalwa. Ukuthelekisa imveliso yamagosa kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo ngaphandle kokulungelelanisa oku akunantsingiselo.

Uyilo lwenkuthazo kunye nobungozi bayo

Uninzi lwamaziko luhlawula amagosa emali-mboleko umvuzo osisiseko kunye nenkuthazo yokusebenza. Indlela eyakhiwe ngayo loo nkuthazo sesinye sezigqibo ezinempembelelo enkulu kwishishini lokubolekisa.

Iinkuthazo zomthamo kuphela zivelisa ukubolekisa ngokugqithisileyo ngokuthembekileyo. Amagosa avuma ababoleki abasemngciphekweni, akhuthaza iimali-mboleko ezinkulu kunokuba umthamo wokuhlawula unokuxhasa, kwaye atyhala ukukhutshwa kwemali ukuya kwiithagethi zokuphela kwenyanga.

Izibonelelo ezixhomekeke kumgangatho zisisilungiso esiqhelekileyo: iibhonasi zokukhula nokukhutshwa kwemali zihlawulwa kuphela ukuba umgangatho wepotfoliyo wegosa uhlala ngaphakathi komda, ngokuqhelekileyo i-PAR 30 ingaphantsi kwepesenti ebekiweyo. Ukuphuma ngaphandle komda kulahlekisa ibhonasi ngokupheleleyo kunokuba kuyinciphise ngokomlinganiselo.

Izinto ezihlehlisiweyo nezibuyiselwayo zijongana nexesha. Imali-mboleko ekhutshwe kwinyanga enye isenokungabonakalisi ngxaki kangangeenyanga ezintandathu. Ukubamba inxalenye yenkuthazo de iimali-mboleko zivuthwe, okanye ukuyibuyisela kwangoko xa kukho ukungahlawulwa kwangethuba, kumanyanisa igosa nesiphumo sokwenyani endaweni yesiganeko sokukhutshwa kwemali.

Imilinganiselo yeziphumo zomxhasi — ukugcinwa, ukuyeka, izikhalazo — zikhusela kwimeko yokusilela apho umgangatho wepotfoliyo ugcinwa ngeendlela zokuqokelela ezingqwabalala ezonakalisa ukuma kweziko.

Izakhono neemfaneleko

Iimfuno ezisesikweni zidla ngokuba ncinane: imfundo yasesekondari okanye ephakamileyo, edla ngokuba kwezoshishino, ezemali, ezolimo okanye icandelo elinxulumeneyo, kunye noqeqesho lwetyala oluthile lweziko olunikezelwa xa kungenwa.

Izakhono ezahlula ngokwenene ukusebenza kunzima ukuzihlola:

• Ukuqiqa ngokuhamba kwemali. Ukuphinda kwakhiwe iimali zeshishini elingekho sesikweni elingenazo iirekhodi ezibhaliweyo, kusetyenziswa ukubalwa kwempahla, iipateni zokuthenga kunye nengeniso yemihla ngemihla.
• Ithuku lokuqinisekisa. Ukuqaphela xa ingeniso echaziweyo, ivenkile ebolekiweyo okanye ireferensi eqeqeshiweyo ingahambelani.
• Iincoko ezinzima. Ukulandelela amatyala ashiyekileyo ngokuqinileyo ngaphandle kokutshabalalisa ubudlelwane okanye isidima seziko kuluntu.
• Ulwazi lwendawo. Ukuqonda iipateni zengeniso zamaxesha onyaka, imijikelo yeemarike kunye nezakhiwo zoluntu ngokwaneleyo ukugweba ukuba ingaba ishedyuli yokuhlawula inokwenzeka na.
• Ukuqeqesheka kokugcinwa kweerekhodi. Ukubhalwa okuchanekileyo, nangexesha elifanelekileyo endle, kuba yonke into elandelayo ixhomekeke kuko.
• Imfezeko yobuqu. Indima idibanisa ukukhethwa kwabaxhasi, ukuqokelelwa kolwazi kwaye ngokufuthi ukuphathwa kwemali, nto leyo eyenza kanye ukuba ulawulo olujikelezileyo lubaluleke.

Ulawulo olujikeleze indima

Indima yegosa lemali-mboleko iqokelela imisebenzi emininzi apho imigaqo yolawulo lwangaphakathi ibingathanda ukuyahlula. Izithomalalisi eziqhelekileyo ziquka:

• Akukho ukuzivumela. Amagosa ayacebisa; omnye umntu ugunyazisa. Oku kusebenza kungakhathaliseki ukuba yimalini.
• Ukuqinisekiswa okuzimeleyo. Iisampulu zotyelelo lweendawo kunye nokufowunelwa kwakhona kwabaxhasi ngumphathi okanye uphicotho lwangaphakathi, ukuqinisekisa ukuba ababoleki bakhona, bafumene isixa esipheleleyo, kwaye banemigaqo ebhaliweyo.
• Imida yokuphatha imali. Apho amagosa eqokelela ebaleni, ulawulo lwabantu ababini, ukufakwa ebhankini kwangolo suku nokuthelekiswa kweerisithi nokufakwa kwirekhodi.
• Ukujikeleziswa kwepotfoliyo. Ukwabela ngokutsha amagosa ngamaxesha athile kumasebe ahlukeneyo okanye kumaqela abathengi, nto leyo etyhila iingxaki ezifihlwe kwipotfoliyo ekudala iphethwe.
• Ikhefu elisisinyanzelo. Ukungabikho okuqhubekayo kwexesha elimiselweyo, apho igosa elingena endaweni lisebenza ipotfoliyo.
• Ulawulo lohlengahlengiso. Ukucwangciswa ngokutsha kulawulwa ngenyathelo lokuvunywa, kuba ukuphindaphinda ukuxhasa ngokutsha amatyala asileleyo — evergreening — yeyona ndlela iqhelekileyo yokufihla ipotfoliyo ewohlokayo.

Iindlela zobuqhophololo ezaziwayo ekujoliswe kuzo zezi zilawulo ziquka ababoleki abangekhoyo, ukukhutshwa kwengxenye yemali intsalela igcinwe, imali eqokelelweyo ifakwa epokothweni ize ifihlwe ngeerisithi zamva, nokurhoxiswa kweentlawulo okunikelwa ngenxa yenzuzo yobuqu.

Indima kwi-microfinance

Amagosa emali-mboleko angumbindi wokusebenza we-microfinance, kwaye indima yawo yahlukile ekubolekeni kwebhanki ngeendlela ezininzi.

Umsebenzi owenziwa ebaleni. Uninzi losuku luchithwa kude ne-ofisi — ezimarikeni, kwiintlanganiso zamaqela, nakwiindawo zabathengi. Uvavanyo lwenzeka apho ishishini likhoyo, hayi phezu kwedesika.

Izinto ezithatha indawo yedatha esemthethweni. Apho ababoleki bengenazo iingxelo zemali, bengenalo iphepha lomvuzo kwaye amaxesha amaninzi bengenayo imbali yetyala, ukubona kwegosa ngokwalo nolwazi lweqela ngelungu zezona zinto ezisetyenziselwa ukwenza isigqibo.

Indlela yokusebenza ngamaqela. Phantsi koxanduva oludityanelweyo, igosa lemali-mboleko liququzelela ukusekwa kwamaqela, lizimasa iintlanganiso, kwaye lithembela ekukhethweni koontanga noxinzelelo loontanga ukwenza inxalenye yomsebenzi wokuhlola nokuqokelela.

Ukuqhubekeka kobudlelwane. Igosa elifanayo lidla ngokujongana nomthengi kwimijikelo yemali-mboleko elandelanayo, ngoko ke ukunyuselwa kwiimali ezinkulu kuxhomekeke kwirekhodi yegosa ngomboleki.

Izixhobo zeselula. Ukufakwa kwedatha ebaleni ngeefowuni okanye iithebhulethi, kunye nokukwazi ukusebenza ngaphandle kwe-intanethi, ngoku kusemgangathweni, kuthatha indawo iifom zephepha eziphinda zifakwe kwisebe.

Ukukhula emsebenzini

Indlela eqhelekileyo iqala kwigosa eliphantsi okanye eliqeqeshwayo ukuya kwigosa lemali-mboleko, emva koko ibe ligosa eliphezulu elinepotfoliyo enkulu okanye entsonkothileyo, emva koko ibe ngumphathi wesebe okanye isuphavayiza enomda wokuvunywa. Ukusuka apho kuvuleka iindlela eziya kulawulo lwetyala, ulawulo lwengingqi, uphicotho lwangaphakathi, uphuhliso lweemveliso kunye nokusebenza. Ukutshintsha ukusuka kwigosa ukuya kumphathi wesebe yeyona nto ibalulekileyo, kuba kushenxisa umntu ekucebiseni izigqibo ukuya ekuzigunyaziseni.

Imibuzo ebuzwa rhoqo

Yintoni ebangela ukutshintsha kwamagosa emali-mboleko? Umsebenzi wasebaleni, uxinzelelo lokuqokelela, iinkqubo zenkuthazo ezibonwa njengezingenakufikeleleka, nokuthatha ipotfoliyo ecinezelekileyo evela kugxa oshiyayo. Ukutshintsha kwamagosa kuyabiza kuba ubudlelwane nabathengi nolwazi lwasekuhlaleni olungabhalwanga luhamba negosa.

Ingaba indima iyazenzekela? Ukufakwa kwesicelo, ukufakwa kwamanqaku, ukucwangciswa kunye nezikhumbuzo ziya kwenziwa ngoomatshini ngokwandayo. Ukuqinisekiswa kwengeniso engekho sikweni, ukugweba isimilo, kunye nothethathethwano lwamatyala ashiyekileyo kungqineke kunzima kakhulu ukutshintshwa, ngakumbi apho ababoleki bengenazo iinkcukacha zetyala ezaneleyo.