Ukubolekisa ngeqela / ukubolekisa ngobumbano

Ukubolekisa ngeqela yindlela yokubolekisa apho iimali-mboleko zinikwa ababoleki abahlelwe babe ngamaqela amancinane oontanga kunokuba bahlolwe nje njengabantu ngabanye. Iqela lithatha inxaxheba ekukhetheni amalungu alo, lihlangana rhoqo, kwaye lithwala uxanduva oluthile olwabelwanayo malunga nokubuyiswa kwemali — endaweni yesibambiso, amaxwebhu asesikweni kunye nembali yetyala kusetyenziswa ubume bentlalo nokuphenduliswa koontanga.

Ukubolekisa ngobumbano yeyona ndlela ixhaphakileyo yokubolekisa ngeqela, apho iqela elincinane lababoleki (ngokuqhelekileyo amalungu amathathu ukuya kwiasixhenxe) liqinisekisana ngeemali-mboleko zabo. Amagama la adla ngokusetyenziswa ngokufanayo, nangona ukubolekisa ngeqela kuludidi olubanzi kwaye ukubolekisa ngobumbano ngokuthe ngqo kuthetha ukuqinisekisana.

Le ndlela ikho ukuze isombulule ingxaki ethile: ukubolekisa okuqhelekileyo akunakukwazi ukuhlola okanye ukukhusela imali-mboleko encinane kakhulu kumboleki ongenasibambiso, ongenazo iingxelo zezimali nongenafayile yetyala. Ukubolekisa ngeqela kudlulisela inxalenye yaloo msebenzi — ukuhlola, ukubeka iliso nokunyanzelisa — kubantu abanokuwenza ngexabiso eliphantsi kakhulu nangokuchaneka ngakumbi kunegosa lokubolekisa: abamelwane bomboleki.

Indlela Ukubolekisa Ngeqela Okusebenza Ngayo

1. Ukusekwa kweqela

Ababoleki abanokubakho bayazikhethela ukungena eqeleni. Ukuzikhethela akuyonto ilula yolawulo — yeyona ndlela ingundoqo yokuhlola. Amalungu ngokuqhelekileyo kufuneka abe avela kuluntu olunye, abe kwinqanaba lezoqoqosho elifanayo ngokubanzi, kwaye abe avela kwimizi eyahlukeneyo, ukuze ukothuka okunye kungachaphazeli lonke iqela.

2. Uqeqesho noqheliso

Umbolekisi unikezela uqeqesho olufutshane olunyanzelekileyo ngeemigaqo yemveliso, iimbopheleko zokubuyiswa, iimfuno zokonga kunye nemithetho yeqela phambi kokuba nayiphi na imali-mboleko ikhutshwe. Ukubakho ngokuqhelekileyo yimeko efunekayo yokufaneleka.

3. Ukuqinisekisana

Amalungu aqinisekisana ngeemali-mboleko zawo. Phantsi koxanduva olungqongqo oluhlanganyelweyo, ukusilela kwelinye ilungu kuluxanduva lweqela lonke; phantsi kwamalungiselelo athambileyo, iintsalela zetyala zithintela ukufikelela kweqela kwelinye ityala ngaphandle kokudala imbophelelo yesivumelwano yokuhlawula ityala lelungu elinye.

4. Ukukhutshwa ngezigaba okanye ngaxeshanye

Ezinye iindlela zikhupha iimali-mboleko kuwo onke amalungu ngaxeshanye. Ezinye zikhupha ngokwezigaba — iqela lokuqala lifumana iimali-mboleko, kwaye abaseleyo bafaneleka kuphela xa iintlawulo zihlangabezana — nto leyo enika ilungu ngalinye umdla okhawulezileyo kwindlela yokuziphatha kwabanye.

5. Iintlanganiso zeqela rhoqo

Iintlawulo, iidiphozithi zokonga kunye nezicelo ezitsha zisingathwa kwintlanganiso ecwangcisiweyo yeqela okanye yeziko, edla ngokuba qho ngeveki, qho kwiiveki ezimbini okanye qho ngenyanga. Ukuhlawula esidlangalaleni kungundoqo kwingqiqo yokunyanzelisa.

6. Imijikelo eqhubela phambili

Ukuhlawula ngempumelelo kuvula iimali-mboleko ezinkulu kumjikelo olandelayo kwiqela namalungu alo, nto leyo edala inkuthazo eqhubekayo yokugcina irekhodi leqela.

Iintlobo Eziphambili Zokubolekisa Ngamaqela

• Iqela lobumbano - Ubungakanani beqela: amalungu ama-3–7, ahlala edityaniswa kwiziko

  • Umthombo wemali: Umbolekisi
  • Iimpawu eziphambili: isiqinisekiso esihlanganyelweyo, iintlanganiso rhoqo, ubukhulu bemboleko obukhulayo

• Ibhanki yaselalini / ibhanki yoluntu - Ubungakanani beqela: amalungu ali-15–30+

  • Umthombo wemali: Umbolekisi, kunye nokonga lwamalungu lwangaphakathi
  • Iimpawu eziphambili: Iqela lilawula iakhawunti yangaphakathi kwaye liphinde libolekise ukonga lwamalungu ecaleni kwemboleko yangaphandle

• Iqela lokuzinceda (SHG) - Ubungakanani beqela: amalungu ali-10–20

  • Umthombo wemali: Ukonga lwamalungu kuqala, emva koko imali-mboleko yebhanki eya kwiqela
  • Iimpawu eziphambili: Iqela liyonga kwaye libolekisa ngaphakathi ngaphambi kokudityaniswa nebhanki; imali-mboleko inikwa iqela, hayi umntu ngamnye

• Iqela loxanduva oluhlanganyelweyo (JLG) - Ubungakanani beqela: amalungu ama-4–10

  • Umthombo wemali: Umbolekisi
  • Iimpawu eziphambili: isiqinisekiso esisemthethweni esihlanganyelweyo, iiakhawunti zemboleko zomntu ngamnye, kuqhelekile ekubolekiseni kwezolimo

• Amaqela okonga (VSLA / ASCA / chama / merry-go-round) - Ubungakanani beqela: amalungu ali-15–30

  • Umthombo wemali: Ngokupheleleyo ukonga lwamalungu
  • Iimpawu eziphambili: Akukho mbolekisi wangaphandle; iqela libolekisa kuphela iimali zalo ezidityanisiweyo. Ngokuqhelekileyo yindawo yokuqala yokungena kwimali-mboleko esesikweni

Amaqela okonga ahlala edweliswa ecaleni kwezinye, kodwa umahluko ubalulekile: axhaswa ngamalungu kwaye azilawula ngokwawo, ngoko ke ayindlela ekhokelwa kukonga kunokuba ibe yimveliso yokubolekisa. Ababolekisi abaninzi bawasebenzisa njengomjelo wokungenisa ababoleki kwaye bathatha irekhodi yangaphakathi yeqela eliqolileyo njengohlobo lwembali yokuhlawula.

Kutheni iMali-mboleko yeQela isebenza: Ingqiqo yezoQoqosho

Imali-mboleko yeqela ijongana neengxaki ezine ezahlukeneyo ezenza iimali-mboleko ezincinci ezingenasibambiso zingabi nangeniso.

Ukhetho olugwenxa — umbolekisi akakwazi ukwahlula ababoleki abalungileyo kwababi. Ukuzikhethela kuyayisombulula le ngxaki, kuba ilungu elamkela uxanduva lwemali-mboleko yommelwane linesizathu esithe ngqo sokungabandakanyi nabani na elikholelwa ukuba akayi kubuyisa. Ababoleki abanomngcipheko baphetha beqokelelwe kunye okanye bekhutshiwe ngokupheleleyo.

Umngcipheko wokuziphatha — umbolekisi akakwazi ukubona ukuba iimali zisetyenziswa ngendlela enemveliso kusini na. Amalungu eqela ayakwazi, ngaphandle kweendleko kumbolekisi, kuba ahlala kwaye arhweba ecaleni komboleki.

Ukunyanzeliswa — umbolekisi akanasibambiso kwaye uncedo lwezomthetho lulinganiselwe. Isohlwayo sentlalo sithatha indawo yaso: ukuhlawula kusobala, kwaye ukungahlawuli kuneendleko zesidima kuluntu umboleki angenakulushiya ngokulula.

Iindleko zentengiselwano — ukuvavanya, ukukhupha nokuqokelela imali-mboleko encinci kakhulu ngomntu ngamnye kubiza ngaphezu kokuyizuzayo. Igosa elinye lentsimi elisebenzela iqela lamashumi amathathu kwintlanganiso enye lenza uqoqosho lweyunithi lusebenze.

Ecaleni kwezi, iqela libonelela ngenkxaso yokwenyani yokuxhasana — amalungu ahlawulela isavenge esingahlawulwanga somntu onomntwana ogulayo, abelana ngolwazi lwemarike, kwaye anike iingcebiso zoshishino ezingekho sikweni. Oku lixabiso lokwenyani, hayi nje umphumo osecaleni wokunyanzeliswa.

Izibonelelo zeMali-mboleko yeQela

• Ibonelela ababoleki abangenazibambiso okanye iifayile zetyala, kwaye uninzi lwabo ngamashishini amancinci kwiimarike ezininzi ezisakhulayo.
• Iindleko eziphantsi zokunikezela ngomboleki ngamnye, nto leyo eyenza iimali-mboleko ezincinci kakhulu zibe nokwenzeka.
• Ulwazi olungcono kunolo umbolekisi anokuluthenga, olufunyanwa kubantu abanolwazi lwendawo lobomi bonke.
• Ukusebenza okunamandla kwentlawulo, ngokwembali ngaphezulu kakhulu kunokubolekisa komntu ngamnye okungenasibambiso okuthelekisekayo.
• Ukwakha inkunzi yezemali neyentlalo, kuquka ukuzibamba ekongeni kwaye, kwiimeko ezininzi, ukwandiswa kokuthatha inxaxheba kwabasetyhini.
• Yindlela yendalo yokungena kwezemali ezisesikweni, irekhodi leqela lisebenza njengembali yetyala apho kungekho fayile ye-bureau ekhoyo.

Imida kunye neZigxeko

Umngcipheko wokusulelana. Uxanduva oluhlanganyelweyo lugxininisa umngcipheko kunokuba luwusasaze xa amalungu esabelana ngendawo nendlela yokuphila. Imbalela, ukuvalwa kweemarike okanye ukothuka kwexabiso lendawo kuthinta wonke umntu ngaxeshanye, yaye isiqinisekiso asinaxabiso kanye kanye xa sifuneka.

Ukohlwaya abahlawuli abalungileyo. Phantsi koxanduva olungqongqo oluhlanganyelweyo, amalungu athembekileyo athwala iindleko zelungu elingahlawulanga. Esi sesinye sezizathu eziphambili zokuchithwa kweqela nokurhoxa kwabona bathengi babalaseleyo beziko.

Uxinzelelo lwentlalo olunyanzelisayo. Indlela efanayo evelisa ukuhlawulwa okuphezulu inokuvelisa ukuhlazwa esidlangalaleni, ukuhluthwa kwezinto zasekhaya zomntu ongahlawulanga ngamalungu, okanye ukuboleka kubo ababolekisa ngemali ukuze kukhuselwe irekhodi leqela. Amazinga aphezulu okuhlawula akathethi ngokuzenzekelayo ukuba ababoleki bakwimeko engcono.

Ukukhutshwa kwabona bahlwempuzekileyo. Amaqela ayabakhuphela ecaleni abo babonwa njengabangathembekanga — amaxesha amaninzi abona basengozini, abadinga kakhulu ukufikelela. Ukuzikhethela kuphucula umgangatho wepotfoliyo ngokukhuphela ecaleni abantu abasemdeni.

Iindleko zexesha. Iintlanganiso ezisisinyanzelo zithatha iiyure zababoleki ebeziya kuba nemveliso. Kumrhwebi, intlanganiso yeveki yindleko yokwenene ephindaphindayo engaze ibonakale kwizinga lenzala elichaziweyo.

Umda wobungakanani bemboleko. Iimveliso zamaqela azinako ukukhula zide zifikelele kwizixa-mali eziya kufunwa lishishini elikhulayo ekugqibeleni, ngoko ke ababoleki abaphumelelayo kufuneka banyukele kwinqanaba elilandelayo okanye bashiye.

Ukuthathwa ngabakhethekileyo. Kumaqela amakhulu, izikhundla zobunkokheli zinokusetyenziselwa ukusa ikhredithi kuthungelwano lwenkokeli okanye ukuthatha izabelo zeemboleko ezingalinganiyo.

Ukubolekisa ngeqela ngokuchasene nokubolekisa komntu ngamnye

• Ukhuseleko: Isiqinisekiso soontanga noxinzelelo lwentlalo (Ukubolekisa ngeqela) ngokuchasene nesibambiso, umqinisekisi, okanye ukuhlolwa kokuhamba kwemali (Ukubolekisa komntu ngamnye)
• Ukuhlolwa: Ubukhulu becala kugqithiselwa kwiqela ngokuchasene nokuvavanya okukhokelwa ngumbolekisi
• Ubungakanani bemboleko: Encinci, inomda ngokuchasene nenkulu, esekwe kwisakhono
• Ixesha lemboleko: Elifutshane ngokuchasene nephakathi ukuya kwelide
• Ukuphindaphinda kwentlawulo: Rhoqo ngeveki okanye emva kweeveki ezimbini ngokuchasene nenyanga
• Iindleko zokunikezela ngemboleko nganye: Isezantsi ngokuchasene nephezulu
• Iindleko kumboleki: Ixesha leentlanganiso, ukubekeka emngciphekweni ngokuhlanganyelweyo ngokuchasene namaxwebhu, ukubhaliswa kwesibambiso
• Umboleki oqhelekileyo: Ishishini elincinane kakhulu, lingenayo ifayile yekhredithi ngokuchasene neshishini elincinci, ukwenziwa ngokusesikweni okuthile
• Ilungele kakhulu: Ukwakha imbali ukusuka ekuqalekeni vs. Ababoleki abasele beyakhile.

Uninzi lwamaziko luqhuba zombini, lisebenzisa imveliso yeqela njengeleli yokungena kwaye lidlulisela ababoleki abahlala besebenza kakuhle kwiimveliso zomntu ngamnye — indlela eqhelekileyo yokunyuswa.

Ukuphambuka kuXanduva oluNgqongqo oluHlanganyelweyo

Icandelo liye lahamba ngokuthe ngcembe laya kuxanduva lomntu ngamnye ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo seqela esigciniweyo, ngenxa yezizathu ezisekelwe kubungqina neziphathekayo.

Uvavanyo lwasendle oluvavanya oku ngokuthe ngqo — ngakumbi umsebenzi wokuguqula amaqela akhoyo anoxanduva oluhlanganyelweyo aye kuxanduva lomntu ngamnye ngelixa kugcinwa amaqela afanayo, iintlanganiso kunye namagosa emali-mboleko — alufumananga ukwanda kokungahlawuli, kwaye ukufumana abathengi kwaba lula. Ingcaciso eyamkelwe ngokubanzi kukuba amandla amaninzi ale ndlela avela ekusekweni kwamaqela, iintlanganiso ezithe rhoqo, ukuhlawulwa esidlangalaleni kunye neleli eqhubekayo yemali-mboleko,

Ibhanki iGrameen yafikelela kwisigqibo esifanayo ngokuzimeleyo, yalulahla ngokusesikweni uxanduva oluhlanganyelweyo phantsi kwe-Generalised System yayo ngelixa igcina isakhiwo seqela neziko.

Uyilo lwangoku ke ngoko ludla ngokudibanisa: uxanduva lomntu ngamnye kunye neeakhawunti zemali-mboleko zomntu ngamnye; iintlanganiso zeqela ezigciniweyo zokuqokelela, ukubeka esweni nokuxhasana koontanga; imfuneko yokuma kweqela evula ukufikelela kumjikelo olandelayo kunokuba idale uxanduva lwetyala; kunye nokuhlawula ngedijithali okususa imfuno yokuphatha imali kwiintlanganiso.

Iingqwalasela zoYilo kubaBolekisi

• Linganisa ukubunjwa kweqela nobungozi obuhambelanayo. Amaqela akhiwe ngokupheleleyo ukusuka kwisityalo esinye, kwimarike enye okanye kurhwebo olunye anobungozi obufihlakeleyo bokugxininisa.
• Cacisa ukuba isiqinisekiso siyintoni kanye. Uxanduva oluhlanganyelweyo lwesivumelwano kunye nomgaqo othi "iqela alinakudlulela phambili de wonke umntu abe uhambelana nexesha" zineziphumo ezahluke kakhulu ngokwasemthethweni nangokuziphatha, kwaye zihlala zidityaniswa kumaxwebhu emveliso.
• Lungelelanisa ukuphindaphindeka kweentlanganiso neendleko ezizibangela. Iintlanganiso zeveki ziveza iingxaki kwangoko kodwa zidla ixesha lomboleki; ukhetho phakathi kwezi zinto kufuneka lube sisigqibo esiqwalaselweyo, hayi into efunyanwa njengelifa.
• Bonelela ngendlela yokumelana nobunzima. Ukumisela ngokutsha amatyala elungu elisokolayo kuphantse kuhlale kungcono kunokudala ukusilela kweqela okwenza iziko lilahlekelwe ngawo onke amalungu.
• Khangela i-bureau yamatyala kwinqanaba leqela nangelungu. Ukuboleka okuphindaphindiweyo kubabolekisi abahlukeneyo akubonakali ngaphakathi kweqela.
• Cwangcisa indlela yokunyuswa phambi kokuba amaqela afike kumda ophezulu. Kungenjalo abona baboleki babalaseleyo, imbali yabo iziko elichithe iminyaka lisakha, baya kushiya besiya kumntu okhuphisana nalo.