Ukuguqulwa kwesibambiso kube yimali

I-realisation yinkqubo yokuguqula i-asethi ibe yimali. Ekubolekiseni, kudla ngokubhekisa kwi-realisation yesibambiso — ukunyanzelisa ilungelo lokhuseleko kwi-asethi ebambisiweyo, ukuyithengisa, nokusebenzisa imali efunyenweyo ukuhlawula ityala elingahlawulwanga.

Eli gama lisenokusetyenziswa ngeendlela ezininzi ezahlukileyo kwezemali, kwaye intsingiselo yalo iye icace gca ngokomxholo:

• I-realisation yesibambiso: Ukunyanzelisa ilungelo lokhuseleko nokuthengisa i-asethi ebambisiweyo ukubuyisa ityala (intsingiselo ephambili yokubolekisa, echazwe ngezantsi).
• I-realised xa kuthelekiswa ne-unrealised: Inzuzo okanye ilahleko kuthiwa i-realised xa i-asethi ithengiswa ngokwenene kwaye inzuzo okanye ilahleko ibonakala; i-unrealised ngelixa isabambekile kwaye utshintsho luhlaziyo lwexabiso kuphela.
• Umgaqo we-realisation: Ingqungquthela yobalo-mali ethi ingeniso yamkelwa xa ifunyenwe kwaye uncedo loqoqosho olunxulumeneyo lunokulinganiswa ngokuthembekileyo, endaweni yokuba yamkelwe xa kufunyanwa imali ezinkozo.
• I-realisation yee-asethi: Ekubhangisweni okanye ekungakwazini ukuhlawula amatyala, inkqubo yokuthengisa ii-asethi zequmrhu ukuze imali efunyenweyo isasazwe kubatyalwa.

Xa i-realisation isenzekayo

I-realisation yindlela yokugqibela, efumaneka kuphela xa ityala sele lingahlawulwanga kwaye umbolekisi sele esebenzise amalungelo akhe ngokwekhontrakthi. Ulandelelwano oluqhelekileyo:

1. Ukungahlawulwa kwenzeka phantsi kwesivumelwano sokubolekisa — ukungahlawulwa kwentlawulo, okanye ukwaphulwa komqathango apho isivumelwano sivumela unyanzeliso.
2. Ukufunwa kunye nesaziso. Ukufunwa okusesikweni kwentlawulo, kulandelwe naliphi na ixesha lesaziso elisemthethweni elifunwa ngumthetho. Amagunya amaninzi amisela ubuncinane besaziso kunye nethuba lokulungisa ngaphambi kokuba unyanzeliso luqhubeke.
3. Ukukhawulezisa. Umbolekisi ubhengeza imali eseleyo epheleleyo kufuneka ihlawulwe ngoko nangoko, iguqula ibango leemali ezingahlawulwanga libe libango letyala lonke.
4. Ukuthathwa okanye ukuhluthwa kwakhona kwe-asethi ekhuselekileyo, ngemvume, ngomyalelo wenkundla, okanye ngeendlela zokuzinceda ezivunyelwa ngumthetho.
5. Ukuqikelelwa kwexabiso le-asethi ukuze ithengiswe.
6. Ukuthengiswa — ngefandesi kawonke-wonke, isivumelwano sabucala, okanye inkqubo eyonganyelwe yinkundla.
7. Ukusetyenziswa kwengeniso ngokulandela ulandelelwano lweentlawulo olumiselwe ngumthetho nesivumelwano.
8. Intsalela okanye intsilelo iyasonjululwa.

Inyathelo ngalinye lineemfuneko zomthetho, kwaye ukunyanzeliswa okwenziwa ngaphandle kokuzifezekisa kudla ngokurhoxiswa — nto leyo enokushiya umbolekisi enoxanduva lomonakalo kwaye engenalo ilungelo lokusebenzisa isibambiso.

Iimfuneko Zangaphambili Zokuphumeza Ngokusebenzayo

Isibambiso sivelisa ixabiso kuphela ukuba zonke ezi zinto zilandelayo ziyafezeka. Ngokwenzekayo, ubuncinane enye ihlala ingafezeki:

• Ilungelo lesibambiso elisemthethweni elidalwe ngokufanelekileyo phantsi kwamaxwebhu emboleko kunye nesibambiso.
• Ukugqibelelisa nokubhalisa kwirejista efanelekileyo — irejista yomhlaba, irejista yesibambiso esishukumayo okanye irejista yeentengiselwano ezikhuselekileyo, okanye irejista yezithuthi. Ilungelo elingabhaliswanga linokungabi namandla okunyanzeliswa kwabantu bangaphandle, kwaye ukongama ngaphezu kwabanye ababolekisi kudla ngokuxhomekeka kubhaliso ngokulandelelana.
• Itayitile ecacileyo kumboleki, engenazibophelelo zangaphambili ezingachazwanga.
• I-asethi enokuchazwa nefunyanwayo. Isibambiso esishukumayo esingenakufunyanwa asinakuguqulwa sibe yimali.
• Indlela yokunyanzelisa esebenzayo — iinkundla okanye inkqubo engaphandle kwenkundla esebenza ngexesha elinentsingiselo kwezorhwebo.
• Imarike yale asethi, enabathengi abakulungeleyo ukuhlawula into esondele kwixabiso layo eliqikelelweyo.

Ixabiso Elinokufunyanwa, Ixabiso leMarike kunye neXabiso lokuThengiswa Ngenkani

Uqikelelo lwexabiso olwahlukileyo oluthathu lwe-asethi enye, kwaye umsantsa phakathi kwazo kulapho ukuphoxeka okuninzi ngesibambiso kuvela khona.

• Ixabiso lemarike: Ixabiso elinokufumaneka phakathi kwamaqela azimiseleyo, kuthengiswa ngokwaneleyo, kungekho sinyanzelo.
• Ixabiso lokuthengiswa ngenkani: Ixabiso elinokufunyanwa phantsi kwesinyanzelo kunye nexesha elilinganiselweyo — lidla ngokuba ngaphantsi kakhulu kwexabiso lemarike.
• Ixabiso elinokufunyanwa: Ixabiso lokuthengiswa ngenkani liphungulwe ngeendleko zokuphumeza, kwaye lilungiswe ngokwexesha elithathwayo lokufumana imali.

Ubungozi bombolekisi buvavanywa ngokufanelekileyo ngokuchasene nexabiso elinokufunyanwa, hayi ixabiso lemarike. Ukuvavanywa kwetyala okusebenzisa ixabiso lemarike ngesaphulelo nje esincinci kugqithisa ngokucwangcisiweyo ukhuselo olunikelwa sisibambiso.

Imilinganiselo yemali-mboleko ngokwexabiso ikho ukuvala lo msantsa. I-LTV elumkileyo ayikuko ukungabi nathemba nge-asethi — kukuqonda ukuba ixabiso lemarike asililo elo umbolekisi aya kulifumana.

Iindleko Zokuthengisa

Iindleko zokuthengisa zihlala zijongelwa phantsi ngokwesiqhelo. Amacandelo aqhelekileyo:

• Iifizi zomthetho kunye neendleko zenkundla
• Iifizi zokuqikelela ixabiso kunye nohlolo lomhlaba
• Ukuhluthwa kwakhona, uthutho, ukugcinwa nokhuseleko lwe-asethi
• I-inshorensi ngexesha lokugcinwa kwe-asethi
• Ikhomishini yefandesi okanye yearhente
• Ulondolozo, kunye nazo naziphi na iirhafu zomasipala, iirhafu okanye amatyala asemva anxulumene ne-asethi
• Ixesha labasebenzi bangaphakathi kunye nengqwalasela yabaphathi

Zidityanisiwe, ezi zihlala zidla isabelo esikhulu sengeniso yokuthengisa. Kwi-asethi ezishukumayo ezinexabiso eliphantsi, iindleko zokuthengisa zihlala zigqitha ngokupheleleyo kwisixa esinokufunyanwa — nto leyo eyisizathu sokuba uninzi lweemali-mboleko ezincinci lunikwa ngaphandle kwesibambiso ngokoqobo nangona kukho isibambiso nje ngegama.

Ixesha yindleko eyenye. Imali efunyenweyo kwiminyaka emithathu emva kokusilela ukuhlawula inexabiso elingaphantsi kakhulu kunokuba inani elibhaliweyo libonisa, kwaye amaxesha okunyanzelisa athatha iminyaka emininzi aqhelekile kwiindawo ezineenkundla ezixineneyo.

Ulandelelwano lweMali efunyenweyo

Imali efunyenweyo yokuthengisa isetyenziswa ngokolandelelwano olumiselweyo, olubekwe ngumthetho kunye namaxwebhu esibambiso:

1. Iindleko zokuthengisa — iindleko zokunyanzelisa, zomthetho, zokuthengisa nokugcina.
2. Amabango angaphambili — izibambiso ezibhaliswe ngaphambilana, kunye nawo nawaphi na amabango asemthethweni anokongamela afana neerhafu ezingahlawulwanga okanye iirhafu zomasipala ezinxulumene ne-asethi
3. Ityala elinesibambiso — lihlawulwa ngokolandelelwano olumiselwe sisivumelwano semali-mboleko, ngokwesiqhelo iintlawulo neendleko zokunyanzelisa, emva koko inzala eqokelelweyo, emva koko imali eyintloko
4. Ababambisi bezibambiso abalandelayo, ngokolandelelwano lokubaluleka
5. Intsalela iya kumboleki.

Umzekelo osebenzayo

• Imali epheleleyo yokuthengisa: 180,000
• Kususwa iindleko zokuthengisa (ezomthetho, uqikelelo lwexabiso, ifandesi, ukugcinwa): (27,000)
• Imali eyintsalela: 153,000
• Kususwa isibambiso esibhalisiweyo esongameleyo: (40,000)
• Ifumaneka kulo mbolekisi: 113,000
• Ityala elingekahlawulwa ngexesha lokunyanzeliswa: 150,000
• Intsilelo eshiyekileyo njengebango elingekhuselwanga: 37,000

Imigaqo emibini evela kuluhlu lweentlawulo, kwaye yomibini isoloko ingaqondwa kakuhle:

Intsalela yeyomntu obolekayo. Umbolekisi othengisa isibambiso esinexabiso elingaphezulu kunetyala kufuneka abuyise intsalela kumboleki okanye kubanini-zibambiso abalandelayo. Akanako ukuyigcina.

Intsilelo iyahlala. Ukuthengiswa kwesibambiso akuliphelisi ityala. Intsalela ye-37,000 ihlala ityala njengebango elingekhuselwanga kwaye inokufunwa, ngokuxhomekeke kwimigaqo eqhelekileyo yokuziphatha nakwimida yexesha — okanye licinywe ukuba ukubuyiswa kwetyala akulindelekanga ngokufanelekileyo.

Iindidi zezibambiso neempawu zokuthengiswa

• Umhlaba obhalisiweyo nezakhiwo: Ukugcinwa kwexabiso okuphezulu, ukucotha nokubiza kakhulu ekunyanzelisweni; kuxhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kwirejistri yobunini esebenzayo.
• Izithuthi: Imarike esebenzayo yokuthengisa kwakhona, ukwehla kwexabiso ngokukhawuleza, ukuxabiseka lula, ukushenxiswa nokufihlwa lula.
• Oomatshini nezixhobo: Idla ngokuba yeyodwa, imarike encinci yezinto esele zisetyenzisiwe, isaphulelo esikhulu sentengiso ngenkani.
• Isitokhwe / iimpahla zorhwebo: Ukonakala ngokukhawuleza okanye ukuphelelwa lixesha ngokukhawuleza, ukuba nzima ukuyikhusela, ukwehla kwexabiso kabukhali xa kuhluthwa.
• Iimali ezilindelekileyo: Ukufunyanwa ngokuqokelelwa kunokuthengiswa; umgangatho uxhomekeke kubatyali abafunwayo.
• Imfuyo: Ukufuna ukuphathwa nokulahlwa kwangoko; izibophelelo zempilo-ntle yezilwanyana nokuthuthwa; amaxabiso axhomekeke kakhulu kwixesha lonyaka.
• Isibambiso semali / ukonga okusisinyanzelo: Ukufunyanwa ngoko nangoko ngokutsalwa kwetyala xa isivumelwano nommiselo kuvumela — yeyona ndlela ithembekileyo kakhulu.
• Iziqinisekiso zobuqu: Ayiyo i-asethi; ukufezekisa kuthetha ukumangalela umqinisekisi kwaye emva koko unyanzelise ngokuchasene nezinto zabo.

Ipateni iyahambelana: ii-asethi ekulula ukuzithatha njengesibambiso zidla ngokuba zezona nzima ukufezekisa, kwaye ii-asethi ekulula ukufezekisa zezo sele zikwizandla zombolekisi.

Ukufezekisa kunye neLahleko ngenxa yokuSilela

Iziphumo zokufezekisa zingena ngqo kwi-loss given default, ipharamitha esetyenziswa kwi-expected credit loss calculation:

Imbuyekezo elindelekileyo kwisibambiso = ixabiso elinokufezekiseka × ukunokwenzeka kokunyanzeliswa okuphumelelayo, kuncitshiswe ngexesha lokufezekisa.

Igama ngalinye libalulekile. Ukusebenzisa ixabiso lentengiso, ukucinga ukuba unyanzeliso luhlala luphumelela, okanye ukungahoyi isaphulelo sexesha leminyaka emithathu konke kunyusa uqikelelo lwembuyekezo kwaye kunciphisa izibonelelo. Uqikelelo lwe-LGD kufuneka lusekelwe kumava abonwayo eziko ngokwalo okufezekisa — iingeniso zokwenene, iindleko zokwenene, amaxesha okwenene — kunokuba kwiingxelo zoqikelelo lwexabiso.

Iimfuno zoMthetho nezoKuziphatha

Ukufezekisa kulapho unyanzeliso luchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ii-asethi nobomi bomboleki, kwaye kulawulwa kakhulu.

• Inkqubo efanelekileyo. Isaziso, amaxesha okulungisa kunye nayo nayiphi na inkqubo emiselweyo yonyanzeliso kufuneka ilandelwe. Iziphoso zidla ngokwenza intengiso ibe nokurhoxiswa.
• Uxanduva lokufumana ixabiso elifanelekileyo. Kwiinkqubo ezininzi zomthetho umbolekisi onyanzelisa isibambiso unoxanduva lokuthabatha inkathalo efanelekileyo ukuze afumane ixabiso elifanelekileyo. Ukuthengisa ngexabiso eliphantsi — ngakumbi kumntu onxulumeneyo — kubeka umbolekisi kumabango avela kumboleki nakwabanikazi-mabango abalandelayo.
• Ilungelo lokukhulula isibambiso. Ababoleki badla ngokubanalo ilungelo lokukhulula isibambiso ngokuhlawula ityala neendleko kude kube kwinqanaba elimiselweyo lenkqubo.
• Izithintelo zokuzenzela Ukuthabatha impahla ngaphandle komyalelo wenkundla kuvunyelwe kwezinye iindawo kwaye akuvunyelwa kwezinye. Apho kuvunyelwe khona, ngokuqhelekileyo akufuneki kubandakanye ukuphazamisa uxolo.
• Izenzo ezingavunyelwanga. Ukuthimba ngaphandle kwenkqubo yomthetho, ukoyikisa, nokususa ii-asethi ezingaqukwanga kwisibambiso akukho mthethweni kwaye ziziphoso zokuziphatha eziphindaphindayo kweli candelo.
• Ukubolekisa ngamaqela. Ukuthimba impahla yekhaya lelungu elisileleyo ngamanye amalungu eqela akusiyo ukufezekisa. Akunasiseko somthetho, kwaye umbolekisi onendlela yokusebenza ekhuthaza okanye enyamezela oku uthwala uxanduva.
• Ii-asethi ezikhuselweyo. Iindawo ezininzi zomthetho zikhusela izinto ezisisiseko zekhaya, izixhobo zomsebenzi, okanye indlu yokuhlala ephambili ekunyanzelisweni.

Umthetho wonyanzeliso wahluka kakhulu ngokwendawo; iinkqubo kufuneka ziqinisekiswe ekuhlaleni phambi kokuba kuthathwe naliphi na inyathelo lonyanzeliso.

Ukuphathwa ngokobalo-mali

• Ii-asethi ezihluthiweyo ezithathiweyo zibonwa ngokwahlukileyo njengee-asethi eziphethwe ukuze zithengiswe, ngexabiso eliphantsi phakathi kwexabiso elisencwadini nexabiso elifanelekileyo kuthabathwe iindleko zokuthengisa. Aziyiyo inxalenye ye potfoliyo yemali-mboleko epheleleyo.
• Imali efunyenweyo isetyenziswa ukunciphisa ityala ngokulandela ulandelelwano lweentlawulo olukwisivumelwano.
• Nayiphi na intsilelo ihlala njengetyala elingenasibambiso, kwenziwa ulungiselelo olufanelekileyo, kwaye icinywe xa kungasekho themba elifanelekileyo lokubuyiselwa.
• Nayiphi na intsalela iyityala kumboleki okanye kubanini-mabango alandelayo, ayiyongeniso.
• Izibuyekezo ezilindelekileyo ezivela kwizibambiso zifakela ipharamitha ye-LGD kwilahleko yetyala elilindelekileyo phambi konyanzeliso, kuthabathwe iindleko zokufezekisa kwaye kuthotywe ixabiso.

Iimpazamo Eziqhelekileyo

• Ukuvavanya ngexabiso lemarike — ixabiso elinokufunyanwa lelona libalulekileyo, kwaye umsantsa mkhulu.
• Isibambiso esingabhaliswanga okanye esenziwe ngokusemthethweni ngendlela enesiphene — sifunyanwa kuphela ngexesha lonyanzeliso.
• Ukungahoyi amabango aphambili ngokulandelana — kubandakanya amabango akhethwayo ngokomthetho agqwesa isibambiso esibhalisiweyo.
• Ukungabandakanyi iindleko zokufezekisa nexesha — ukushiya ezi ngaphandle kwiingqikelelo zokubuyiselwa kwaye ngenxa yoko kubalo lwe-LGD.
• Ukucinga ukuba isibambiso siyanyanzelelwa — kwiimarike ezineenkundla ezixineneyo okanye iirejistri ezingaphelelanga, isibambiso esibhalwe nje sisenokuba nexabiso elincinane elisebenzayo, nto leyo ekhokelela kwiimali-mboleko ezibambisiweyo ezingaxatyiswanga kakuhle.
• Ukuthatha isibambiso esinexabiso elingaphantsi kuneendleko zokusenza sibe yimali — kufaka iindleko kumboleki ngaphandle kwenzuzo kumbolekisi.
• Ukugcina intsalela yemali efunyenweyo — okanye ukusilela ukuyichaza ngokufanelekileyo.
• Ukuthatha ukuthengiswa kwesibambiso njengokuvala iakhawunti — ngexa intsilelo ihlala inokubuyiselwa njengebango elingenasibambiso.