Isikhulu semalimboleko / isikhulu sezikweletu

Isikhulu semali mboleko siyilungu labasebenzi elibhekele iphothifoliyo yababoleki, kusukela ekuxhumaneni kokuqala kuze kufike ekukhokheni kokugcina. Indima ihlanganisa ukuthola abafake izicelo, ukuqoqa nokuqinisekisa imininingwane, ukuhlola amandla okukhokha, ukuncoma isinqumo sesikweletu, bese kulandela imali mboleko phakathi nokuphila kwayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi iyakhokhwa.

Isikhundla esithi isikhulu sezikweletu sisetshenziswa ngokushintshana ezikhungweni eziningi ezibolekisa ngemali. Lapho lezi zikhundla zihlukaniswa, umehluko ngokuvamile ugxile ekugcizeleleni: isikhulu semali mboleko sibheke amaklayenti futhi sinobunikazi bephothifoliyo, kuyilapho isikhulu sezikweletu siseduze nokuhlaziya nenqubomgomo, sibuyekeza iziphakamiso ezethulwe abanye. Emkhakheni we-zimali ezincane, izinhlangano zokonga nezikweletu (ama-SACCO) namabhizinisi amancane abolekisayo, lezi zindima cishe njalo ziwumsebenzi ofanayo ngaphansi kwamagama ahlukene.

Ezinye izinhlobo ezivamile zihlanganisa isikhulu sasensimini, isikhulu sobudlelwano, isikhulu sama-akhawunti, isikhulu sokuthuthukisa ibhizinisi kanye nomhlaziyi wezikweletu. Amagama ezikhundla ayahluka kakhulu ngokwesikhungo kunemisebenzi eyisisekelo.

Isici esichazayo sale ndima ubunikazi bephothifoliyo. Isikhulu semali mboleko akalinganiswa ngemisebenzi ecutshunguliwe kodwa ngokuthi iqoqo elichaziwe lababoleki liyakhokha yini.

Isikhulu semali mboleko uma kuqhathaniswa nesikhulu sezikweletu kanye nomhlaziyi wezikweletu

Isikhulu semali mboleko

• Okugxilwe kukho ngokuyinhloko: Ubudlelwano namaklayenti nokusebenza kwephothifoliyo
• Ukuxhumana namaklayenti: Kuphezulu, ngokuvamile kuba ngaphandle
• Uyiphethe iphothifoliyo: Yebo
• Ugunyaza izikweletu: Ngokuvamile uyancoma kuphela
• Indawo evamile: Izimali ezincane, ama-SACCO, ukubolekiswa kwezitolo kanye nokubolekiswa kwama-SME

Isikhulu sezikweletu

• Okugxilwe kukho ngokuyinhloko: Ukuhlaziya nokulandelwa kwenqubomgomo yezikweletu
• Ukuxhumana namaklayenti: Okuphakathi nendawo
• Unephothifoliyo: Ngezinye izikhathi
• Ugunyaza izimali mboleko: Angase abe nomkhawulo omncane
• Isimo esijwayelekile: Amabhange nababolekisi abakhulu

Umhlaziyi wezikweletu

• Okugxilwe kukho kakhulu: Ukuhlaziywa kwezezimali kweziphakamiso
• Ukuthintana namaklayenti: Kuphansi
• Unephothifoliyo: Akuvamile
• Ugunyaza izimali mboleko: Cha
• Isimo esijwayelekile: Ukubolekiswa kwezohwebo nezinkampani

Ezikhungweni ezinabasebenzi abangaphansi kwamashumi amahlanu, lezi zincazelo ezintathu ngokuvamile zihlangana zibe yindima eyodwa.

Imisebenzi eyinhloko

Ukuthola nokungenisa amaklayenti

Ukuhlonza abangase babe ngababoleki ngokuvakashela izimakethe, imihlangano yamaqembu, izincomo, amanethiwekhi omphakathi kanye nobudlelwano obukhona namaklayenti. Ezikhungweni eziningi isikhulu siphinde sibe ngumzila oyinhloko wokuqongelela idiphozithi noma ukonga.

Ukuthathwa kwesicelo nokuqinisekiswa

Ukuqopha isicelo, ukuqoqa imibhalo kamazisi kanye nemibhalo esekelayo, ukuqinisekisa ibhizinisi noma umthombo wemali engenayo ngokuvakashela indawo, kanye nokuqinisekisa ubukhona nesimo sanoma yisiphi isibambiso esinikeziwe.

Ukuhlolwa kwezikweletu

Ukwakha isithombe samandla okukhokha — ukugeleza kwemali kwebhizinisi noma ekhaya, izibopho ezikhona zezikweletu, amarekhodi ehhovisi lezikweletu, izinkomba zesimilo, kanye nokuma eqenjini lapho kusebenza khona. Lokhu kunikeza isincomo ngenani, ubude besikhathi kanye nesakhiwo okungase kwehluke kulokho okucelwe ngumboleki.

Isincomo nokwethulwa

Ukulungisa isiphakamiso sesikweletu nokusethula kulowo onamandla okunquma. Isikhulu cishe asisoze sagunyaza izimali mboleko zaso uqobo; isiphakamiso singena ohlelweni lokugunyaza olusihambisa ngenani nobungozi.

Ukuqondisa ukukhishwa kwemali

Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imibhalo yemali mboleko iyasayinwa, isibambiso siyapheleliswa, futhi umboleki uyaluqonda uhlelo lokukhokha, izindleko kanye nemiphumela yokungakhokhi ngaphambi kokuba izimali zikhishwe.

Ukuqapha ukukhokha nokuqoqa

Ukulandelela iphothifoliyo ngokuhambisana nohlelo, ukuxhumana nababolekayo ngaphambi nangemva kwezinsuku zokukhokha, ukuvakashela labo abasilela emuva, nokuxoxisana ngezinhlelo zokubuyisela izinkokhelo ezingasekho. Lokhu kungumsebenzi wokunakekelwa kwemalimboleko onquma ukuthi ngabe imalimboleko ehlolwe kahle iyasebenza ngempela.

Izikweletu ezisilele nokubuyiselwa kwemali

Ukukhulisa ukungakhokhi okuqhubekayo, ukuphakamisa ukuhlelwa kabusha lapho ubunzima bomboleki bungobesikhashana, nokuqala ukubuyiselwa kwemali ngesibambiso noma ngabaqinisekisi lapho bungesikho.

Ukufundiswa kwamaklayenti nokugcinwa kwawo

Ukuchaza imikhiqizo, ukuphatha ukubolekwa okuphindelelayo nokukhushulelwa emananini amakhulu, nokugcina ababolekayo abahle — ngokuvamile kushibhe kakhulu kunokuthola abasha.

Indlela izikhulu zemalimboleko ezikalwa ngayo

Ukusebenza ngokuvamile kuhlolwa ngezici ezine, futhi ukulingana phakathi kwazo kwakha ukuziphatha kwesikhulu ngaphezu kwanoma yimuphi umqulu wenqubomgomo.

Ikhwalithi yephothifoliyo

• Iphothifoliyo esengcupheni ebhukwini lesikhulu ngokwalo, ngokuvamile i-PAR 30
• Izinga lokukhokha ngesikhathi
• Inani lama-akhawunti angena ezigabeni zokuguga kwezikweletu ezingaphezu kwezinsuku ezingama-30
• Izinga lokukhanselwa kwezimalimboleko isikhulu esaziqala zona

Ukukhula kwephothifoliyo

• Inani lezimalimboleko ezikhishiwe esikhathini
• Inani lezimalimboleko ezikhishiwe
• Inani lephothifoliyo elisele ekupheleni kwesikhathi
• Ukukhula kwephothifoliyo okuyinsalela ngemva kwezinkokhelo

Umthwalo wamakesi nokukhiqiza

• Inani lababolekayo abasebenzayo abaphathwayo
• Izicelo ezicutshungulwayo ngenyanga
• Isikhathi esimaphakathi sokuphothula kusukela esicelweni kuya esinqumweni

Imiphumela yamaklayenti

• Izinga lokugcinwa kwamaklayenti nokuboleka okuphindelelayo
• Izinga lokuyeka
• Umthamo wezikhalo

Imithwalo yamakesi evamile

Umthwalo wamakesi wehluka kakhulu ngokuya ngendlela yokusebenza nendawo. Izikhulu zokubolekisa ngamaqembu ezimakethe zasemadolobheni aminyene zingaphatha amakhulu amaningana ababolekayo abasebenzayo ngoba imihlangano ibhekana namaklayenti amaningi ngesikhathi esisodwa. Izikhulu zokubolekisa ngabodwana ezihlola amabhizinisi amancane ngokuvamile ziphatha okumbalwa kakhulu, njengoba imalimboleko ngayinye idinga ukuvakashelwa kwendawo kanye nokuhlaziywa kokugeleza kwemali. Izikhulu zokubolekisa zama-SME zingaphatha ubudlelwano obungamashumi ambalwa kuphela. Ukuqhathanisa ukukhiqiza kwezikhulu ezindleleni ezahlukene ngaphandle kokulungisa lokhu akunangqondo.

Ukuklanywa kwezikhuthazo nezingozi zako

Izikhungo eziningi zikhokhela izikhulu zemalimboleko iholo eliyisisekelo kanye nesikhuthazo sokusebenza. Indlela leso sikhuthazo esakhiwe ngayo ingesinye sezinqumo ezinomthelela omkhulu kakhulu ebhizinisini lokubolekisa.

Izikhuthazo zomthamo kuphela zikhiqiza ngokwethembeka ukubolekisa ngokweqile. Izikhulu zigunyaza ababolekayo abasemngceleni, zikhuthaza izimalimboleko ezinkulu kunalokho okusekelwa umthamo wokukhokha, futhi ziphusha ukukhishwa kwezimali kubheke emgomeni wokuphela kwenyanga.

Izikhuthazo ezincike ekukhwalithini ziyindlela ejwayelekile yokulungisa: amabhonasi okukhula nawokukhishwa kwemali akhokhwa kuphela uma ikhwalithi yephothifoliyo yesikhulu ihlala ngaphakathi komkhawulo, ngokuvamile i-PAR 30 ingaphansi kwephesenti elibekiwe. Ukuphuma ngaphandle komkhawulo kulahlekisa ibhonasi ngokuphelele kunokuba kuncishiswe ngokulinganayo.

Izinto ezihlehlisiwe nezibuyiselwa emuva zibhekana nesikhathi. Imalimboleko ekhishwa ngenyanga eyodwa ingase ingabonisi ubunzima izinyanga eziyisithupha. Ukubamba ingxenye yesikhuthazo kuze kube yilapho izimalimboleko zivuthwa, noma ukuyibuyisa emuva lapho kunokwehluleka ukukhokha kusenesikhathi, kuvumelanisa isikhulu nomphumela wangempela kunomcimbi wokukhishwa kwemali.

Izilinganiso zemiphumela yamaklayenti — ukugcinwa, ukuyeka, izikhalazo — zivikela esimweni sokwehluleka lapho ikhwalithi yephothifoliyo igcinwa ngezindlela zokuqoqa ezinolaka ezilimaza isithunzi sesikhungo.

Amakhono neziqu

Izidingo ezisemthethweni ngokuvamile zincane: imfundo yasesekondari noma ephakeme, ngokuvamile kwezamabhizinisi, ezezimali, ezolimo noma umkhakha ohlobene, kanye nokuqeqeshwa ngezikweletu okuqondene nesikhungo okunikezwa lapho uqala ukusebenza.

Amakhono empeleni ahlukanisa ukusebenza kunzima ukuwahlola:

• Ukucabanga ngokugeleza kwemali. Ukwakha kabusha izimali zebhizinisi elingahlelekile elingenamarekhodi abhaliwe, kusukela ekubalweni kwesitoko, amaphethini okuthenga kanye nemali etholwa nsuku zonke.
• Umzwelo wokuqinisekisa. Ukubona lapho imali ethiwe iholwa, indawo yebhizinisi ebolekiwe noma ireferensi eqeqeshiwe kungahambisani.
• Izingxoxo ezinzima. Ukulandelela izikweletu ezingakhokhiwe ngokuqinile ngaphandle kokucekela phansi ubudlelwano noma isithunzi sesikhungo emphakathini.
• Ulwazi lwendawo. Ukuqonda amaphethini emali engenayo ngezinkathi zonyaka, imijikelezo yezimakethe kanye nezinhlaka zomphakathi ngokwanele ukwahlulela ukuthi uhlelo lokukhokha lungokoqobo yini.
• Isiyalo sokugcina amarekhodi. Ukuqoshwa okunembile nangesikhathi emkhakheni, ngoba konke okulandelayo kuncike kukho.
• Ubuqotho bomuntu siqu. Indima ihlanganisa ukukhethwa kwamaklayenti, ukuqoqa ulwazi kanye nokuphatha imali kaningi, okuyisona sizathu esenza ukulawulwa kwayo kubaluleke.

Izilawuli eziphathelene nendima

Indima yesikhulu sezikweletu ihlanganisa imisebenzi eminingana izimiso zokulawulwa kwangaphakathi ezingathanda ukuyihlukanisa. Izindlela ezijwayelekile zokunciphisa zihlanganisa:

• Akukho ukuzigunyaza. Izikhulu ziyancoma; omunye umuntu uyagunyaza. Lokhu kusebenza kungakhathalekile inani.
• Ukuqinisekiswa okuzimele. Ukuvakashelwa kwamasayithi okuyisampula nokushayelwa kabusha kwamaklayenti ngumphathi noma umcwaningi wangaphakathi, okuqinisekisa ukuthi ababolekayo bakhona, bathola imali ephelele, futhi banemigomo eqoshiwe.
• Imingcele yokuphatha ukheshi. Lapho izikhulu ziqoqa endaweni yokusebenza, ukulawulwa okukabili, ukufakwa ebhange ngosuku olufanayo nokuvumelanisa amarisiidi nokufakwe ohlelweni.
• Ukujikeleziswa kwephothifoliyo. Ngezikhathi ezithile ukwabela kabusha izikhulu emagatsheni ahlukene noma emaqenjini ahlukene amakhasimende, okuveza izinkinga ezifihlwe ngaphakathi kwencwadi osekunesikhathi eside iphethwe.
• Ikhefu eliyimpoqo. Ukungabikho okuqhubekayo kwesikhathi esinqunyiwe, lapho isikhulu esingena esikhundleni sisebenza iphothifoliyo.
• Ukugadwa kokuhlelwa kabusha kwesikweletu. Ukuhlelwa kabusha kwezinsuku zokukhokha kulawulwa ngesinyathelo sokugunyazwa, ngoba ukuphindaphinda ukuxhasa kabusha izikweletu ezingakhokhiwe — evergreening — kuyindlela evame kakhulu yokufihla iphothifoliyo eyehlayo.

Amaphethini okukhwabanisa aziwayo okuhloswe ngawo yilezi zilawuli ahlanganisa ababoleki abaqanjiwe, ukukhishwa kwemali okuyingxenye kanti ibhalansi igcinwe, izimali eziqoqiwe ezifakwa ekhukhwini bese zimbozwa ngamarisiidi akamuva, kanye nokuxolelwa kwezinkokhelo okunikezwa ngenhloso yokuzuza umuntu siqu.

Indima kwezokuxhasa ngezimali okuncane

Izikhulu zemalimboleko ziwumgogodla wokusebenza kwezokuxhasa ngezimali okuncane, futhi indima yehlukile ekubolekeni kwebhange ngezindlela ezimbalwa.

Umsebenzi owenziwa endaweni yokusebenza. Ingxenye enkulu yosuku ichithwa kude negatsha — ezimakethe, emihlanganweni yamaqembu, nasezindaweni zamakhasimende. Ukuhlola kwenzeka lapho ibhizinisi likhona, hhayi etafuleni lasehhovisi.

Okungena esikhundleni semininingwane ehlelekile. Lapho ababoleki bengenazo izitatimende zezimali, bengenawo amaphepha omholo futhi ngokuvamile bengenawo umlando wesikweletu, ukubona kwesikhulu ngokwaso kanye nolwazi lweqembu ngelungu yikho okusetshenziswa ekuhloleni isikweletu.

Indlela yamaqembu. Ngaphansi kwesibopho esihlanganyelwe, isikhulu sisiza ekwakhiweni kwamaqembu, sihambele imihlangano, futhi sincike ekukhethweni ontanga nasekucindezelweni ontanga ukwenza ingxenye yomsebenzi wokuhlola nokuqoqa.

Ukuqhubeka kobudlelwano. Isikhulu esifanayo ngokuvamile sisingatha ikhasimende kuyo yonke imijikelezo yemalimboleko elandelanayo, ngakho ukukhuphukela emananini amakhulu kuncike kwirekhodi lesikhulu ngokwaso ngomboleki.

Amathuluzi omakhalekhukhwini. Ukuqopha endaweni ngamafoni noma ngamathebulethi, okukwazi ukusebenza ngaphandle kwe-inthanethi, manje sekuyindlela ejwayelekile, kuthatha indawo amafomu ephepha abuye athayipheke kabusha egatsheni.

Ukuthuthuka emsebenzini

Indlela evamile iqala kusukela esikhulwini esincane noma esiqeqeshwayo iye esikhulwini semalimboleko, bese kuba isikhulu esiphezulu esinephothifoliyo enkulu noma eyinkimbinkimbi kakhudlwana, bese kuba umphathi wegatsha noma umqondisi onomkhawulo wokugunyaza. Kusukela lapho kuvuleka izindlela eziya ekuphathweni kwesikweletu, ekuphathweni kwesifunda, ekucwaningweni kwamabhuku kwangaphakathi, ekuthuthukisweni kwemikhiqizo nasekusebenzeni. Uguquko olusuka esikhulwini luye kumphathi wegatsha yilona olubalulekile, ngoba lususa umuntu ekuncomeni izinqumo luye ekuzigunyazeni.

Imibuzo evame ukubuzwa

Yini ebangela ukushintshashintsha kwezikhulu zemalimboleko? Umsebenzi wasendaweni, ingcindezi yokuqoqa izikweletu, izinhlelo zokukhuthaza ezithathwa njengezingenakufinyeleleka, nokuthola njengefa iphothifoliyo esesimweni esinzima evela kozakwethu oshiyayo. Ukushintshashintsha kuyabiza ngoba ubudlelwano bamakhasimende nolwazi lwendawo olungabhalwanga phansi luhamba nesikhulu.

Ingabe indima iyazenzakalela? Ukuthathwa kwezicelo, ukukalwa kwamaphuzu, ukuhlelwa kwezikhathi kanye nezikhumbuzi kuya ngokuya kwenziwa ngokuzenzakalela. Ukuqinisekiswa kwemali engenayo engahlelekile, ukwahlulela ngesimilo, kanye nokuxoxisana ngezikweletu ezingakhokhiwe kube nzima kakhulu ukuthatha indawo, ikakhulukazi lapho ababoleki benamafayela ezikweletu amancane.