Umugqa wesikweletu / isikweletu esijikelezayo

Umugqa wesikweletu wuhlelo lokubolekisa olunikeza umboleki ukufinyelela ezimalini kuze kufike emkhawulweni ovunyelwene ngawo, angazikhipha, azibuyise futhi azikhiphe futhi njengoba kudingeka. Inzalo ikhokhiswa kuphela phezu kwenani elisele ngempela, hhayi phezu komkhawulo.

Isikweletu esijikelezayo sichaza isici sokudonsa kabusha: njengoba inani eliyinhloko likhokhwa, ukutholakala kuyabuyiselwa futhi kungasetshenziswa futhi. Insiza "iyajikeleza" kunokuba yehlele phansi iye ku-zero ngohlelo olungashintshi. Ama-ovadrafti namakhadi esikweletu yizibonelo ezijwayeleke kakhulu; izinsiza zebhizinisi zemali yokusebenza nemigqa eyisisekelo yokuboleka kusebenza ngendlela efanayo ngezinga elikhulu.

Umehluko phakathi nemalimboleko yesikhathi eside uwumongo womkhiqizo:

• Izimali ezikhishwayo: Imalimboleko yesikhathi eside ikhishwa kanye, ngokugcwele; umugqa wesikweletu udonswa lapho ucelwa khona, ngengxenye, noma nini lapho kudingeka.
• Ibhalansi: Imalimboleko yesikhathi eside yehla ngohlelo; umugqa wesikweletu uyashintshashintsha ngokusetshenziswa.
• Inzalo ikhokhiswa phezu: Imalimboleko yesikhathi eside ikhokhisa phezu kwenani eliyinhloko eligcwele kusukela osukwini lokuqala; umugqa wesikweletu ukhokhisa kuphela phezu kwebhalansi edonsiwe, usuku nosuku.
• Ukubuyisela: Imalimboleko yesikhathi eside idinga izitolimende ezingashintshi; umugqa wesikweletu udinga inkokhelo encane noma uyabuyiselwa uma ucelwa.
• Uma sekubuyisiwe: Insiza yemalimboleko yesikhathi eside iyavalwa; ukutholakala komugqa wesikweletu kuyabuyiselwa.
• Kufaneleka: Imalimboleko yesikhathi eside ifanele isidingo esaziwayo, esenzeka kanye; umugqa wesikweletu ufanele isidingo esiphindaphindayo, esiguquguqukayo, noma esingaqinisekile.

Ibhizinisi elidinga u-400,000 ukuze lithenge umshini lifuna imalimboleko yesikhathi eside. Ibhizinisi elidinga okuthile phakathi kuka-zero no-400,000 kuye ngenyanga lifuna umugqa wesikweletu. Ukufanisa isakhiwo nesimo sesidingo kuwumongo wesinqumo; ukukwenza kabi kuyabiza ngakolunye uhlangothi futhi kuyingozi ngakolunye.

Indlela okusebenza ngayo

Umkhawulo. Inani elikhulu elingase libe khona noma nini. Kungumkhawulo phezu kwebhalansi, hhayi inani eliphelele umboleki angalidonsa ngokuhlanganayo — umboleki angadonsa futhi abuyisele izikhathi eziningi umkhawulo phakathi nokuphila kwensiza.

Ukutholakala. Umkhawulo kususwe ibhalansi yamanje, kususwe nanoma yiziphi izimali ezibophezelwe kodwa ezingakakhokhiswa.

Ukudonswa kwemali. Isicelo sokukhulula izimali, kungaba ngokukhululeka kuze kufike emkhawulweni noma, kumafasilithi esisekelo sokuboleka, kusekelwa izimpahla ezifanelekile.

Ukuqongelela inzalo. Inzalo ngokuvamile ibalwa ngebhalansi esele yansuku zonke futhi ikhokhiswa nyanga zonke. Lona umehluko wokusebenza obaluleke kakhulu: asikho isheduli yokwehlisa isikweletu okufanele ilandelwe, ngoba ibhalansi ayaziwa kusengaphambili.

Inkokhelo encane. Emikhiqizweni ejikelezayo yabathengi, inkokhelo yanyanga zonke edingekayo evezwa njengephesenti lebhalansi noma isilinganiso esinqunyiwe, kuye ngokuthi yikuphi okukhulu.

Usuku lokubuyekeza. Amafasilithi anikezwa isikhathi — ngokuvamile izinyanga eziyishumi nambili — bese evuselelwa, echitshiyelwa noma ehoxiswa ekubuyekezweni. Umugqa wesikweletu awusona uxhaso oluhlala njalo, noma ngabe usuwugoqwe isikhathi esingakanani.

Okuzibophezele nokungazibophezeli, okunesibambiso nokungenaso

Amafasilithi azibophezele aphoqelela umbolekisi ukuthi akhiphe izimali lapho kucelwa, inqobo nje uma izimo zifezekisiwe. Umboleki angathembela ekutheni imali ikhona, futhi ukhokha inkokhelo yokuzibophezela engxenyeni engakadonswa ngenxa yalokho kuqiniseka.

Amafasilithi angazibophezeli anikezwa ngokubona kombolekisi futhi ngokuvamile abuyiselwa uma kudingeka. Ashibhile futhi awathembekile kangako. Ama-ovadrafti amaningi amabhizinisi amancane awela lapha, yingakho umboleki ophatha i-ovadrafti njengemali enkulu ehlala njalo usengozini yokuhoxiswa kwemali angeke akulawule — ngokuvamile ngesikhathi ibhizinisi lakhe libukeka libuthakathaka kakhulu, okuyisona sikhathi lapho umbolekisi elibuyekeza khona.

Imigqa evikelwe isekelwa isibambiso — indawo, i-debenture ephathelene nebhizinisi, ukumbozwa ngemali, noma iqoqo lezimali ezilindelekile nesitoko. Imigqa engavikelwe incike esimweni somboleki kuphela futhi inemikhawulo emincane namanani aphezulu.

Ifasilithi yesisekelo sokuboleka ixhumanisa ukutholakala ngqo nezimpahla ezifanelekile, ibalwa kabusha njalo:

Availability = (Eligible receivables × advance rate) + (Eligible stock × advance rate) − Reserves

Lokhu kungumqondo ofanayo no-uxhaso lwama-invoyisi, olusetshenziswa njengomkhawulo ojikelezayo kunokuba kube i-invoyisi nge-invoyisi. Njengoba ukuthengisa kukhula, isisekelo siyakhula futhi nokutholakala kuyakhula — okuyisici esenza ukuthi ilungele amabhizinisi akhulayo.

Okubizayo

Intengo yefasilithi ejikelezayo ngokuvamile inezingxenye ezintathu, futhi ukuqhathanisa okubheka eyokuqala kuphela kuyadukisa:

• Inzalo: Ikhokhiswa ngebhalansi edonswa nsuku zonke njengezinga lenyanga noma lonyaka.
• Inkokhelo yokuzibophezela noma yefasilithi: Ikhokhiswa engxenyeni engakadonswa njengephesenti elincane ngonyaka.
• Inkokhelo yokuhlela noma yokuvuselela: Ikhokhiswa kumkhawulo njengephesenti elikhokhwa kanye nje lapho kunikezwa futhi nasekuvuselelweni ngakunye.

Intengo yokujezisa emabhalansi angaphezu komkhawulo, kanye namazinga aphezulu lapho isibonelelo singasasebenzi kahle, yizengezo ezivamile.

Isibonelo esisetshenzisiwe: isibonelelo esijikelezayo uma kuqhathaniswa nemalimboleko yesikhathi esinqunyiwe.

Ibhizinisi linomkhawulo we-500,000 ngo-2.5% ngenyanga kubhalansi esetshenzisiwe, kuhlanganiswe no-0.5% ngonyaka engxenyeni engakasetshenzisiwe. Isidingo salo siyahlukahluka ngezikhathi zonyaka.

• Inyanga 1: Ibhalansi esetshenzisiwe 200,000 — Inzalo: 5,000 | Inkokhelo yokuzibophezela: 125
• Inyanga 2: Ibhalansi esetshenzisiwe 350,000 — Inzalo: 8,750 | Inkokhelo yokuzibophezela: 63
• Inyanga 3: Ibhalansi esetshenzisiwe 100,000 — Inzalo: 2,500 | Inkokhelo yokuzibophezela: 167
• Isamba sekota: Inzalo: 16,250 | Inkokhelo yokuzibophezela: 355

Isamba sezindleko zekota: 16,605.

Imalimboleko yesikhathi esinqunyiwe engu-500,000 ngezinga elifanayo le-2.5% ngenyanga ingabiza 12,500 ngenyanga ngenzalo kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isetshenzisiwe noma cha — 37,500 ngekota — ngoba umboleki ukhokhela imali angayidingi ngenyanga yokuqala neyesithathu.

Ukqhathanisa kuyaphenduka lapho isibonelelo sesisetshenziswe ngokugcwele. Izibonelelo ezijikelezayo zibizwa ngentengo ephakeme kunemalimboleko yesikhathi esinqunyiwe kumboleki ofanayo, ngoba umbolekisi kufanele agcine inhlokodolobha ebekelwe inani elingase litsalwe noma nini. Umboleki ohlale esemkhawulweni wakhe ukhokha iphrimiyamu yokuvumelana nezimo angakusebenzisi, futhi kufanele ashintshiselwe imalimboleko yesikhathi esinqunyiwe.

Isicupho senkokhelo encane

Lapho ukukhokha kubekwa njengephesenti lebhalansi esele, ibhalansi lehla ngokwejometri futhi kancane kakhulu. Umboleki onenani elisele lika-50,000, inzalo ngo- 3% ngenyanga kanye nenkokhelo encane engu-5% yebhalansi:

• Inyanga 1: Ibhalansi 50,000 | Inkokhelo: 2,500 | Inzalo: 1,500 | Ukwehliswa kwemali eyinhloko: 1,000
• Inyanga 12: Ibhalansi 39,235 | Inkokhelo: 1,962 | Inzalo: 1,177 | Ukwehliswa kwemali eyinhloko: 785
• Inyanga 24: Ibhalansi 30,790 | Inkokhelo: 1,540 | Inzalo: 924 | Ukwehliswa kwemali eyinhloko: 616
• Inyanga 36: Ibhalansi 24,166 | Inkokhelo: 1,208 | Inzalo: 725 | Ukwehliswa kwemali eyinhloko: 483
• Inyanga 60: Ibhalansi 14,880 | Inkokhelo: 744 | Inzalo: 446 | Ukwehliswa kwemali eyinhloko: 298

Iminyaka emihlanu yezinkokhelo ezincane ezingaphazamisekanga futhi umboleki usakweleta cishe ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yebhalansi yokuqala, esekhokhe imali enkulu kakhulu kunaleyo ngenzalo endleleni. Inkokhelo iyancipha njengoba nayo ibhalansi incipha, okuyikho okwenza isibonelelo sizwakale sithengeka ngenkathi siselulwa cishe unomphela.

Lapho inkokhelo ephansi ibekwa ngaphansi kwemali yenzalo, ibhalansi iyakhula ngisho noma umboleki ekhokha ngesikhathi — ukukhula kwesikweletu okungekuhle. Noma yimuphi umthetho wenkokhelo ephansi kufanele uhlolwe ngokuqhathaniswa nezinga eliphezulu elisebenzayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ngeke kukhiqize lokhu.

Ukusetshenziswa

Utilisation = (Drawn balance ÷ Limit) × 100

Ukusetshenziswa kunezincazelo ezahlukene kuye ngokuthi kuhlala kuphi:

• Kuhlala kuphansi — umkhawulo mkhulu kunesidingo. Kuhle kumboleki, kodwa imbuyiselo imbi kumbolekisi emalini ebekelwe isibopho.
• Ukuguquguquka kulo lonke ububanzi — isikweletu siyawenza umsebenzi waso. Imali yokusebenza iyenyuka futhi yehle, kanjalo nebhalansi.
• Kuhlala kusemkhawulweni noma eduze nawo — isikweletu sesiphenduke isikweletu sesikhathi eside. Umboleki akaxhasi umjikelezo, uxhasa imbobo ehlala njalo emalini yokusebenza, futhi isakhiwo esijikelezayo siyakufihla.

Iphethini yesithathu iwuphawu olulodwa olusizo kakhulu olukhiqizwa yibhuku lezikweletu ezijikelezayo. Ngokuvamile landulela ubunzima ngezinyanga eziningi, liyabonakala olwazini umbolekisi asevele enalo, futhi liphuthelwa wukuqapha okugada kuphela izinsalela ezingakhokhiwe — ngoba umboleki ohlala esemkhawulweni angase angalokothi aphuthe ukukhokha.

Ukwehliswa okuphelele nokuvuselelwa okungapheli

Isidingo sokwehliswa okuphelele noma sokuphumula siyaphoqa umboleki ukuthi ehlise isikweletu sifinyelele ku-zero, noma sibe ngaphansi kwezinga elishiwo, isikhathi esiqhubekayo unyaka ngamunye — ngokuvamile izinsuku eziyi-14 kuya kwezingu-30 ezilandelanayo. Injongo yaso ukuxilonga isimo hhayi ukujezisa. Isikweletu sangempela semali yokusebenza siyazikhokhela ngokwaso lapho umjikelezo wokuhweba uphela; isikweletu esixhasa ukulahlekelwa asikwazi nhlobo ukwehliswa ngokuphelele. Umboleki ocela ukukhululwa ekwehlisweni okuphelele utshela umbolekisi into ebalulekile.

Ukuvuselelwa okungapheli kuwukungaphumeleli okuvikelwa yilokhu: ukunwetsha isikweletu okwakufanele sikhokhwe, ngezinye izikhathi kukhuliswa umkhawulo ukuze kukhokhwe inzalo, ukuze isikweletu esivele sihlulekile ukukhokha siqhubeke sibukeka sisesimweni esihle. Kwehlisa ukubalwa kwezinsalela ezingakhokhiwe, kubambezela ukubekelwa imali, futhi kuguqula inkinga eyayisingathwa ngo-500,000 ibe yileyo engasalawuleki ngo-900,000.

Izimpawu ziyabonakala. Ukusetshenziswa kusemkhawulweni noma eduze kwawo ngo-100% ezikhathini zokuhlola ezilandelanayo. Ukunyuswa komkhawulo okuhambisana nenzalo esuke kufanele ikhokhwe. Ukwehliswa okuphelele okuxolelwa kaningi. Izinkokhelo ezixhaswa ngemali ekhishwa kwesinye isikweletu. Ukuvuselelwa okuvunyiwe ngaphandle kwezitatimende zezimali ezintsha.

Okudingwa yisikweletu esijikelezayo emsebenzini wokuboleka.

Izikweletu ezijikelezayo zinzima kakhulu ukuphathwa kunezikweletu zesikhathi eside, futhi ababolekisi abazengeza ebhukwini lezikweletu zesikhathi eside bavame ukuthola ukuthi izinqubo zabo azilingani.

Asikho ishejuli ongasebenza ngayo. Akukho ithebula le-amortisation, ngakho-ke ukubalwa kwenzalo kufanele kusebenze ngebhalansi yangempela yansuku zonke. Uma kukhokhiswa inzalo ngenyanga ngebhalansi emaphakathi noma yasekupheleni kwesikhathi, kukhokhisa ngokweqile noma kukhokhisa kancane wonke umboleki njalo ngenyanga, futhi amaphutha kunzima ukuwachaza uma kubuzwa.

Ukweqiwa kwesikhathi sokukhokha kufanele kuchazwe ngendlela ehlukile. Imalimboleko yethemu iba ngemuva kwesikhathi uma isitolimende singakhokhiwe. Isibonelelo esijikelezayo singaba sesimweni sokwehluleka ukukhokha ngenxa yokweqiwa kwenkokhelo encane, ibhalansi engaphezu komkhawulo, isibonelelo esiphelelwe yisikhathi esingazange sivuselelwe, noma ukwephulwa kwesisekelo sokuboleka — akukho kwalokhu okubukeka njengesitolimende esingakhokhiwe. Izigaba zokuguga kanye nephothifoliyo esengcupheni zombili zidinga indlela ebekiwe yokuchayeka okujikelezayo, noma izinkomba zephothifoliyo zikukhipha ngaphandle buthule.

Imikhawulo idinga ukuphathwa njengezinto ezizimele. Ukunikezwa, usuku lokubuyekeza, ukuphelelwa yisikhathi, ukunyuswa kwesikhashana, ukunyuswa unomphela, ukwehliswa, ukumiswa, ukukhanselwa — ngakunye kunezinga lalo lokugunyaza kanye nomkhondo wokuhlola.

Izibopho ezingakadonswa ziwukuchayeka. Izimali ezizibophezelekile kodwa ezingakadonswa zinobungozi futhi, ngaphansi kwezinhlaka eziningi zokuqapha, zidala isidingo semali eyinhloko kanye nelungiselelo. Ukubika okubala amabhalansi asadonsiwe kuphela kwenza isimo somnikezeli sibukeke sincane kunalokho esiyikho.

Ukwabiwa kwezinkokhelo kusasebenza. Izimali ezikhokhwayo, inzalo kanye nenhlokodwa zikhokhelwa ngokulandelana okubekiwe, njengakwimalimboleko yethemu — bheka i-waterfall yokwabiwa — kodwa ukubala kusebenza ngebhalansi ehambayo hhayi ngebhalansi ehleliwe.

Lapho imigqa yekhredithi ingahambi kahle

Ukungahambisani kwesakhiwo. Isibonelelo esijikelezayo esisetshenziselwa ukuxhasa ifa eligxilile. Ifa likhiqiza izimbuyiselo phakathi neminyaka; isibonelelo sibuyiselwa uma sicelwa. Ukungahambisani kuvela ngesikhathi sokubuyekeza.

Umkhawulo ubekwe ngokwesicelo somboleki. Imikhawulo kufanele ilinganiswe ngokomjikelezo wemali yokusebenza — igebe phakathi kokukhokhela abahlinzeki nokukhokhelwa ngamakhasimende — hhayi ngalokho umboleki angathanda ukuba nakho.

Akukho ukwehliswa okuhlanzekile kwesikweletu, noma okuxolelwe. Kususa ukuhlolwa okuwukuphela okujwayelekile kokuthi isibonelelo siyazikhokhela ngokwaso.

Ukuqapha ngezikweletu ezingakhokhiwe kuphela. Isibonelelo esidonswe ngokuphelele, esingakaze siphuzwe ukukhokha, sibukeka siphelele embikweni wezikweletu ezingakhokhiwe kodwa singaba ukuchayeka okubi kakhulu ebhukwini.

Ukuvuselelwa ngokuzenzakalela. Ukuvuselela imikhawulo minyaka yonke ngaphandle kwezitatimende zezimali ezintsha, ukuhlolwa kwe-bureau yezikweletu noma ukubheka ukusetshenziswa kuguqula isibonelelo esihloliwe sibe esingahloliwe emijikelezweni embalwa.

Izinkokhelo ezincane ezicishe zihlanganise inzalo kuphela. Kudala ababoleki abakhokha iminyaka eminingi kodwa ekugcineni bekweleta cishe inani elifanayo.

Imikhawulo engakadonswa iyanganakwa uma ihlanganiswa yonke. Umbolekisi onemali edonsiwe eyizigidi ezingama-40 kanye nezigidi ezingama-25 ezizibophezelekile ezingakadonswa unokuchayeka kwezigidi ezingama-65, futhi ubungozi be-liquidity uma ingxenye enkulu idonswa ngasikhathi sinye.