Ukuguqulwa kwesibambiso

Ukuguqulwa kwempahla kube ukheshi kusho ukuguqula impahla ibe ukheshi. Ekubolekiseni kwemali, ngokuvamile kubhekisela ekuguqulweni kwesibambiso kube ukheshi — ukuphoqelela ilungelo lesibambiso phezu kwempahla ebekiwe, ukuyithengisa, nokusebenzisa imali etholiwe ukukhokha isikweletu esingakhokhwanga.

Leli gama linezinye izindlela ezimbalwa zokusetshenziswa kwezimali, futhi incazelo yalo ngokuvamile icacile ngokomongo:

• Ukuguqulwa kwesibambiso kube ukheshi: Ukuphoqelela ilungelo lesibambiso nokuthengisa impahla ebekiwe ukuze kubuyiselwe isikweletu (umqondo omkhulu wokubolekisa, ochazwe ngezansi).
• Okutholakele nokungakatholakali: Inzuzo noma ukulahlekelwa kutholakala lapho impahla ithengiswa ngempela futhi inzuzo noma ukulahlekelwa kuqiniseka; akukatholakali ngenkathi impahla isaphethwe futhi ukunyakaza kuwukuhlaziya kabusha kuphela.
• Umthetho wokutholakala kwenzuzo: Umthetho ojwayelekile wokubala ukuthi imali engenayo iqashelwa lapho itholakala futhi inzuzo ehlobene yezomnotho ingalinganiswa ngendlela ethembekile, esikhundleni sokuthi iqashelwe lapho ukheshi utholakala khona.
• Ukuguqulwa kwezimpahla kube ukheshi: Inqubo yokuthengisa izimpahla zebhizinisi ukuze imali etholiwe isatshalaliswe kubabolekisi, ekudicilelweni phansi noma ekungakwazini ukukhokha.

Lapho Ukuguqulwa Kwempahla Kwenzeka Khona

Ukuguqulwa kwempahla kube ukheshi kuyindlela yokugcina, etholakala kuphela uma isikweletu sesingakhokhwanga futhi umbolekisi esesebenzise amalungelo akhe esivumelwano. Ukulandelana okuvamile:

1. Ukwehluleka ukukhokha kwenzeka ngaphansi kwesivumelwano semalimboleko — ukwehluleka ukukhokha inkokhelo, noma ukwephulwa kwesibopho lapho isivumelwano sivumela ukuphoqelela.
2. Isidingo nesaziso. Isidingo esisemthethweni sokukhokha, esilandelwa yinoma yisiphi isikhathi sesaziso esisemthethweni esidingwa umthetho. Izindawo eziningi zibeka isaziso esincane nesikhathi sokulungisa ngaphambi kokuba ukuphoqelela kuqhubeke.
3. Ukusheshisa isikweletu. Umbolekisi umemezela ukuthi ibhalansi ephelele esele ifuneka ngokushesha, eguqule isimangalo sezikweletu ezingakhokhiwe sibe isimangalo saso sonke isikweletu.
4. Ukuthathwa noma ukubuyiswa kwempahla enesibambiso, ngemvume, ngomyalo wenkantolo, noma ngezindlela zokuzisiza ezivunyelwa umthetho.
5. Ukulinganiswa kwenani lempahla ukuze idayiswe.
6. Ukudayiswa — ngendali yomphakathi, ngesivumelwano sangasese, noma ngenqubo egadwe yinkantolo.
7. Ukusetshenziswa kwemali etholakele ngokulandelana kokukhokhelwa okusemthethweni nokwesivumelwano.
8. Inani eleqile noma ukushoda kuyaxazululwa.

Isinyathelo ngasinye sinezimo eziyimfuneko zomthetho, futhi ukuphoqelela okwenziwa ngaphandle kokuhlangabezana nazo kuvame ukuthi kungenziwa kube yize — okuyinto engashiya umbolekisi enesibopho sokukhokhela umonakalo futhi engenalo ilungelo lokusebenzisa isibambiso.

Izimo Eziyimfuneko Ukuze Isibambiso Sisebenze Ngempumelelo

Isibambiso sikhiqiza inani kuphela uma zonke lezi zinto ezilandelayo zifezekile. Empeleni, ngokuvamile okungenani eyodwa ayifezeki:

• Ithakazelo lesibambiso elivumelekile elidalwe ngendlela efanele ngaphansi kwemibhalo yemalimboleko neyesibambiso.
• Ukuqinisekiswa nokubhaliswa kurejista efanele — irejista yomhlaba, irejista yempahla enyakazayo noma irejista yokuthengiselana okuvikelwe, noma irejista yezimoto. Isithakazelo esingabhalisiwe singase singaphoqelelwa kubantu besithathu, futhi ukubaluleka ngaphezu kwabanye ababolekisi ngokuvamile kuncike ekubhalisweni ngokulandelana.
• Ubunikazi obucacile kumuntu obolekayo, obungenazo izibopho zangaphambilini ezingadalulwanga.
• Impahla ekhonjwayo netholakalayo. Isibambiso sempahla enyakazayo esingatholakali asikwazi ukuguqulwa sibe imali.
• Indlela yokuphoqelela esebenzayo — izinkantolo noma inqubo engeyona eyasenkantolo esebenza ngesikhathi esinengqondo kwezebhizinisi.
• Imakethe yempahla, enabathengi abazimisele ukukhokha inani elisondele enanini layo elihloliwe.

Inani Elitholakalayo, Inani Lemakethe kanye Nenani Lokudayiswa Ngempoqo

Izindlela ezintathu ezihlukene zokulinganisa inani lempahla efanayo, futhi umehluko phakathi kwazo yilapho ukudumazeka okuningi ngesibambiso kuvela khona.

• Inani lemakethe: Inani elingatholakala phakathi kwezinhlangano ezizimisele, likhangiswe ngokwanele, ngaphandle kwempoqo.
• Inani lokudayiswa ngempoqo: Inani elingatholakala ngaphansi kwempoqo nangesikhathi esinqunyelwe — ngokuvamile liba ngaphansi kakhulu kwenani lemakethe.
• Inani elitholakalayo: Inani lokudayiswa ngempoqo ngaphandle kwezindleko zokuguqula isibambiso sibe imali, futhi lilungiswe kucatshangelwa isikhathi esithathwayo ukuthola imali etholakele.

Ukuchayeka kombolekisi kuhlolwa ngendlela efanele uma kuqhathaniswa nenani elithengisekayo, hhayi inani lemakethe. Ukuhlolwa kwesicelo semali mboleko okusebenzisa inani lemakethe ngesaphulelo esincane kuphela kukhuphula ngokweqile ngendlela ehlelekile izinga lokuvikelwa yisibambiso.

Izilinganiso zemali mboleko nenani lempahla zikhona ukuze zivale lesi sikhala. I-LTV eqaphile akusikho ukungabi nathemba ngempahla — kuwukuqaphela ukuthi inani lemakethe akusilo lokho umbolekisi azokuthola.

Izindleko Zokuthengisa Impahla

Izindleko zokuthengisa impahla ngokwejwayelekile zibukelwa phansi. Izingxenye ezijwayelekile:

• Izimali zomthetho nezindleko zenkantolo
• Izimali zokulinganisa inani nokuhlola indawo
• Ukuthathwa kabusha kwempahla, ukuthutha, ukugcinwa kanye nokuvikelwa kwempahla
• Umshwalense ngesikhathi sokugcinwa kwempahla
• Ikhomishini yomthengisi wasendalini noma ye-ejenti
• Ukulungisa, kanye nanoma yiziphi izintela zendawo, izintela noma izikweletu eziphathelene nempahla
• Isikhathi sabasebenzi bangaphakathi nokunaka kwabaphathi

Uma kuhlangene, lezi zivame ukusebenzisa ingxenye enkulu yemali etholakala ekuthengisweni. Ezimpahleni ezihambayo zenani eliphansi, izindleko zokuthengisa zivame ukudlula ngokuphelele inani elingabuyiseka — okuyisona sizathu esenza ukuthi ukubolekwa kwezimali ezincane okuningi akuvikelekile empeleni ngisho nalapho kunesibambiso nje esikhona ngegama.

Isikhathi yisona esinye isindleko. Imali etholwa eminyakeni emithathu ngemva kokuhluleka ukukhokha inenani eliphansi ngokoqobo kunalokho okuvezwa isibalo esiyigama, futhi izikhathi zokuphoqelela ezithatha iminyaka eminingana zivamile ezindaweni ezinezinkantolo eziminyene.

Ukwabiwa Kwemali Etholakele

Imali etholakala ekuthengisweni isetshenziswa ngokulandelana okumisiwe, okubekwe ngumthetho kanye nemibhalo yesibambiso:

1. Izindleko zokuthengisa impahla — izindleko zokuphoqelela, zomthetho, zokuthengisa nokugcinwa
2. Izimangalo ezisezingeni eliphambili — izibambiso ezibhalisiwe zangaphambili, kanye nanoma yiziphi izimangalo ezikhethekile ngokomthetho ezifana nezintela ezingakhokhiwe noma izintela zendawo eziphathelene nempahla
3. isikweletu esiqinisekisiwe — sisetshenziswa ngokulandelana okubekwe yisivumelwano semali mboleko, ngokuvamile izindleko ezikhokhiswayo nezokuphoqelela, bese inzalo enqwabelene, bese inani eliyinhloko
4. Abanikazi bezibambiso abasezingeni elilandelayo, ngokulandelana kokubaluleka
5. Okusele kuyiswa kumboleki

Isibonelo Esisetshenziwe

• Isamba esiphelele semali yokuthengisa: 180,000
• Kuncishiswe izindleko zokudayiswa kwempahla (ezomthetho, ukulinganisa inani, indali, ukugcinwa): (27,000)
• Imali engenayo esele: 153,000
• Kuncishiswe isibambiso esibhalisiwe esinegunya eliphakeme: (40,000)
• Okutholakalayo kulo mbolekisi: 113,000
• Isikweletu esisele ngesikhathi sokuphoqelela: 150,000
• Ukushoda okusele kube isimangalo esingenasibambiso: 37,000

Imithetho emibili ephuma ohlelweni lokukhokha ngokulandelana, futhi yomibili ivame ukungaqondwa kahle:

Inzuzo esele ngeyomboleki. Umbolekisi odayisa isibambiso esinenani elingaphezu kwesikweletu kufanele abuyisele imali esele kumboleki noma kubanikazi bezibambiso abalandelayo. Akakwazi ukuyigcina.

Ukushoda kuhlala kukhona. Ukudayiswa kwesibambiso akusishabalalisi isikweletu. Insalela engu-37,000 isalokhu ikweletwa njengesimangalo esingenasibambiso futhi ingase ilandelwe, ngokuya ngemithetho ejwayelekile yokuqhubeka kanye neyemikhawulo yesikhathi — noma kucishwe uma ukubuyiswa kungenakulindeleka ngendlela enengqondo.

Izinhlobo Zezibambiso Nezici Zokudayisa

• Umhlaba obhalisiwe nezakhiwo: Kugcina inani eliphezulu kakhulu, kunensa futhi kubiza kakhulu ukuphoqelela; kuncike ngokuphelele ekubeni khona kwerejista yobunikazi bomhlaba esebenzayo.
• Izimoto: Imakethe esebenzayo yokuthengisa kabusha, ukwehla kwenani okusheshayo, kulula ukubeka inani, kulula ukuyisusa noma ukuyifihla.
• Imishini namathuluzi: Ngokuvamile iyimishini ekhethekile, imakethe yempahla esetshenzisiwe incane, isaphulelo esikhulu ekudayisweni okuphoqelelwe.
• Isitoko / impahla yokuhweba: Iyabola noma iphelelwa yisikhathi ngokushesha, kunzima ukuyisebenzisa njengesibambiso, inani lehla kakhulu uma ithathwa.
• Izimali ezilindelekile: Kutholakala ngokuqoqa kunokudayisa; izinga lincike kubakweleti abayisisekelo.
• Imfuyo: Kudinga ukuphathwa nokudayiswa ngokushesha; izibopho zenhlalakahle yezilwane nezokuthutha; amanani entengo ancike kakhulu esizini.
• Isibambiso semali / ukonga okuphoqelekile: Kutholakala ngokushesha ngokukhokhelana lapho isivumelwano nomthetho kuvuma khona — okuyindlela ethembeke kakhulu kunazo zonke.
• Iziqinisekiso zomuntu siqu: Akusiyona impahla; ukwenza imali ngesibambiso kusho ukumangalela umqinisekisi bese kuphoqelela ukuthathwa kwezimpahla zabo.

Iphethini iyafana: izimpahla okulula ukuzithatha njengesibambiso ngokuvamile yizona okunzima kakhulu ukwenza imali ngazo, kanti izimpahla okulula ukwenza imali ngazo yilezo umbolekisi asevele ezibambile.

Ukwenza Imali Ngesibambiso kanye Nokulahlekelwa Ngenxa Yokwehluleka Ukukhokha

Imiphumela yokwenza imali ngesibambiso ingena ngqo ekulahlekelweni lapho umboleki ehluleka ukukhokha, ipharamitha esetshenziswa ekubalweni kokulahlekelwa kwesikweletu okulindelekile:

Imbuyiselo elindelekile evela esibambisweni = Inani elingatholakala ngokudayisa × amathuba okuphoqelela okuphumelelayo, kuncishiswe ngenxa yesikhathi sokwenza imali.

Yonke ingxenye ibalulekile. Ukusebenzisa inani lemakethe, ukucabanga ukuthi ukuphoqelela kuhlala kuphumelela, noma ukunganaki isaphulelo sesikhathi seminyaka emithathu konke kukhukhumalisa ukucatshangwa kwembuyiselo futhi kwehlisa izinhlinzeko. Ukucatshangwa kwe-LGD kufanele kusekelwe kumava enkampani uqobo abonwayo okwenza imali ngesibambiso — imali yangempela etholakele, izindleko zangempela, izikhathi zangempela — kunokuba semibikweni yokulinganisa inani.

Izidingo Zomthetho Nezokuziphatha

Ukwenza imali ngesibambiso yilapho ukuphoqelela kuthinta ngqo kakhulu izimpahla nendlela yokuphila yomboleki, futhi kulawulwa kakhulu.

• Inqubo efanele. Izaziso, izikhathi zokulungisa kanye nanoma iyiphi inqubo ebekiwe yokuphoqelela kufanele ilandelwe. Amaphutha ngokuvamile enza ukuthi ukudayiswa kungachithwa.
• Umsebenzi wokuthola inani elifanele. Ezinhlelweni eziningi zomthetho, umbolekisi ophoqelela isibambiso unomsebenzi wokuthatha izinyathelo ezifanele zokuthola inani elifanele. Ukudayisa ngenani eliphansi — ikakhulukazi kumuntu ohlobene — kubeka umbolekisi engozini yezimangalo ezivela kumboleki nakwabanye abanesibambiso abalandelayo.
• Ilungelo lokukhulula isibambiso. Ababoleki ngokuvamile bagcina ilungelo lokukhulula isibambiso ngokukhokha isikweletu nezindleko kuze kube seqophelweni elithile lenqubo.
• Imikhawulo ekuzithatheleni impahla ngokwakho Ukuthatha impahla ngaphandle kwesinqumo senkantolo kuvunyelwe kwezinye izindawo zomthetho futhi kwenqatshelwe kwezinye. Lapho kuvunyelwe, ngokuvamile akumele kubandakanye ukuphazamisa ukuthula.
• Izenzo ezingavumelekile. Ukuthathwa kwempahla ngaphandle kwenqubo yomthetho, ukwesabisa, nokususa izimpahla ezingakhavethwe yisibambiso akuvumelekile futhi kuyiziphambeko eziphindaphindwayo zokuziphatha emkhakheni.
• Ukuboleka ngeqembu. Ukuthathwa kwezimpahla zasekhaya kwelungu elingakhokhi ngamanye amalungu eqembu akukhona ukwenza imali ngesibambiso. Akunasisekelo esisemthethweni, futhi umbolekisi onendlela yokusebenza ekugqugquzelayo noma ekubekezelelayo uthwala umthwalo wemfanelo.
• Izimpahla ezingenakuthathwa. Izindawo eziningi zomthetho zivikela izinto zasendlini eziyisisekelo, amathuluzi okuhweba, noma ikhaya eliyinhloko ekuphoqeleleni.

Umthetho wokuphoqelela uyehluka kakhulu ngokwendawo; izinqubo kufanele ziqinisekiswe endaweni ngaphambi kwanoma yisiphi isenzo sokuphoqelela.

Indlela Yokuphathwa Kwezimali Emabhukwini

• Izimpahla ezithathwe kabusha ezifakwe esandleni ngokuvamile ziqashelwa ngokwehlukana njengezimpahla ezigcinelwe ukudayiswa, ngenani eliphansi kwenani elithwalayo kanye nenani elifanele kususwe izindleko zokudayisa. Aziyona ingxenye yephothifoliyo yemalimboleko ephelele.
• Imali etholakele isetshenziswa ekunciphiseni ukuchayeka ngokulandelana kwezinkokhelo kwesivumelwano.
• Noma yikuphi ukushoda kuhlala njengokuchayeka okungenasibambiso, kwenziwa isibonelelo ngokufanele, futhi kucishwa uma kungekho ithemba elinengqondo lokubuyiswa.
• Noma iyiphi imali esele iyisikweletu kumboleki noma kubanikazi bezibambiso abalandelayo, hhayi imali engenayo.
• Ukubuyiswa kwesibambiso okulindelekile kuphakela ipharamitha ye-LGD ekulahlekelweni kwesikweletu okulindelekile ngaphambi kokuphoqelelwa, sekususiwe izindleko zokudayisa futhi kwehlisiwe inani.

Izingibe Ezivamile

• Ukuhlola ukuboleka ngenani lemakethe — inani elingatholakala ngokudayisa yilona elibalulekile, futhi igebe likhulu.
• Isibambiso esingabhalisiwe noma esiphelelisiwe ngendlela enesici — sitholakala kuphela ngesikhathi sokuphoqelelwa.
• Ukungazinaki izimangalo ezisezingeni eliphambili — kufaka phakathi izimangalo ezikhethekile ngokomthetho ezedlula isibambiso esibhalisiwe.
• Ukungafaki izindleko zokudayisa nesikhathi — ukushiya lokhu ezicatshangweni zokubuyisa futhi ngaleyo ndlela ezibalweni ze-LGD.
• Ukuthatha ngokuthi kunokuphoqeleleka — ezimakethe ezinezinkantolo eziminyene noma amarejista angaphelele, isibambiso esiyigama kuphela singase sibe nokubaluleka okuncane okungokoqobo, okuholela ekutheni imalimboleko enesibambiso inikezwe intengo engalungile.
• Ukuthatha isibambiso esinenani elingaphansi kwezindleko zokudayisa — kubeka izindleko kumboleki ngaphandle kwenzuzo kumbolekisi.
• Ukugcina imali esele etholakele — noma ukwehluleka ukuyibala kahle.
• Ukuthatha ukudayisa njengokuvala i-akhawunti — kanti ukushoda kuhlala kubuyiseka njengesimangalo esingenasibambiso.