Inzala eqokelelweyo

Inzala eqokelelweyo yinzala efunyenwe kodwa ingekahlawulwa okanye ingekamkelwa. Iyanda imihla ngemihla phakathi kwemihla yeentlawulo, kwaye ikhona kwii-akhawunti zawo omabini amaqela: njengengeniso nanjengemali emele ukufunyanwa kumbolekisi, nanjengenkcitho nanjengoxanduva lwemali kumboleki.

Le ngcamango ikhona ngenxa yokuba inzala iqokelelana ngokuqhubekekayo ngoxa iintlawulo zifika ngamaxesha athile. Imali-mboleko ehlawulwa rhoqo ngenyanga ifumana inzala yonke imihla yenyanga, kodwa imali inyakaza kube kanye kuphela. Inzala eqokelelweyo sisixa-mali esifunyenwe kweso sithuba.

Ngaphantsi kwendlela yokuqokelela, inzala iyabonakala kwixesha efunyanwa ngalo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ihlawulwa nini. Ngaphantsi kwendlela yemali eziinkozo, ibonakala kuphela xa ifunyenwe. Phantse onke amaziko abolekisayo anika ingxelo ngokwendlela yokuqokelela, kuba ii-akhawunti zendlela yemali eziinkozo zepotifoliyo yemali-mboleko zibeka ngaphantsi amangeniso ngamaxesha okukhula kwaye aziniki mqondiso wokuwohloka kokuqokelelwa.

Apho kuvela khona inzala eqokelelweyo

Inzala eqokelelweyo emelwe kukufunyanwa yimeko yombolekisi: inzala efunyenwe kwiimali-mboleko ezingekahlawulwa kodwa ingekaqokelelwa. Ihlala kwi-balance sheet njenge-asethi, yahlukile kwinqununu yemali-mboleko, kwaye yenye yeebhalansi ekunokwenzeka ukuba zibhalwe ngaphezulu kwipotifoliyo ethile enamatyala afihlakeleyo.

Inzala eqokelelweyo emelwe ukuhlawulwa yimeko yomboleki okanye yomntu othatha iidiphozithi: inzala etyalwayo kwiimali-mboleko okanye kwiidiphozithi zabathengi, ethe yenziwa kodwa ingekahlawulwa. Ihlala kwi-balance sheet njengoxanduva lwemali.

Iziko elibolekisa kwaye lithatha iidiphozithi liphethe zombini, kwaye umahluko phakathi kwenzala eqokelelekayo engenayo nenzala eqokelelekayo ephumayo usisiseko sengeniso yenzala ecocekileyo.

Indlela yokubala inzala eqokelelweyo

Ifomula jikelele yile:

Inzala eqokelelweyo = Inqununu × Izinga lonyaka lenzala × (Iintsuku ezigqithileyo ÷ Iintsuku zonyaka)

Izinto ezintathu ezifakwayo zimisela impendulo, kwaye nganye isisigqibo somgaqo-nkqubo kunokuba yinyani.

Inqununu. Kwimali-mboleko yebhalansi eyehlayo le yinqununu eseleyo ekuqaleni kwexesha lokuqokelela, encipha rhoqo emva kwentlawulo ngayinye. Kwimali-mboleko yezinga elimiyo inzala ibalwa ngenqununu yoqobo lonke ixesha, ngoko ke isiseko sokuqokelela asihli.

Izinga. Izinga lonyaka lesivumelwano. Apho izinga liguquguqukayo, ukuqokelelwa kufuneka kutshintshe ngomhla wokusebenza wotshintsho, nto leyo ethetha ukwahlula ixesha.

Umgaqo wokubalwa kweentsuku. Indlela iintsuku ezibalwa ngayo nokuba unyaka ucingelwa ukuba uqulethe ntoni.

Imigaqo yokubalwa kweentsuku

• Actual/365 — Iintsuku zekhalenda zokwenyani ÷ iintsuku ezingama-365. Isetyenziswa ekubolekiseni kwabathengi nakwi-microfinance kwiimarike ezininzi.
• Actual/360 — Iintsuku zekhalenda ezizezokwenene ÷ iintsuku ezingama-360. Isetyenziswa kwimarike yemali nakwimali-mboleko yorhwebo.
• 30/360 — Inyanga nganye ithathwa njengeentsuku ezingama-30 ÷ iintsuku ezingama-360. Isetyenziswa kwiibhondi, kwezinye iimortgage, nakwiinkqubo ezingundoqo zakudala.
• Actual/actual — Iintsuku zekhalenda ezizezokwenene ÷ iintsuku ezingama-365 okanye ezingama-366. Isetyenziswa ikakhulu kwiibhondi zikarhulumente.

Olu khetho alusiyonto nje yokuhombisa. I-Actual/360 ibala iintsuku zokwenyani ngonyaka oneentsuku ezingama-360, ngoko ivelisa inzala engaphezulu kancinane kune-actual/365 kwimali-mboleko efanayo — malunga neepesenti ezi-1.4 ngaphezulu ngonyaka.

Umzekelo osebenzayo

Imali-mboleko ene-10,000 eshiyekileyo ngeepesenti ezili-18 ngonyaka, iqokelelana ukusuka nge-1 Januwari ukuya nge-1 Februwari:

• Actual/365: 10,000 × 18% × (31 ÷ 365) = 152.88
• Actual/360: 10,000 × 18% × (31 ÷ 360) = 155.00
• 30/360: 10,000 × 18% × (30 ÷ 360) = 150.00

Imali-mboleko efanayo, izinga elifanayo, inyanga efanayo, iimpendulo ezintathu ezahlukileyo. Le ndlela yokusetyenziswa kufuneka ichazwe kwisivumelwano semali-mboleko kwaye icwangciswe ngokungaguqukiyo kwinkqubo eyibalayo.

Imibhalo yobalo-mali

Ukuqaphela inzala eqokelelweyo ekupheleni kwexesha:

• Idebhithi: Inzala eqokelelweyo emele ukufunyanwa — 152.88
• Ikhredithi: Ingeniso yenzala — 152.88

Ukufumana imali ezinkozo:

• Idebhithi: Imali ezinkozo okanye ibhanki — 152.88
• Ikhredithi: Inzala eqokelelweyo emele ukufunyanwa — 152.88

Ubhalo lwesibini aluchaphazeli i-akhawunti yengeniso. Ingeniso yayisele iqatshelwe xa yayiqokelelana; ukufumana imali kuguqula nje into emele ukufunyanwa ibe yimali ezinkozo. Ukuqaphela ingeniso kwakhona xa kufunyanwa imali yimpazamo eqhelekileyo nebalulekileyo — ibala kabini.

Xa iziko lisebenzisa ingxelo kwinqanaba lesebe, omabini amabhalo anophawu lwesebe ukuze ingeniso yenzala ixelwe apho imali-mboleko ikhoyo.

Inzala eqokelelweyo nolwabiwo lwentlawulo

Xa intlawulo yokubuyisela ifika, isetyenziswa kwiibhalansi ezishiyekileyo ngokulandelelana okumiselweyo, ngokuqhelekileyo izohlwayo, emva koko iifizi, emva koko inzala eqokelelweyo, emva koko imali eyintloko, nayo nayiphi na intsalela ithathwa njengentlawulo egqithileyo. Olu landelelwano lulwabiwo oluhlayo.

Inzala eqokelelweyo ihleli ngaphezulu kwemali eyintloko kolo landelelwano ngesizathu: inzala esele izuziwe iyahlawulwa phambi kokuba ibhalansi evelisa inzala yexesha elizayo incitshiswe. Ukubuyisela umva olu landelelwano — ukusebenzisa kwimali eyintloko kuqala — kunciphisa ingeniso yombolekisi kwaye kushiya inzala emele ukufunyanwa iqhubeka ihleli ingahlawulwanga.

Kukho iziphumo ezibini ezilandelayo kumcimbi wo kusetyenzwa kwemali-mboleko:

Ukuhlawula kwangethuba. Umboleki ohlawula ngaphambi komhla wokuhlawula unenzala eqokelelweyo encinane kunaleyo iboniswa sishedyuli, kuba iintsuku ezimbalwa zidlulile. Kwimali-mboleko yebhalansi enciphayo indlela echanekileyo kukuphinda kubalwe inzala ukuya kutsho kumhla wokwenene wokuhlawula, kungekhona ukusebenzisa inani elisishedyulini.

Ukuhlawula emva kwexesha. Inzala iyaqhubeka iqokeleleka nasemva komhla wokuhlawula, ngoko intlawulo eyenziwe emva kweeveki ezimbini igubungela inzala eninzi kunye nentlawulo eyintloko encinane kunoko bekucwangcisiwe. Ukuba inkqubo isebenzisa ulwahlulo olucwangcisiweyo endaweni yokuqokelelwa kokwenyani, imali eyintloko ibhalwa ngaphantsi kwaye imali-mboleko ngokuthe cwaka ishiyeka ngasemva kwi-amortisation yayo.

Ubume bokungaqokeleli nzala kunye nenzala ebambekileyo

Ukuqokelela inzala kwimali-mboleko engayi kubuyiselwa kukhulisa zombini ingeniso kunye nee-asethi. Yonke imigaqo-nkqubo yokulumka iyayisingatha le nto, kwaye indlela yokusebenza iyahambelana ngokubanzi.

Ubume bokungaqokeleli nzala. Yakuba imali-mboleko idlule kumda omiselweyo wokungahlawuli — ngokuqhelekileyo iintsuku ezingamashumi alithoba emva kwexesha lokuhlawula , nangona imida yahluka ngokomlawuli nangokodidi lwemali-mboleko — umbolekisi uyayeka ukuqaphela enye inzala njengengeniso. Imali-mboleko ibekwa kubume bokungaqokeleli nzala.

Ukuphathwa kwenzala esele iqokelelwe. Inzala eqatshelwe njengengeniso ngaphambi kokuba imali-mboleko ingene kubume bokungaqokeleli nzala iphindiselwa umva kwingeniso yexesha langoku, okanye idluliselwe kwi-akhawunti yenzala ebambekileyo. Inzala ebambekileyo ayiyongeniso. Yibhalansi yesikhumbuzo erekhoda oko umboleki akutyalayo, egcinwe ngaphandle kwengxelo yengeniso de ibe iqokelelwe ngokwenene.

Ukuqatshelwa ekubuyiselweni. Ukuba umboleki uhlawula kamva, inzala ebambekileyo iqatshelwa njengengeniso ngelo xesha. Ukuba imali-mboleko icinyiwe , inzala ebambekileyo nayo iyacinywa kunye nayo kwaye ayize ingene kwingeniso.

Ukubuyela ekuqokeleleni inzala. Imali-mboleko ebuyiselwe ngokupheleleyo kwixesha langoku, kwaye ihlale ikwixesha langoku kangangexesha elimiselweyo lokuqwalaselwa, inokubuyela kubume bokuqokelela inzala. Ukuhlengahlengisa kuphela ngokuqhelekileyo akwanelanga — ukuphinda-phinda ukutshintsha ishedyuli yemali-mboleko ecinezelekileyo ukuze ihlale iqokelela inzala yenye yezona zibonakaliso zicacileyo zokuba ipotifoliyo ilawulwa ngenxa yenkangeleko.

Le ndlela yokusebenza inxibelelana ngqo no kubekelwa bucala kwelahleko yemali-mboleko nokuhlelwa kokungahlawuli okuqhutywa ngamaqela obudala betyala. Imida ethile imiselwa zizikhokelo zobulumko kwaye iyahluka ngokweendawo zolawulo.

Inzala eqokelelweyo kwiimali-mboleko zereyithi ethe tyaba

Kwimali-mboleko yereyithi ethe tyaba, inzala iyonke imiselwa ekuqaleni — imali eyintloko iphindaphindwe ngereyithi ethe tyaba iphindaphindwe ngexesha lemboleko — kwaye isavenge ngasinye sithwala inxalenye elinganayo yayo.

Oku kudala umbuzo wokuqatshelwa. Ukusasaza inzala iyonke ngokulinganayo kwiisavenge kulula kodwa kubaxa ingeniso ekuqaleni kwemali-mboleko, kuba ibhalansi eseleyo iyehla ngelixa inzala eqatshelweyo ingehli. Indlela ethetheleleka ngakumbi iqatshela inzala ngokwesiseko senzala esebenzayo, ukuze ingeniso ilandele ibhalansi enciphayo nangona iisavenge zomboleki zilingana.

Impembelelo esebenzayo: kwiipotifoliyo zereyithi ethe tyaba, inzala eqokelelweyo eqatshelwe kwi-akhawunti ayiyi kulingana nenxalenye yenzala eboniswe kwi shedyuli yokuhlawula yomboleki.

Inzala eqokelelweyo kwiimarike zeebhondi

Ngaphandle kokubolekisa, eli gama lidla ngokuvela kurhwebo lwengeniso esisigxina.

Ibhondi ihlawula iikhuphoni ngamaxesha athile, kodwa ithengiswa nangaluphi na usuku. Umthengi ubuyekeza umthengisi ngenzala efunyenwe ukususela kumhla wokugqibela wekhuphoni. Oku kuvelisa amaxabiso amabini:

• Ixabiso elicocekileyo — ixabiso elicatshulweyo, ngaphandle kwenzala eqokelelweyo
• Ixabiso elingcolileyo — isixa esihlawulwa ngokwenene, elilixabiso elicocekileyo lidityaniswe nenzala eqokelelweyo

Ukuqokelelwa kubalwa ngokwendlela yokubala iintsuku echaziweyo yebhondi, ngokuqhelekileyo 30/360 kwimiba yeenkampani kunye ne-actual/actual kwiibhondi zikarhulumente. Ngomhla wekhuphoni inzala eqokelelweyo ibuyela ku-zero kwaye amaxabiso amabini ayahlangana.

Iimpazamo eziqhelekileyo

• Ukuqaphela ingeniso kabini — kube kanye xa ibaliwe kwaye kwakhona xa ifunyenwe.
• Ukungangqinelani kwemigaqo — isivumelwano sichaza indlela enye yokubala iintsuku, kodwa inkqubo ibala enye. Umsantsa ukhula ngokuthe chu kuyo yonke ipotfoliyo.
• Ukubalwa kwenzala kwiimali-mboleko ezingasebenziyo — kukhukhumalisa ingeniso de ukucinywa kokugqibela kuveze ukubaxwa ngexesha elinye.
• Ukusilela ukurhoxisa xa kuthotywa umgangatho — ukuhambisa imali-mboleko kwimeko yokungabalwa kwenzala kodwa kushiya inzala ebibaliwe ngaphambili isengeniso.
• Ukungahoywa kokubalwa kwenzala xa kuhlawulwa kwangethuba — kubizwa inzala ecwangcisiweyo endaweni yenzala ukuya kutsho kumhla wokwenyani wokuhlawula, nto leyo ebiza ngaphezulu umboleki kwaye idala umngcipheko wokukhuselwa kwabathengi.
• Ukufaka iintlawulo kwinqununu phambi kwenzala — kubeka ingeniso ngaphantsi kwaye kushiya imali efumanekayo endala.
• Ukubalwa kwenzala kuphela ekupheleni kwenyanga — kubalwa inzala kube kanye ngenyanga endaweni yokuba kubalwe yonke imihla, nto leyo echaza gwenxa nayiphi na i-akhawunti enentengiselwano phakathi enyangeni.
• Ukungabikho kokuvisisanisa phakathi kweleja yemali-mboleko kunye neleja jikelele — inzala ebaliweyo efumanekayo kwii-akhawunti kufuneka ivisisane nesixa senzala ebaliweyo kuzo zonke iimali-mboleko ezivulekileyo, kwaye kunqabile ukuba kube njalo xa ezi zinto zigcinwa ngokwahlukeneyo.

Imibuzo ebuzwa rhoqo

Yintoni umahluko phakathi kwenzala ebaliweyo nenzala efumanekayo? Kwiimali-mboleko zihlala zichaza ibhalansi efanayo. Apho kukhethwa khona umahluko, inzala ebaliweyo yinzala efunyenweyo kodwa engekabhalwa, ngelixa inzala efumanekayo yinzala ebhaliweyo kodwa engekahlawulwa.

Ingaba inzala ebaliweyo iyarhafiswa? Ngokurhafiswa okusekelwe ekubalweni kwenzala, ingeniso yenzala idla ngokurhafiswa xa ibaliweyo endaweni yokuba irhafiswe xa ifunyenwe, nangona uninzi lwemimandla lubonelela ngesiqabu senzala kwiimali-mboleko ezingasebenziyo. Indlela yokuphatha iyahluka, kwaye imeko kufuneka iqinisekiswe nomcebisi werhafu wasekuhlaleni.