Izinga lokugcinwa kwabathengi

Izinga lokugcinwa kwabaxhasi yipesenti yabaxhasi abaqhubeka nobudlelwane babo neziko kwixesha elimiselweyo. Kubolekiso, lidla ngokulinganisa isahlulo sababoleki abathatha imali-mboleko elandelayo emva kokubuyisa ngokupheleleyo eyangaphambili, kunokuba baphume emva komjikelo omnye.

Isichasi salo lizinga lokuyeka (okanye izinga lokurhoxa): isahlulo sabaxhasi abashiyayo.

Ukugcinwa yenye yezona metriki zibalulekileyo ngokwezoqoqosho ezilandelwa ngumbolekisi, kuba phantse zonke iindleko zobudlelwane bokubolekisa zifakwa ekuqaleni — ukufunyanwa, ukusekwa kwamaqela, uvavanyo lokuqala, uqeqesho, i-KYC — ngelixa ingeniso ifunyanwa kwimijikelo. Umboleki oshiya emva kwemali-mboleko enye usenokuba akazange ahlawule iindleko zokungeniswa kwakhe.

Indlela yokubala Izinga lokugcinwa kwabaxhasi

Akukho fomula enye ekuvunyelwene ngayo, kwaye oku ngowona mthombo uqhelekileyo wokubhideka xa amanani okugcinwa ethelekiswa phakathi kwamaziko. Iindlela ezine ezingezantsi zonke zivelisa "izinga lokugcinwa" kwaye zonke zinika iimpendulo ezahlukileyo kule potfoliyo inye.

Indlela 1 — Ifomula esemgangathweni yokugcinwa

Izinga lokugcinwa = ((E − N) / S) × 100
apho S = abaxhasi ekuqaleni kwexesha, N = abaxhasi abatsha abafunyenwe ngexesha, E = abaxhasi ekupheleni kwexesha

Oku kwahlula abaxhasi abaqhubekayo ngokususa abafunyenweyo abatsha kwibhalansi yokuvala. Ngumgangatho oqhelekileyo woshishino kwaye usebenza kakuhle apho isiseko sabaxhasi silinganiswa njengesitokhwe esizinzileyo.

Umzekelo: 4,200 abaxhasi ekuqaleni konyaka; 1,500 abaxhasi abatsha abafunyenweyo; 4,800 ekupheleni konyaka.

Ukugcinwa = ((4,800 − 1,500) / 4,200) × 100 = 78.6%

Indlela yesi-2 — Izinga lokugcinwa kwababoleki (indlela eqhelekileyo ye-microfinance)

Ukugcinwa kwababoleki = Ababoleki abasebenzayo ekupheleni kwexesha / (Ababoleki abasebenzayo ekuqaleni + Ababoleki abatsha ngexesha) × 100

Sisebenzisa la manani afanayo:

4,800 / (4,200 + 1,500) × 100 = 84.2%

Le ndlela ixhaphakile ekuthelekiseni i-microfinance. Iyekelela ngaphezulu kuneNdlela 1 kuba abafunyenweyo abatsha bahlala kwidenominator kunokuba bakhutshwe kwinumerator.

Indlela yesi-3 — Indlela yomjikelo wemali-mboleko

Ukugcinwa = Iimali-mboleko eziphindiweyo ezikhutshiweyo ngexesha / Iimali-mboleko zizonke ezikhutshiweyo ngexesha × 100

Oku kulinganisa indlela yokuhlaziya ngokuthe ngqo kunokuba kuyicingele kumanani abaxhasi, kwaye yindlela ehambelana kakhulu nendlela ukubolekisa okuqhubekayo okusebenza ngayo. Ubuthathaka bayo kukuba inovakalelo kumthamo wokukhutshwa kwemali: ukugqabhuka kokufunyanwa kwabaxhasi abatsha kuya kulithoba izinga nokuba akukho mxhasi ukhoyo oshiyileyo.

Indlela yesi-4 — Ukugcinwa kweqela

Landela iqela elithile lokungeniswa ekuhambeni kwexesha kwaye ulinganise ukuba bangaphi abasalayo kumjikelo ngamnye.

• Umjikelo 1: 1,000 abaxhasi abasalayo (100% ukugcinwa okuqokeleleneyo)
• Umjikelo 2: abathengi abangama-720 abaseleyo (72% xa kuthelekiswa nomjikelo ongaphambili, 72% yokugcinwa okuqokelelweyo)
• Umjikelo 3: abathengi abangama-590 abaseleyo (82% xa kuthelekiswa nomjikelo ongaphambili, 59% yokugcinwa okuqokelelweyo)
• Umjikelo 4: abathengi abangama-505 abaseleyo (86% xa kuthelekiswa nomjikelo ongaphambili, 51% yokugcinwa okuqokelelweyo)
• Umjikelo 5: abathengi abangama-450 abaseleyo (89% xa kuthelekiswa nomjikelo ongaphambili, 45% yokugcinwa okuqokelelweyo)

Uhlalutyo lweqela (cohort analysis) yeyona ndlela inolwazi oluninzi kuba ibonisa apho abathengi bemka khona. Ipateni engentla — ilahleko enkulu phakathi komjikelo 1 no-2, emva koko ukuzinza okuqhubekayo — yinto eqhelekileyo, kwaye ikuxelela ukuba indawo yokungenelela kukuhlaziywa kokuqala, nto leyo ipesenti enye kwinqanaba lepotfoliyo engasoze iyiveze.

Umgaqo osebenzayo: khetha indlela enye, uyichaze ngokubhaliweyo, kwaye uyisebenzise ngokungaguqukiyo. Inani lokugcinwa elingenayo ifomula yalo eliqhotyoshelweyo alinakuthelekiswa nanto.

Kutheni Ukugcinwa Kwabathengi Kubalulekile

Ukuhlawulwa kweendleko zokufumana ngokuhamba kwexesha. Ukuqaliswa, ukusekwa kweqela, uqeqesho, i-KYC kunye novavanyo lokuqala ubukhulu becala zizinto ezenziwa kube kanye. Umjikelo ngamnye owongezelelweyo usasaza ezo ndleko kwingeniso eninzi.

Umngcipheko ophantsi wetyala. Ababoleki abaphindayo bahlala beqhuba ngcono kunababoleki bomjikelo wokuqala, kuba iziko liye laqwalasela indlela abaziphatha ngayo kwaye umboleki uye waqokelela ixabiso lobudlelwane angafuni ukulahlekelwa lilo. Ukugcinwa ke ngoko kuphucula umgangatho wepotfoliyo, hayi nje ingeniso.

Ubungakanani obukhulu bemalimboleko ephakathi. Phantsi kokubolekisa okuqhubekayo, abathengi abagciniweyo banyuka kwileli. Ukugcinwa yinto eguqula ipotfoliyo yeemalimboleko zokuqala ezincinci ibe yileyo ineebhalansi eziphakathi ezinokwenzeka.

Ukuvavanywa okungabizi kakhulu. Uvavanyo lokuhlaziya kumboleki owaziwayo onembali yokuhlawula lubiza iqhezu lovavanyo lokuqala.

Ixabiso lobomi bomthengi (CLV). Ukugcinwa yeyona nto iphambili kwi-CLV. Utshintsho oluncinci luyadityaniswa: ukunyusa ukugcinwa komjikelo ukuya komjikelo ukusuka kwi-70% ukuya kwi-80% kuphinda kabini inani elilindelekileyo lemijikelo ngomthengi ngamnye.

Umgangatho womqondiso. Ukuyeka yimpendulo enyanisekileyo. Abathengi abafane bakhalaze — bavele bangabuyi. Izinga lokuyeka elinyukayo lihlala lilona phawu lokuqala lokuba amaxabiso, ubungakanani bemalimboleko, umgangatho wenkonzo okanye unikezelo lomntu okhuphisana naye lutshintshile.

Iimpazamo Eziqhelekileyo Zokulinganisa

Ukubala abathengi abaleleyo njengabasebenzayo. Umthengi onebhalansi enguziro ongakhange enze ntengiselwano iinyanga ezininzi akagcinwanga. Chaza "osebenzayo" ngokucacileyo — imalimboleko engekahlawulwa, intengiselwano ngaphakathi kwexesha elimiselweyo, okanye ibhalansi yokonga engaphezulu komda othile — kwaye uyisebenzise ngokungaguqukiyo.

Ukungahoyi amaxesha okuphumla. Ababoleki bahlala bephumla phakathi kwemijikelo ngenxa yezizathu zonyaka okanye zobuqu kwaye babuye kamva. Ukulinganisa ukugcinwa kwixesha elifutshane kakhulu kubeka aba bathengi njengabalahlekileyo. Chaza ixesha lokubuya (elidla ngokuba ziinyanga ezi-3–6 emva kokuhlawulwa) phambi kokuba ubale umthengi njengophumileyo.

Ukudida ukuphuma okunyanzelisiweyo nokuzithandela. Umthengi owaqhekeka iqela lakhe, owaliweyo, okanye owacinywayo uphume ngesizathu esahluke kakhulu kunalowo wakhetha ukuhamba. Ukubadibanisa kufihla umqondiso onokusetyenziswa.

Ukulinganisa kwinqanaba leqela ngokuchasene nenqanaba lelungu. Kwi-ukubolekisa kweqela, iqela lingaqhubeka lisaphila ngelixa liphulukana namalungu, okanye lichithakale ngelixa onke amalungu efudukela kwiimveliso zomntu ngamnye. Zombini zifuna ukulandelwa ngokwahlukileyo.

Iimali-mboleko ezininzi ngaxeshanye. Apho umxhasi anokuba neemali-mboleko ezingaphezu kwesinye, iindlela ezisekelwe ekubaleni iimali-mboleko ziyabaxa isiseko sabaxhasi. Ukugcinwa kufuneka kulinganiswe kwinqanaba lomxhasi, hayi kwinqanaba lemboleko.

Ubuntununtunu bamaxesha. Amazinga okugcinwa ngonyaka, ngekota nangenyanga akakwazi ukuguqulwa ukusuka kwelinye ukuya kwelinye ngendlela eqondakalayo, ngakumbi kwiimveliso zexesha elifutshane apho umxhasi anokugqiba imijikelo emithathu ngonyaka.

Ukusinda kwidenomineyitha. Abaxhasi abasaphakathi embolekweni abazange babe nathuba lokushiya. Ukubabandakanya kwenyusa amanani okugcinwa ngendlela engeyiyo. Ezona denomineyitha zicocekileyo ziqulathe kuphela abaxhasi abafikelele kwinqanaba lokuthatha isigqibo sokuhlaziya.

Yintoni Ebangela Ukushiya Kwabaxhasi

Umda wobungakanani bemboleko. Esona sizathu sixhaphakileyo sokushiya kwabaxhasi abalungileyo. Umboleki osele ekhule wadlula esona sixa siphezulu esifumanekayo uya kumbolekisi onokumsebenzela — ethatha imbali yetyala iziko elichithe imijikelo emininzi liyakha.

Ukucotha kwexesha lokuphendula ngokuhlaziya. Umboleki ohlawula ngoLwesihlanu aze angakwazi ukufikelela kwimali-mboleko elandelayo kangangeeveki ezintathu unesikhewu semali yokusebenza. Abakhuphisana naye bakhuphisana kanye kweso sikhewu.

Iindleko zexesha leentlanganiso. Ukuya ngenkani rhoqo ngeveki yindleko yokwenene, ephindaphindayo kumrhwebi. Ayikaze ibonakale kwizinga lenzala kodwa isoloko ikhankanywa kudliwano-ndlebe lokuphuma.

Imiqathango yemveliso engaguquguqukiyo. Ukuphindaphindeka kwentlawulo, ixesha lemboleko okanye umhla wokuqalisa ezingahambelaniyo nomjikelo wemali womboleki — kunzima kakhulu kwezolimo nakurhwebo lwamaxesha onyaka.

Amaxabiso. Ngokuqhelekileyo ngunobangela omncinci kunokuba kucingelwa, kodwa iba yinto egqibayo xa umntu okhuphisana naye enikezela ngemiqathango ebhetele ngokubonakalayo kwimveliso efanayo.

Ukusilela kweqela. Phantsi koxanduva oludityanelweyo, ilungu elingahlawuliyo linokugxotha abahlawuli abalungileyo abaliqela. Le yenye yezona mithombo zikhulu zokulahleka okunokuphetshwa kwiipotfoliyo zamaqela.

Ukuziphatha kwabasebenzi nokutshintsha kwabo. Ubudlelwane ekubolekiseni ebaleni buhlala bukunye negosa lemboleko, hayi iziko. Ukutshintsha kwamagosa yinto eqikelelekayo yokulahleka kwabaxhasi kwipotfoliyo echaphazelekayo.

Ukutyala okugqithisileyo. Umboleki ohlawula ababolekisi abaliqela angarhoxa ngabom, nto leyo eyindlela yokuphuma esempilweni kwaye kufuneka irekhodwe ngokwahlukileyo.

Ukuvalwa kweshishini okanye ukufuduka. Ukulahleka kokwenyani okungahambelaniyo nomgangatho wenkonzo, kodwa kusafuneka kubalwe kwaye kulinganiswe kunokuba kucingelwe.

Indlela Yokulandelela Ukugcinwa Ngokuncedayo

• Yahlula ngokwamacandelo. Ukugcinwa kwinqanaba lepotfoliyo phantse akuncedi nto kukodwa. Yahlula ngokwenani lomjikelo, isebe, igosa lemboleko, imveliso, iqela xa kuthelekiswa nomntu ngamnye, icandelo kunye nesini. Umahluko phakathi kwamacandelo kulapho izigqibo zithathwa khona.
• Thatha izizathu zokuphuma emthonjeni. Ikhowudi yesizathu sokuphuma enyanzelekileyo ekuvaleni, enoluhlu oluncinane nolucacileyo, ivelisa idatha ebhetele kunalo naluphi na uhlalutyo lwasemva.
• Qhuba udliwano-ndlebe lokuphuma kwisampulu. Iikhowudi zezizathu ezibhalwa ngabasebenzi zithambekela ngendlela ecwangcisiweyo kwizizathu ezingabachaphazeli kakubi abasebenzi. Isampulu encinci ezimeleyo iyalungisa oku.
• Jonga umjikelo woku-1 ukuya kumjikelo wesi-2 ngokukodwa. Kulapho kwenzeka khona ezona lahleko zinkulu nalapho ungenelelo lunembuyekezo ephezulu.
• Landelela ukugcinwa kwabathengi ngokuchasene nokukhula kobungakanani bemboleko. Ukuba ukugcinwa kuphezulu kodwa umndilili wobungakanani bemboleko uthe tyaba, abathengi bahlala kodwa abakhuli — ingxaki yomda ophezulu efihlakeleyo.
• Yahlula phakathi kokuphuma ngokuzithandela nokuphuma okunyanzelekileyo kwingxelo nganye.

Yintoni izinga elilungileyo lokugcinwa kwabathengi?

Akukho mlinganiselo wokuthelekisa jikelele, kwaye amanani apapashiweyo kufuneka ajongwe ngononophelo ngezizathu ezibini: amaziko asebenzisa iifomyula ezahlukileyo, kwaye achaza "umthengi osebenzayo" ngokwahlukileyo. I-85% exeliweyo phantsi kwenye indlela inokuba yipotfoliyo efanayo ne-70% exeliweyo phantsi kwenye indlela eyahlukileyo.

Iimvavanyo eziluncedo ngakumbi kunomgangatho wokuthelekisa wangaphandle:

• Umkhombandlela. Ngaba izinga lakho liyenyuka okanye liyehla phantsi kwenkcazelo engaguqukiyo?
• Ubume beqela. Kweliphi inqanaba abathengi bemka khona, kwaye ngaba loo ndawo iyashukuma?
• Ukusasazeka kwecandelo. Wubuphi ububanzi bomsantsa phakathi kwamasebe akho angcono namabi okanye amagosa akho angcono namabi kwimveliso enye? Umahluko wangaphakathi udla ngokuba lelona thuba likhulu nelinokulungiseka.
• Ukwanele kwezoqoqosho. Ngaba inani eliphakathi lemijikelo yomthengi ngamnye lidlula inani elifunekayo ukuze kubuyiswe iindleko zokufumana abathengi? Lo ngumda kuphela obaluleke ngokwenene, kwaye uxhomekeke kwiziko ngalinye.

Iimethrikhi ezinxulumeneyo

• Izinga lokuyeka / lokushiya: 100% − izinga lokugcinwa
• Iindleko zokufumana umthengi (CAC): Iindleko zizonke zokufumana abathengi ÷ abathengi abatsha abafunyenweyo
• Ixabiso lobomi bomthengi (CLV): Inzuzo epheleleyo elindelekileyo evela kumthengi kulo lonke ubudlelwane naye
• Umndilili wemijikelo ngomthengi: Inani eliphakathi lemijikelo yemboleko egqityiweyo ngaphambi kokuphuma
• Inani labathengi abasebenzayo: Abathengi abafikelela kumda womsebenzi ochazwe liziko
• Ipotfoliyo esemngciphekweni (PAR): Isabelo sepotfoliyo esineentlawulo ezisemva kwixesha ezingaphaya komda othile
• Umndilili wobungakanani bemboleko ngokomjikelo: Ilandelela ukuba abathengi abagciniweyo bayaphambela ngokwenene na