Uvavanyo lokukwazi ukuhlawula

Uhlolo lokukwazi ukuhlawula luvavanyo olusetyenziswa ngumbolekisi ukumisela ukuba umenzi-sicelo anako na ukuhlangabezana neentlawulo ezicetywayo ngengeniso eseleyo emva kweendleko zokuphila nezibophelelo zamatyala akhoyo, ngaphandle kobunzima nangaphandle kokufuna ukuboleka kwakhona. Luphendula umbuzo omxinwa kunokuthembeka kwikredithi: hayi ukuba umboleki kunokwenzeka na ukuba ahlawule, kodwa ukuba uyakwazi na ngokwemali.

Umahluko ubalulekile kuba umboleki unokuba nerekhodi entle kakhulu yokuhlawula kodwa angakwazi ukuhlawula imali-mboleko entsha. Ukuzimisela nokukwazi zizinto ezahlukeneyo, kwaye ukukwazi ukuhlawula kulinganisa eyesibini kuphela.

Ukukwazi ukuhlawula ngokuchasene nokuthembeka kwikredithi ngokuchasene nokufaneleka

• Ukufaneleka — Umbuzo ophendulweyo: Ngaba umenzi-sicelo uyayifezekisa imigaqo esisiseko yokufaka isicelo? | Ubungqina obuphambili: Ubudala, indawo yokuhlala, umvuzo omncinci, ubume bengqesho.
• Ukukwazi ukuhlawula — Umbuzo ophendulweyo: Ngaba umenzi-sicelo angakwazi ukuhlawula iintlawulo ngengeniso ekhoyo? | Ubungqina obuphambili: Iirekhodi zengeniso, iindleko, izibophelelo ezikhoyo.
• Ukuthembeka kwikredithi — Umbuzo ophendulweyo: Ngaba kunokwenzeka ukuba umenzi-sicelo ahlawule, ngenxa yembali yakhe nobuntu bakhe? | Ubungqina obuphambili: Iinkcukacha zebyuro yekhredithi, irekhodi yokuhlawula, iireferensi.

Isicelo sinokugqitha ukufaneleka nokuthembeka kwikredithi kodwa sisilele ekukwazini ukuhlawula. Ukuboleka kuloo meko yindlela evelisa ababoleki abacinezelekileyo abanerekhodi ezicocekileyo zangaphambili — kwaye kwinani elikhulayo lemimandla, yindlela etsala isohlwayo solawulo.

Ubalo olungundoqo

Yonke indlela yokuvavanya ukukwazi ukuhlawula ifikelela kwizibalo ezifanayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba isigama sendawo sithini:

1. Misela ingeniso epheleleyo — umvuzo, ingeniso yeshishini ecocekileyo, ingeniso yokurenta, imali ethunyelwayo, ipenshini, ingeniso yesibini eqinisekisiweyo.
2. Susa izinto ezisemthethweni nezinyanzelekileyo — irhafu yengeniso, iminikelo yokhuseleko lwezentlalo nepenshini, iirhafu zeinshorensi yezempilo, imirhumo yemibutho yabasebenzi, iintlawulo eziyalelwe yinkundla.
3. Susa iindleko eziyimfuneko zokuphila — indlu, iindleko zombane namanzi, ukutya, ezothutho, iifizi zesikolo, iindleko zonyango, inkxaso yabaxhomekeki.
4. Susa iintlawulo zamatyala akhoyo — yonke isavenge lemali-mboleko ekhoyo, intlawulo encinane yekhadi letyala, iindleko zokugcina i-ovadrafti, intlawulo yokuthenga ngezavenge, kunye nokuboleka okungekho sikweni apho kunokufunyanwa khona.
5. Fikelela kwingeniso eshiyekileyo — oko kushiyekileyo nokufumanekayo ngokwenene kwisibophelelo esitsha.
6. Sebenzisa umda wokhuseleko — umda ogciniweyo ngokuchasene nokuguquguquka kwengeniso neendleko ezingalindelekanga, kunokuba kubolekwe ngokuchasene neyunithi yokugqibela yentsalela.
7. Thelekisa nesavenge elicetywayo — imali-mboleko iyakwazi ukuhlawulwa kuphela ukuba isavenge lingena ngaphakathi kwintsalela enomda wokhuseleko.

Iindlela ezimbini

Indlela esekelwe kumlinganiselo (uphindaphindo lwengeniso). Intlawulo ecetywayo, okanye inkonzo yetyala iyonke, ithintelwa kwipesenti esisigxina yengeniso. Kuyakhawuleza, kulula ukuzenzekelisa, kwaye kulula ukucacisela abafaki-sicelo nabalawuli. Ubuthathaka bayo kukuba ipesenti esisigxina ithetha izinto ezahluke kakhulu kumanqanaba engeniso ahlukeneyo: iipesenti ezingamashumi amathathu zengeniso ephezulu zishiya isigcino esikhulu, ngelixa iipesenti ezingamashumi amathathu zengeniso yokuphila zinokushiya kungabikho nto yokuphila ngayo.

Indlela yengeniso eshiyekileyo (intsalela). Iindleko zokuphila zokwenyani ziyatsalwa kwaye uvavanyo lwenziwa ngokusekelwe koko kushiyekileyo ngesixa esipheleleyo, ngokuthelekiswa nentsalela encinci eyamkelekileyo. Oku kuchanekile ngakumbi, ngakumbi kumanqanaba asezantsi engeniso, kodwa kufuna idatha ethembekileyo yeendleko kunye nembono ekhuselayo yokuba zeziphi kanye ezona ndleko ziphantsi zokuphila.

Uninzi lwababolekisi lusebenzisa zombini: umlinganiselo njengesikrini esikhawulezayo, kunye nokubalwa kwengeniso eshiyekileyo njengovavanyo olubophelelayo. Abalawuli kwiimarike ezininzi baye baqhubela phambili ekufuneni indlela yengeniso eshiyekileyo ngokukodwa, kanye ngenxa yokuba imida yomlinganiselo ibeka phantsi ubunzima kwinqanaba elisezantsi losasazo lwengeniso.

Imilinganiselo ephambili yokufikeleleka

• Umlinganiselo wetyala-kwingeniso (DTI) — Izibophelelo zetyala zizonke zenyanga zahlulwe ngengeniso epheleleyo yenyanga.
• Umlinganiselo wenkonzo yetyala-kwingeniso (DSTI) — Iintlawulo zetyala zizonke zahlulwe ngengeniso ecocekileyo. Ngokuqhelekileyo yeyona ibalulekileyo kwezi zimbini, kuba ingeniso epheleleyo ayikhe ifumaneke ukuba isetyenziswe.
• Umlinganiselo wentlawulo-kwingeniso — Intlawulo ecetywayo enye njengesahlulo sengeniso, esetyenziswa apho idatha epheleleyo yezibophelelo ingekhoyo.
• Ingeniso eshiyekileyo — Isixa semali esipheleleyo esishiyekayo emva kwazo zonke iimali ezitsaliweyo, sivavanywa ngokuthelekiswa nomda ophantsi kunokuba kusetyenziswe ipesenti.
• Umlinganiselo wokugubungela inkonzo yetyala (DSCR) — Kubaboleki bamashishini, ingeniso yokusebenza ecocekileyo yahlulwe yinkonzo yetyala iyonke. I-DSCR eyi-1.0 ithetha ukuba ingeniso igubungela intlawulo ngqo ngaphandle komda, nto leyo engeyiyo isiphumo esiphumelelayo.
• Umlinganiselo weendleko-kwingeniso — Iindleko zokuphila ezichaziweyo njengesahlulo sengeniso, zisetyenziswa njengovavanyo lokukholeleka. Umfaki-sicelo ochaza iindleko zokuphila ezizipesenti ezintlanu zengeniso uxoka okanye uxhaswa ngumntu ongaxelwanga ngoxhaso lwakhe.

Ubungqina nokuqinisekisa

Uvavanyo lokufikeleleka olwakhiwe phezu kweengxelo zomfaki-sicelo ezingaqinisekiswanga luyinkqubo nje, alululo lawulo. Imithombo yobungqina eqhelekileyo:

• Izitatimende zebhanki — ngokuqhelekileyo ziinyanga ezintathu ukuya kwezintandathu, zihlalutywa ngokuba rhoqo kwengeniso, ii-debit orders ezikhoyo, ukuxhomekeka kwi-overdraft, kunye neentlawulo ezibuyiselweyo.
• Iipayslip kunye nesiqinisekiso somqeshi — kubafaki-sicelo abahlawulwayo, kuqwalaselwa ukuba ingakanani intlawulo eguquguqukayo.
• Iingxelo ze-credit bureau — ukufumana izibophelelo umfaki-sicelo angazichazanga.
• Imbali yeentengiselwano zemali yeselula — ngokwandayo yeyona rekhodi yengeniso etyebileyo ekhoyo kubaboleki abaqeshwe ngokungekho sikweni.
• Iirekhodi zeshishini — iincwadi zokuthengisa, ukubalwa kwempahla, ii-invoyisi zababoneleli, iirekhodi zekheshi, kunye notyelelo lweshishini lobuso ngobuso.
• Iirisithi zeenkonzo zendlu kunye nerenti — ukungqina iindleko zendlu ezichaziweyo.
• Ifom yeendleko ezichaziweyo — ingxelo yomfaki-sicelo ngokwakhe, ithelekiswa nedatha yezibalo yeendleko zokuphila kunokuba yamkelwe ngokokubonakala kwayo.

Ukuboleka okungachazwanga ngowona mthombo mkhulu wempazamo. Abafaki-sicelo babika izibophelelo ngaphantsi ngabom, kwaye kwimeko yokuboleka okungekho sikweni okanye okwentsapho, kuba bengayithathi njengetyala.

Ukuvavanya ingeniso engaqhelekanga nengekho sikweni

Izibalo zokufikeleleka eziqhelekileyo zithatha ukuba kukho ingeniso yenyanga ezinzileyo. Uninzi lwababoleki kwiimarike ezisakhulayo alunayo. Amaziko ezemali ezincinci (ii-MFI) kunye nababolekisi bamashishini amancinci bayahlengahlengisa ngeendlela ezininzi:

• Ukuthatha umndilili kuwo wonke umjikelo. Kwingeniso yexesha elithile lonyaka (enjengokulima, urhwebo lwexesha lesikolo, okanye ukuthengisa okuqhutywa yiminyhadala), ixesha lovavanyo kufuneka libandakanye umjikelo opheleleyo, hayi nje iinyanga ezintathu ezinamandla.
• Ukungqamanisa ishedyuli yokuhlawula nepateni yengeniso. Umboleki onengeniso enxulumene nesivuno angakwazi ukuhlawula intlawulo enkulu yonyaka kwaye angabinayo eyenyanga. Ukunyanzelisa intlawulo yenyanga kwingeniso efika ngamathuba athile kudala ukusilela ekuhlawuleni ngexesha okuya kuthintelwa lulwakhiwo olungcono.
• Ukunciphisa ingeniso engazinzanga. Ukuthatha isaphulelo kwingeniso eguquguqukayo (enjengeekhomishini, umsebenzi ohlawulwa ngesiqwenga, okanye iimarjini zorhwebo) phambi kokuba ithathwe njengekhoyo.
• Ukuvavanya umzi, hayi umntu ngamnye. Apho ingeniso neendleko zidityaniswa kumzi owandisiweyo, uvavanyo lomntu ngamnye luchaza kakubi omabini amacala: abongezayo abafumana imali bayawanyusa amandla, ngelixa abongezayo abaxhomekekanga bewathoba.
• Ukubala ngenyameko iimali ezithunyelwa ngabantu abakude. Ingeniso evela kwiimali ezithunyelwa ngabantu abakude yeyokwenene kodwa ixhomekeke kwisigqibo somthumeli, kwaye idla ngokuncitshiswa kunokuba ibalwe ngokupheleleyo.
• Ukuqaphela ukudityaniswa kweshishini nekhaya. Kumashishini amancinci, iimali zeshishini nezekhaya ziyimbiza enye. Ukuvavanya ukuhamba kwemali yeshishini ngaphandle kokuthabatha imali esetyenziswa ekhaya kubaxa kakhulu amandla.

Uvavanyo loxinzelelo kunye nezikhuseli.

Uvavanyo olunoxanduva aluvavanyi kuphela amanani anamhlanje. Iimvavanyo zoxinzelelo eziqhelekileyo:

• Ukunyuka kwezinga lenzala. — kwiimali-mboleko ezinezinga lenzala eliguquguqukayo, kuvavanywa intlawulo ngezinga eliphezulu kakhulu kunelo linikezelwayo.
• Umothuko wengeniso. — kuvavanywa kusetyenziswa ingeniso encitshisiweyo, ngakumbi apho imivuzo iguquguqukayo okanye umqeshi engumthombo omnye oxhomekeke kuye.
• Ukunyuka kweendleko. — kuvavanywa ngokuchasene neendleko eziphezulu zokutya, amafutha, ezothutho neemali zesikolo.
• Iintlawulo zebhaluni kunye nezinyukayo. — kuvavanywa eyona ntlawulo inkulu kwishedyuli, hayi eyokuqala okanye ephakathi.
• Utshintsho olunokubonwa kwangaphambili. — isiganeko esizayo esaziwayo esifana nokuthatha umhlala-phantsi, ukuphela kwekhontrakthi okanye umxhomekeki omtsha.

Isikhuseli esigcinwayo emva kwako konke oku asiyoncitho. Singumahluko phakathi kwepotifoliyo ekwaziyo ukumelana nexesha elibi naleyo ingakwaziyo.

Umxholo wemimiselo.

Uvavanyo lokukwazi ukuhlawula luye lwasuka ekubeni ngumkhuba olungileyo lwaya ekubeni sisibophelelo esisemthethweni kwiimarike ezininzi. Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo ezisemthethweni:

• Uxanduva lokuvavanya ukukwazi ukuhlawula phambi kokuba kunikwe imali-mboleko yabathengi, apho uxanduva lokungqina lusemagxeni ombolekisi.
• Ubungqina obusezantsi obumiselweyo, obuhlala bubandakanya ingeniso eqinisekisiweyo kunye novavanyo lweendleko olubhaliweyo.
• Imfuno yokugcina ifayile yovavanyo ixesha elimiselweyo.
• Iziphumo zokusilela ezinokubandakanya ukunganyanzeleki kwesivumelwano semali-mboleko, ukubuyiselwa kwenzala neentlawulo, izohlwayo, kunye nemiqathango yelayisensi.

Amanye amagunya athatha ukubolekisa ngaphandle kovavanyo olufanelekileyo njengokubolekisa ngokungakhathali, ityala elichaziweyo endaweni yokuba ngumcimbi wokugweba kwezorhwebo — uMthetho weSizwe weNtengo-mboleko waseMzantsi Afrika ngowona mzekelo uphuhlileyo waseAfrika, kwaye iinkqubo zemali-mboleko yabathengi e-United Kingdom nase-European Union zibeka imisebenzi ethelekisekayo yokuvavanya ukukwazi ukuhlawula ityala. Abanye balawula isiphumo endaweni yoko, ngokubeka imida kumlinganiselo wokuhlawula amatyala ewonke okanye kwiindleko zizonke zetyala.

Ingongoma ebalulekileyo kubabolekisi abasebenza ngaphaya kwemida kukuba uvavanyo kufuneka lwanelise eyona nkqubo ingqongqo esebenzayo, kwaye kufuneka lubhalwe ngokwaneleyo ukuze luphinde lwakhiwe kwiminyaka kamva ngumntu owayengekho.

Iintsilelo eziqhelekileyo.

• Kusetyenziswa ingeniso iyonke endaweni yaleyo ishiyekayo. Inyusa amandla abonakalayo ngokobungakanani bomthwalo werhafu kunye nokutsalwa okumiselwe ngumthetho.
• Iindleko zokuphila zithathwa kuphela kwisibhengezo somfaki-sicelo. Abafaki-zicelo bayazichaza ngaphantsi iindleko xa befuna imali-mboleko.
• Izibophelelo ezikhoyo zithathwa kuphela kwi-bureau. Ukuboleka okungekho sikweni nokwentsapho akubonakali apho.
• Ezona nyanga zintathu zomeleleyo zisetyenziselwa ingeniso yexesha lonyaka. Ivelisa inani lokukwazi ukuhlawula umboleki anokuhlangabezana nalo kwikota enye kuphela ngonyaka.
• Akukho sithuba sokuphefumla. Ukubolekisa ngokulingana nentsalela ngqo kushiya kungekho nyamezelo kwaphela kwindleko enye engalindelekanga.
• Uvavanyo lwenziwa kube kanye kwaye aluphindi luphononongwe. Ukongezelelwa nokuhlelwa ngokutsha kwemali-mboleko kunikwa ngokusekelwe kuvavanyo lokuqala, nangona izibophelelo zitshintshile.
• Imida yomlinganiselo isetyenziswa ngokufanayo kuwo onke amanqanaba omvuzo. Ngokwenkqubo ibolekisa ngokugqithisileyo kubafaki-zicelo abanomvuzo ophantsi.
• Uvavanyo luphathwa njengamaxwebhu kunokuba lube sisigqibo. Ifayile iphelele, amanani ayasilela, kwaye imali-mboleko iyavunywa noko kunjalo.

Le nto yokugqibela yiyo ekufuneka ijongwe. Apho amazinga okutshitshisa izigqibo kwiintsilelo zokukwazi ukuhlawula enyuka, amatyala angekahlawulwa ayalandela emva kwethuba eliqikelelwayo.