Ukufaneleka Kwetyala

Ukuthembeka kwekhredithi kukugweba kombolekisi kokuba kungenzeka kangakanani ukuba umboleki alibuyise ityala njengoko kuvunyelwene. Kuvavanyo lokuziphatha nokuthembeka, oluthathwa ikakhulu kwindlela umboleki azisingathe ngayo izibophelelo zakhe kwixesha elidlulileyo, kwaye lona liqhuba ukuba ityala liyanikezelwa na, lingakanani, ngeyiphi inzala nangeyiphi imiqathango.

Ukuthembeka kwekhredithi ngokusisiseko kujonga emva. Kuthatha indlela yokuziphatha yexesha elizayo kwindlela yokuziphatha yexesha elidlulileyo, nto leyo eyenza kube namandla kubaboleki abanerekhodi kwaye kube phantse kungenamsebenzi kwabo bangenayo.

Ukuthembeka kwekhredithi xa kuthelekiswa namagama ahambelanayo

Ezi zine zihlala zibhidaniswa, kwaye ukubhideka kuvelisa iimpazamo zokwenene zokubolekisa.

• Ingxelo yekhredithi — yirekhodi ekrwada yee-akhawunti zetyala zomboleki, iibhalansi, imbali yeentlawulo kunye neerekhodi zikawonke-wonke, ezigcinwe yibhuro.
• Amanqaku ekhredithi — linani elithathwe kwingxelo yekhredithi, eliqikelela amathuba okusilela ukuhlawula ngokweenkcukacha-manani.
• Ukuthembeka kwekhredithi — lugwebo olubanzi lombolekisi lwamathuba okuhlawula, apho amanqaku elinye lamagalelo.
• Ukukwazi ukuhlawula — ingaba ingeniso yangoku ingakwazi na ukuhlawula iintlawulo ezicetywayo, kungakhathaliseki indlela yokuziphatha yangaphambili.

Ingxelo yidatha. Amanqaku sisiphumo semodeli. Ukuthembeka kwekhredithi sisigqibo. Kwaye ukukwazi ukuhlawula luvavanyo olwahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo — lulinganisa umthamo, hayi ukuzimisela.

Umboleki unokuba nothembeko oluphezulu lwekhredithi kodwa angakwazi ukuhlawula ityala elithile. Umboleki unokukwazi ukuhlawula ityala ngokukhululekileyo kwaye abe nerekhodi ebonisa ukuba akayi kulihlawula. Zombini zizigqibo zokwala, ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukileyo.

Yintoni emisela ukuthembeka kwekhredithi

Imbali yokuhlawula. Yeyona nto inamandla phantse kuyo yonke imodeli yamanqaku. Iintlawulo eziphosiweyo, ixesha lokuba zisandul' ukuphoswa, ubukhulu bazo nokuphindaphindeka kwazo zibaluleke ngaphezu kwalo naliphi na elinye igalelo. Ukusilela ukuhlawula okwenzeka kwiinyanga ezimbini ezidlulileyo kunobunzima obukhulu kakhulu kunoko kwenzeka kwiminyaka emine eyadlulayo.

Ukubatyala kwangoku kunye nokusetyenziswa. Inani elityalwayo xa lithelekiswa nekhredithi ekhoyo. Umboleki osoloko esebenzisa umda wakhe okanye ekufutshane nawo ubonakalisa ukuxhomekeka kwikhredithi ukuhlangabezana neendleko eziqhelekileyo.

Ubude bembali yekhredithi. Irekhodi ende inika ubungqina obungakumbi. Iimbali ezimfutshane zohlwaywa hayi ngenxa yokuziphatha kakubi kodwa ngenxa yedatha enganelanga.

Umxube wekhredithi. Amava kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zeemveliso — iimali-mboleko ezihlawulwa ngezavenge, iindlela zekhredithi ezijikelezayo, ukuboleka okunesibambiso — abonisa indlela yokuhlawula ebanzi ngaphezu kohlobo olunye lwe-akhawunti.

Imibuzo yamva nje. Izicelo ezininzi ngexesha elifutshane zibonisa nokuba kukuthelekisa iindleko okanye ubunzima. Iimodeli ngokubanzi azikwazi ukwahlula ezi zinto zimbini, ngoko zithatha ukuqokelelana njengophawu olubi.

Iirekhodi zikawonke-wonke. Izigwebo zenkundla, imiyalelo yolawulo, iinkqubo zokungakwazi ukuhlawula amatyala kunye nokusilela okusemthethweni kunobunzima obukhulu kwaye kuhlala ixesha elide.

Iimpawu zozinzo. Ubude bengqesho, ixesha lokuhlala kwidilesi, kunye nokuqhubeka kobudlelwane basebhanki zizezesibini kodwa ziyaxela kwangaphambili ngokwenene.

Indlela yokuqhuba ii-akhawunti ezikhoyo. Kumbolekisi onobudlelwane obukhoyo, idatha yangaphakathi yokuziphatha — indlela umboleki ayilawula ngayo i-akhawunti yakhe yangoku, ingaba ii-debit orders zibuya zingahlawulwanga, ingaba uyazilungisa ngokwakhe ngokukhawuleza emva kwentlawulo ephosiweyo — idla ngokukwazi ukuxela kwangaphambili ngaphezu kwalo naliphi na inqaku langaphandle.

Indlela yokulinganisa ukuthembeka kwekhredithi

Amanqaku ebhuro yamatyala. Inani elenziwa kwiinkcukacha zebhuro kusetyenziswa imodeli yeenkcukacha-manani. Izikali ziyahluka ngokwebhuro nangokwemarike, ngoko ke inqaku litolikwa kuphela ngokwamanqanaba ebhuro ekhuphileyo. Izikali ezininzi zabathengi ziqala malunga nama-300 ukuya kuma-850, kodwa oku kuyinto nje eqhelekileyo endaweni yomgangatho, kwaye amanqaku avela kwiibhuro ezahlukeneyo awanakuthelekiswa ngokuthe ngqo.

Amakhadi amanqaku angaphakathi. Iimodeli ezakhiwa ngumbolekisi ngokusebenza kwephothifoliyo yakhe. Ezi zihlala zisebenza ngcono kunamanqaku ebhuro aqhelekileyo kubathengi abathile balo mbolekisi, kuba zilungiselelwe abantu abancedwayo ngqo.

Uvavanyo olusekelwe kwisigqibo. Igosa letyala elinamava lihlola ubungqina obungenakufunyanwa yimodeli — isizathu sokungaphumeleli kwembali, ukuthembeka kwengcaciso, ukuziphatha komfaki-sicelo ngexesha lotyelelo lweshishini. Kuyacotha kwaye akuhambelani, kodwa kuphela kwendlela esebenzayo apho iinkcukacha zincinci.

Ukunika amanqaku ngokuziphatha. Ukuphononongwa okuqhubekayo kwabathengi abakhoyo ngokwendlela abayisebenzisa ngayo ii-akhawunti, kusetyenziselwa ukumisela imida, ukuqalisa ukuqokelelwa kwamatyala nokuchonga abathengi abanokuthengiselwa ezinye iimveliso.

Iireyithingi zetyala. Kwiinkampani noorhulumente kunokuba abantu, iiarhente zokureyitha zinika amabakala onobumba abonisa amathuba okusilela ukuhlawula, kwaye kukho umda owamkelweyo phakathi kwenqanaba lotyalo-mali nenqanaba lokucingela olawula ukuba zeziphi abatyali-mali abanokuthi balibambe ityala.

Ingxaki yefayile ebhityileyo

Umfaki-sicelo onefayile ebhityileyo okanye ongabonakaliyo kwiinkcukacha zetyala unembali encinane kakhulu yebhuro ukuba anganikwa amanqaku. Oku kusisininzi sabantu abadala kwiimarike ezininzi, kwaye kukusilela kokunika amanqaku kunokuba kusilela komboleki — ukungabikho kwengxelo akubobungqina bokuziphatha kakubi.

Ababolekisi bajongana nayo ngokusebenzisa:

• Iinkcukacha ezizezinye — imbali yokuthengiselana ngemali ephathwayo, iindlela zokufaka i-airtime, iirekhodi zokuhlawula iinkonzo zasekhaya nerenti, ubude bexesha leakhawunti yonxibelelwano, imbali ye-e-commerce okanye iileja zababoneleli.
• Uvavanyo lwe-psychometric — uluhlu lwemibuzo olucwangcisiweyo olwenzelwe ukunxulumana nokuziphatha ekuhlawuleni apho kungekho ngxelo yezemali ikhoyo.
• Ukubolekisa okuqhubekayo — ukuqala ngemali-mboleko encinci yexesha elifutshane nokwandisa imida njengoko umboleki esakha ingxelo nombolekisi ngokuthe ngqo.
• Ukuhlolwa kweqela nodumo — apho amalungu eqela lokubolekisa aqinisekisa kwaye abe sisibambiso omnye komnye, anika ulwazi lwasekuhlaleni olungekho nakweyiphi na ibhuro.
• Iingqina zesimilo nobungqina bentlalo — ababoneleli, abanini bezindlu, abaqeshi, imibutho yasekuhlaleni kunye namaziko enkolo.

Nganye kwezi isebenzisa umqondiso obonakalayo endaweni yerekhodi esemthethweni engekhoyo. Akukho nanye enokuxela kwangaphambili njenge imbali yokuhlawula, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ukubolekisa ngokuqhubekayo kuhlale kuyeyona ndlela ithembekileyo: kuvelisa idatha engekhoyo ngeendleko ezilawulekayo.

Ukufaneleka kwetyala kweshishini

Ukuvavanya ishishini kusebenzisa amagalelo ahlukileyo, nangona umbuzo osisiseko ufana.

Iingxelo zemali. Apho ii-akhawunti ezihloliweyo okanye ezihlaziyiweyo zikhoyo, imilinganiselo esemgangathweni iyasebenza: i-current ratio kunye ne-quick ratio kwi-liquidity, i-gearing okanye i-debt-to-equity kwi-leverage, i-interest cover kumda ophakathi kwengeniso neendleko zenkxaso-mali, kunye nohlalutyo lomkhwa ubuncinane kumaxesha amathathu.

Iimbekiselo zorhwebo kunye nokuziphatha ekuhlawuleni. Indlela ishishini elihlawula ngayo ababoneleli balo ihlala ityhila ngaphezu kwendlela elihlawula ngayo ababolekisi, kuba ityala lorhwebo linikezelwa ngokungekho sikweni kwaye lirhoxiswa ngokukhawuleza.

Ukuziphatha kwebhanki. Imali ejikelezayo kwi-akhawunti xa kuthelekiswa neentengiso ezibhengeziweyo, ukusetyenziswa kwe-overdraft, kunye neentlawulo ezibuyisiweyo.

Umgangatho wolawulo kunye nexesha lobukho. Amava kwicandelo, uzinzo lobunkokeli, umgangatho wokugcinwa kweerekhodi. Iincwadi ezingalunganga ziluphawu lwetyala ngokwazo.

Icandelo kunye ukugxila. Ukuchanabeka kumthengi omnye, umboneleli, ixabiso lempahla okanye ixesha lonyaka. Ishishini elinomthengi omnye linobungozi betyala baloo mthengi, hayi obalo.

Ukufaneleka kwetyala komnini. Kumashishini amancinci nalawo alawulwa ngumnini, ezi zimbini azinakwahlulwa ngokwenkqubo, kwaye iirekhodi zobuqu zivavanywa kunye nezo zequmrhu.

Kumashishini amancinci kakhulu angenazo ii-akhawunti ezisesikweni, ukufaneleka kwetyala kuvavanywa ngokusuka ekwakhiweni ngokutsha kokuhamba kwemali, ukubalwa kwesitokhwe, utyelelo lweshishini kunye nokuma komnini phakathi kwababoneleli nabathengi — inkqubo yokugweba esondele ngakumbi kuvavanyo lwesimilo somthengi kunohlalutyo lwetyala lenkampani.

Indlela okutshintsha ngayo ukufaneleka kwetyala

Ayimiselwanga. Izixhobo ezisebenzayo, ngokolandelelwano olurhabaxa lwesiphumo:

• Ukuhlawula okungaguqukiyo ngexesha, okuphinda kwakhe eyona nto iphambili yamanqaku ngokukhawuleza kunayo nayiphi na enye into.
• Ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwiifasilithi ezijikelezayo, nto leyo ephucula amanqaku kumjikelo omnye wokunika ingxelo.
• Ukuvumela iziganeko ezimbi ukuba zidale. Uninzi iirekhodi ezimbi zinamaxesha amiselweyo okugcinwa ekupheleni kwawo ziye ziphele okanye zingabi nasisindo.
• Ukugcina ii-akhawunti ezindala zivuliwe, kuba ukuvala zona kuyayifinyeza imbali ebonakalayo.
• Ukuyahlukanisa izicelo ngezithuba ukunqanda ukuqokelelana kwemibuzo yohlolo.
• Ukulungisa iimpazamo ze-credit bureau. Ukungahlawulwa okuxelwe ngendlela engeyiyo, ii-akhawunti eziphindwe kabini kunye nokudideka kwezazisi ziyinto eqhelekileyo, kwaye ababoleki ngokubanzi banelungelo elisemthethweni lokuphikisa nokuba zilungiswe.
• Ukwakha irekhodi ngabom, ngefasilithi encinci esetyenziswa ize ihlawulwe ngokukodwa ukuseka imbali.

Ukwakha ngokutsha emva kokungahlawuli okunzulu kuyacotha kodwa akunasiphelo. Ubutsha buyalawula, ngoko ke ixesha elide lokuziphatha okucocekileyo liye liyodlula ngokuqhubekayo irekhodi endala embi.

Imida nezigxeko

Lijonge izinto ezidlulileyo. Ukuziphatha kwangaphambili kuqikelela ukuziphatha kwexesha elizayo kuphela ngelixa iimeko zisahambelana. Amanqaku akhiwe ngeenkcukacha zangaphambi kokuphazamiseka asebenze kakubi kulo lonke ukuphazamiseka okukhulu kwezoqoqosho.

Alibandakanyi abantu abangenazo ii-akhawunti zebhanki. Imbali yetyala esesikweni iyimveliso yokubandakanywa kwezimali ngokusesikweni. Ukuvavanya ukufaneleka kwetyala kusetyenziswa kuphela idatha ye-bureau kukhupha ngokucwangcisiweyo abantu abahlala bezihlangabeza izibophelelo zabo ngaphandle kwenkqubo esesikweni.

Lingaqukatha ucalucalulo lwembali. Imodeli eqeqeshwe ngezigqibo zangaphambili zokubolekisa ifunda iipateni kwezo zigqibo, kuquka naluphi na ucalucalulo olwalukuzo. Yiyo loo nto imithetho yokubolekisa engenamkhethe ifuna ngakumbi ukuvavanywa kwefuthe elingalinganiyo, hayi nje ukungabikho kweenguqu ezalelwe ngokucacileyo.

Libhidanisa amandla nokuzimisela. Umboleki oye wasilela ukuhlawula emva kwengxakeko yezempilo nomnye oye wasilela ngenxa yokungakhathali bavelisa irekhodi elifanayo. Inqaku alinako ukwahlula; umvavanyi ongumntu ngamanye amaxesha uyakwazi.

Amanqaku awanako ukuhanjiswa okanye ukuthelekiswa. Iibureau ezahlukeneyo, iimodeli ezahlukeneyo neemarike ezahlukeneyo zivelisa amanani afanayo kodwa athetha izinto ezahlukeneyo.

Alilinganisi nto malunga nomthamo wokuhlawula. Esi sesona sithintelo sinefuthe elikhulu ekusebenzeni, kwaye sisizathu sokuba ukukwazi ukuhlawula kuvavanywe ngokwahlukileyo.

Imibuzo ebuzwa rhoqo

Ngaba ukujonga ingxelo yakho yetyala kuthoba inqaku lakho? Hayi. Uphando lomboleki ngokwakhe lubhalwa njengophando oluthambileyo kwaye aluchaphazeli amanqaku. Izicelo ezivelisa uphando oluqinileyo oluvela kubabolekisi zingawachaphazela.

Ngaba iimali-mboleko ezingekho sikweni ziyachaphazela ukufaneleka kwetyala? Ngokuqhelekileyo aziveli engxelweni ye-bureau, nto leyo ethetha ukuthi azibonakali xa kubalwa amanqaku ngelixa zisele ziyimbophelelo yokwenene. Oku yinkalo eyaziwayo engabonakaliyo, kwaye yiyo loo nto ababolekisi bephanda ngqo malunga nokuboleka okungachazwanga.