Ukubandakanywa kwezemali

Ukubandakanywa kwezemali kuthetha ukuba abantu, amakhaya namashishini bayakwazi ukufikelela kwiinkonzo zezemali ezifikelelekayo, ezifanelekileyo nezinikezelwa ngenkathalo — iintlawulo, ukonga, ukubolekwa kwemali, i-inshorensi neepenshini — ezinikezelwa ngababoneleli abalawulwayo kwaye zisetyenziswe ngendlela ephucula ubomi babo bezezimali.

Le nkcazelo ineenxalenye ezintathu ezidla ngokudityaniswa zibe nye, nto leyo engafanelekanga:

1. Ukufikelela — inkonzo ikhona, iyafikeleleka, kwaye umntu uvumelekile ukuyivula.
2. Ukusetyenziswa — umntu ngokwenene wenza iintengiselwano ngayo endaweni yokugcina i-akhawunti engasetyenziswayo.
3. Umgangatho — imveliso iyafaneleka, inamaxabiso acacileyo, kwaye ayimshiyi umthengi ekwimeko embi.

Umntu omdala ovula i-akhawunti ukuze afumane intlawulo karhulumente enye aze angaphinde ayisebenzise unokufikelela kodwa akabandakanywanga. Umntu obolekayo otyhalwa kwimali-mboleko angenako ukuyihlawula usebenzisa inkonzo kodwa akukho mgangatho. Izikhokelo zomgaqo-nkqubo zale mihla zilinganisa zontathu.

Ukubandakanywa kweZemali ngokuchasene nokuKhutshelwa ngaphandle kweZemali

Ukukhutshelwa ngaphandle kwezemali yimeko yokungakwazi ukufikelela okanye ukusebenzisa ngokunentsingiselo iinkonzo zezemali ezisesikweni. Idla ngokuchazwa ngokwamanqanaba amabini:

• Abangenabhanki — abanayo nayiphi na i-akhawunti ebhankini, kwiziko elilawulwayo elamkela iidiphozithi, okanye kumboneleli wemali yeselula. Aba bantu basebenzisa imali ezinkozo kuphela kwaye bagcina ixabiso ngokungekho sikweni.
• Abangasebenzisi iibhanki ngokwaneleyo (okanye abangancedwa ngokwaneleyo) — bane-akhawunti, kodwa basaxhomekeke kwezinye iindlela ezingekho sikweni okanye ezineendleko eziphezulu kwiimfuno ezingundoqo: ababolekisi abangekho sikweni, amaqela okonga, ababolekisi ngesibambiso, okanye iindlela zokuthumela imali ezisebenzisa imali ezinkozo.

Iqela labangasebenzisi iibhanki ngokwaneleyo lidla ngokuba likhulu kuneqela labangenabhanki kwaye kulapho uninzi lwamathuba okuyila iimveliso lukhoyo. Amanani obunini be-akhawunti ewodwa ngoko ke abaxa ukubandakanywa kokwenyani.

Kutheni Ukubandakanywa kweZemali Kubalulekile

Iinkonzo zezemali aziyonjongo ngokwazo. Ixabiso lazo likwinto ezivumela ukuba ikhaya okanye ishishini liyenze.

• Ukulungelelanisa ingeniso nenkcitho. Uninzi lwabantu abafumana imivuzo ephantsi banengeniso engaqhelekanga kodwa iindleko ezihlala zikhona. Ukonga kunye nemboleko yexeshana zivala isithuba ngaphandle kokuthengisa izinto abanazo.
• Ukumelana neemeko ezingalindelekanga. Ingxaki yezempilo, ukusilela kwesityalo okanye ukuphulukana nomsebenzi yinto etyhala amakhaya kubuhlwempu bexesha elide. I-inshorensi, ukonga nemboleko kaxakeka kunciphisa loo mngcipheko.
• Ukwakha ii-asethi zokuvelisa. Imali yokusebenza kunye nenkxaso-mali ye-asethi zivumela amashishini amancinane kakhulu nala mancinane ukuba athenge isitokhwe, izixhobo kunye namagalelo ngezinga elinyusa ingeniso.
• Ukusebenza kakuhle kweentlawulo. Iintlawulo zedijithali zinciphisa iindleko, ixesha nomngcipheko wobusela wokuhambisa imali — kumvuzo, ukuthumela imali, iifizi zesikolo nokuhlawulwa kwababoneleli.
• Ukwakha irekhodi yetyala. Imbali yentengiselwano esesikweni yiyo eguqula umboleki ongabonakaliyo abe ngumntu onokufakwa amanqaku, nto leyo evula amatyala amakhulu kwaye anexabiso eliphantsi ngokuhamba kwexesha.
• Ukuthatha inxaxheba kwezoqoqosho. Ukubandakanywa kwezezimali yinto encedisa kuyo yonke imiba kwiinjongo zeZizwe eziManyeneyo zoPhuhliso oluZinzileyo, enxulunyaniswa nokuncitshiswa kwentlupheko, ukulingana ngokwesini, umsebenzi ofanelekileyo nokuncitshiswa kokungalingani.

Ubume bokuBandakanywa kwezezimali kwiHlabathi Jikelele.

I-Global Findex Database yeBhanki yeHlabathi, epapashwa rhoqo emva kweminyaka emithathu, ingumthombo osemgangathweni wokulinganisa kwihlabathi. Uhlelo lwayo luka-2025, olusekelwe kuphando lwabantu abadala abamalunga ne-145,000 kwiindawo zoqoqosho ezingama-141 olwenziwe ngo-2024, lwachaza ukuba:

• Ama-79% abantu abadala kwihlabathi liphela ane-akhawunti ebhankini okanye kwiziko elifana nalo, kumboneleli wemali yeselula, okanye kuzo zombini — enyuke esuka kuma-74% ngo-2021 naku-51% ngo-2011.
• Ama-75% abantu abadala kwiindawo zoqoqosho ezinemivuzo ephantsi naphakathi ane-akhawunti.
• Abantu abadala abamalunga ne-1.3 leebhiliyoni basahleli bengenayo nayiphi na i-akhawunti, kwaye isiqingatha sabo sifumaneka kwiindawo zoqoqosho ezisibhozo kuphela.
• Ubunini be-akhawunti kwi-Afrika engaphantsi kweSahara bufikelele kuma-58%, enyuke esuka kuma-49% ngo-2021, apho imali yeselula ingoyena nobangela uphambili.
• Ama-15% abantu abadala kwihlabathi ngoku ane-akhawunti yemali yeselula.
• Umsantsa wezesini kwihlabathi kubunini be-akhawunti uye wacutheka waba malunga namanqaku ama-4 eepesenti, apho ama-77% abasetyhini ene-akhawunti.

Amanani kufuneka ahlaziywe ngokuhambelana nokukhutshwa kwamva nje kwe-Findex, epapashwa rhoqo emva kweminyaka emithathu.

Imiqobo ekuBandakanyweni kwezezimali.

Amaxwebhu kunye nesazisi.

Iimfuno ezisesikweni ze-KYC zihlala zifuna amaxwebhu esazisi sikazwelonke, ubungqina bedilesi kwaye, kumashishini, izatifikethi zobhaliso. Abantu abadala abakwiqoqosho elingekho sesikweni badla ngokungabi nayo nayiphi na kwezi zinto. I-KYC enamanqanaba — apho imida yentengiselwano neyebhalansi inyuka ngokwezinga lokuqinisekisa elinikezelweyo — yindlela eqhelekileyo yokulawula.

Umgama kunye neziseko ezingokwasemzimbeni.

Uthungelwano lwamasebe lugxile kwiindawo zasezidolophini. Kubathengi basemaphandleni, iindleko zokufikelela kwisebe — izithuthi, iiyure zokusebenza ezilahlekileyo — zinokudlula ixabiso lentengiselwano. Ubhanki wama-agent kunye nothungelwano lwemali yeselula zikhona ubukhulu becala ukuze kusonjululwe oku.

Iindleko.

Iintlawulo zokugcina i-akhawunti, iibhalansi ezincinci ezifunekayo, iintlawulo zentengiselwano kunye neentlawulo zokutsala imali zenza ukuba ii-akhawunti ezinebhalansi encinci zingabi nanzuzo kumthengi. Apho iindleko ezisisigxina zongamele khona, abasebenzisi bexabiso eliphantsi abaxhasi nto kwaye bayalushiya.

Iifayile zetyala ezingenanto.

Ababolekisi abakwazi ukubeka ixabiso lomngcipheko ngaphandle kwembali yokuhlawula. Ababoleki abangenalo irekhodi kwi-credit bureau bayaliwa okanye banikwe ixabiso eliphezulu elibonisa iindleko zolwazi kunokuba libonise umngcipheko wokwenene — nto leyo eyenza umjikelo wokukhutshelwa ngaphandle oziqinisayo.

Iimfuno zesibambiso.

Ukubolekisa okuqhelekileyo okunesibambiso kuthatha ukuba ii-asethi zibhalisiwe, zinamaphepha-mvume kwaye ziyathengiseka. Amashishini angekho sesikweni kunye namafama amancinci anexabiso kumhlaba ongabhaliswanga, kwimfuyo nakwimpahla yorhwebo ezingavunywayo zizikhokelo zesibambiso eziqhelekileyo.

Ulwazi lwezezimali nolwedijithali.

Iimveliso azisetyenziswa xa abantu bengayiqondi indlela ezisebenza ngayo, amaxabiso azo nobungozi bazo. Ukuhanjiswa ngedijithali kongeza imfuneko yesibini yolwazi kwaye kubeka abantu emngciphekweni wobuqhophololo nobuqhetseba bobunjineli bentlalo.

Imiqobo engokwesini.

Amazinga aphantsi obunini beefowuni eziphathwayo, ubunini bempahla obuthintelweyo kunye namalungelo epropathi athintelweyo, imithwalo yokhathalelo engahlawulelweyo kunye izithethe zentlalo malunga nokwenziwa kwezigqibo zezemali konke kuthoba ukubandakanywa kwabasetyhini ngokungaxhomekanga kwingeniso.

Ukuthembana

Amava angaphambili okusilela kwamaziko, iintlawulo ezifihlakeleyo, ukuqokelelwa kwamatyala ngobundlongondlongo okanye ukulahlekelwa yidiphozithi kubangela ukuphepha okunengqiqo kwababoneleli abasesikweni ekungekho nokuba kungandiswa kangakanani ukufikelela kuphela okuya kukulungisa.

Ababoneleli boKubandakanywa kweZemali

Ukubandakanywa kwezemali kuhanjiswa yinkqubo eneengqimba, hayi ziibhanki zodwa.

• Iibhanki zorhwebo — Iiakhawunti zediphozithi, iintlawulo, ukubolekwa okukhulu okunesibambiso
• Amaziko emali-mboleko encinci (MFIs) — Inkunzi yokusebenza encinci kunye nokubolekwa kwamaqela kumashishini amancinci
• Ii-SACCOs kunye nee-credit unions — Ukuqokelelwa kwemali egciniweyo okuphethwe ngamalungu kunye nokubolekwa okufikelelekayo kwamalungu
• Abaqhubi be-imali ephathwayo — Ixabiso eligciniweyo elineendleko eziphantsi, ukudluliselwa kwemali kunye neentlawulo zabarhwebi ngesikali esikhulu
• Ababolekisi be-fintech kunye nee-neobanks — Ukuvavanywa komngcipheko kusetyenziswa idatha engenye, ukubhaliswa kwabathengi kuqala ngedijithali
• Imibutho yasezilalini yokonga nokubolekisa (ii-VSLAs) / iichama — Ukonga nokubolekisa koluntu, ngokufuthi indawo yokungena kwiinkonzo ezisesikweni
• Ababoneleli be-inshorensi kunye nababoneleli be-inshorensi encinci — Ukhuseleko lomngcipheko lwezempilo, izityalo, imfuyo kunye nempahla
• Amaziko emali yophuhliso — Inkxaso-mali enkulu, iziqinisekiso kunye nenkunzi yomngcipheko kwezi zingentla

Ukubandakanywa kweZemali ngeDijithali

Ukuhanjiswa ngedijithali yeyona ndlela ibalaseleyo emva kweenzuzo zamva nje. Kuyitshintsha uqoqosho lokukhonza abathengi abanexabiso eliphantsi ngeendlela ezine:

• Iindleko zokusabalalisa. Uthungelwano lweearhente kunye namajelo eefowuni eziphathwayo zithatha indawo yezakhiwo zamasebe, nto leyo enciphisa iindleko zokufikelela kumthengi wasemaphandleni ngomlinganiselo omkhulu kakhulu.
• Iindleko zentengiselwano. Iintlawulo zedijithali zenza ukuba iitransekshini ezincinci zibe nokwenzeka, nto leyo ukuphathwa kwemali eyimali kuyenza ingabi nanzuzo.
• Idatha. Yonke itransekshini yedijithali ivelisa irekhodi. Imbali yemali ephathwayo, iintlawulo zeenkonzo, ukuthengwa kwe-ayitayim kunye nokuhamba kwemali yabarhwebi kwenza idatha yetyala engenye kubaboleki abanembali encinci yamatyala.
• Isantya. Ukukhutshwa kwemali ngoko nangoko kunye nokubuyiswa kwemali ngoko nangoko kuvumela iimveliso zexesha elifutshane ezihambelana nemijikelo yengeniso engaqhelekanga.

Izinto ezichasayo ziyinyani: ukukhutshelwa ngaphandle kwedijithali kuhamba nobunini beefowuni eziphathwayo kunye ne-intanethi, ngoko ke abona bahluphekayo kunye nabasetyhini bahlala bechaphazeleka ngokungalinganiyo. Ikhredithi yedijithali ikwavelise ukugqithisa ematyaleni okubhaliweyo apho iimali-mboleko zexesha elifutshane ezinikezelwa rhoqo ngexabiso eliphezulu ngaphandle kovavanyo lokukwazi ukuhlawula. Ukubandakanywa okuqhutywa ngaphandle kokukhuselwa kwabathengi kuvelisa umonakalo ngesantya esiphezulu.

Indlela yokuLinganiswa koKubandakanywa kweZemali

Izikhokelo zokulinganisa ngokuqhelekileyo zilandelela imiba emithathu:

• Izalathisi zofikelelo — ii-akhawunti ngomntu omdala ngamnye, amasebe nee-arhente kwi-100,000 yabantu abadala, ii-ATM ngomntu ngamnye, umgama ukuya kwindawo yokufikelela ekufutshane.
• Izalathisi zokusetyenziswa — isabelo sabantu abadala abenza okanye abafumana iintlawulo zedijithali, umlinganiselo wee-akhawunti ezisebenzayo nezingasebenziyo, amazinga okonga asesikweni, amazinga okuboleka asesikweni, ukusetyenziswa kweendlela zokuthumela imali.
• Izalathisi zomgangatho — ukucaca kwamaxabiso, amazinga ezikhalazo nokulungiswa kwezinto, amanqanaba okutyala ngaphezu kwamandla, ukufaneleka kwemveliso, ukuthotyelwa kokukhuselwa kwabathengi.

Imithombo ephambili yedatha ibandakanya iWorld Bank Global Findex, iIMF Financial Access Survey, i-GSMA State of the Industry Report on Mobile Money, kunye neenkqubo zophando zesizwe ezijonga kwicala lemfuno ezifana neFinScope series ezisetyenziswa kuMazantsi naseMpuma Afrika.

Ukubandakanywa kwezeMali kunye neMali eNoxanduva

Ukwandisa ukufikelela ngaphandle kwezikhuselo kungandisa ingozi endaweni yokuyinciphisa. Ukubandakanywa okunoxanduva kuxhomekeke koku:

• Ukuvavanywa kokukwazi ukuhlawula phambi kokuba kukhutshwe ikhredithi, hayi nje ukufakwa kwamanqaku omngcipheko kukhusela umbolekisi.
• Amaxabiso acacileyo, kubandakanya ukuchazwa ngokupheleleyo kweqondo lenzala elisebenzayo, iintlawulo kunye neendleko ezipheleleyo zekhredithi.
• Iindlela ezifanelekileyo zokuqokelela amatyala kunye nokuphathwa ngokucacileyo kwababoleki abasemva ekuhlawuleni.
• Ukhuseleko lwedatha kunye nemvume, ngakumbi apho idatha engenye isetyenziselwa ukuvavanya ukufaneleka kwemboleko.
• Iindlela zezikhalazo nokulungiswa kwezinto abathengi abanokufikelela kuzo ngokwenene kwaye bazisebenzise.
• Ukunika ingxelo kwi-credit bureau, ukuze intlawulo yakhe irekhodi kwaye ukuboleka okuphindaphindiweyo kubonakale kubo bonke ababolekisi.