Imali-mboleko yexesha elimiselweyo

Imali-mboleko yexesha yityala elinikezelwa njengesixa-mali esinye kwaye lihlawulwa ngexesha elimiselweyo ngokweshedyuli ekuvunyelwene ngayo. Isixa, ixesha, ireyithi yenzala neentsuku zokuhlawula zimiselwa ekuqaleni, kwaye isibonelelo semali asizaliswa kwakhona njengoko sihlawulwa — xa sele ihlawulwe, imali-mboleko iyavalwa.

Le ngongoma yokugqibela yiyo eyahlula imali-mboleko yexesha kuzo zonke ezinye iimveliso eziphambili zetyala. Imali-mboleko yexesha iyehla ukuya ku-zero ngendlela eyaziwayo. Izibonelelo ezijikelezayo azikwenzi njalo.

Iimpawu ezingundoqo

• Ukukhutshwa kwemali: isixa-mali esinye, okanye ukutsalwa kwemali ngezigaba ngokwamanqanaba
• Ixesha elibekiweyo: Limiselwe kwaye kuvunyelwene ngalo kwangaphambili, ukusuka kwiinyanga ukuya kumashumi eminyaka
• Ukuhlawula: Izavenge ezicwangcisiweyo ngeentsuku ezimiselweyo
• Ukufumaneka: Ayizaliswa kwakhona; imali eyintloko ehlawulweyo ayinakuphinda itsalwe
• Inzala: Izinzileyo okanye iguquguqukayo, ibalelwa kwibhalansi eseleyo
• Ukhuseleko: Ekhuselweyo okanye engakhuselwanga kuxhomekeke kubungakanani, ixesha elibekiweyo, nomboleki.
• Iminqophiso: Ixhaphakile kwizibonelelo zorhwebo, inqabile kwiimali-mboleko ezincinci zabathengi
• Injongo: Idla ngokunxulunyaniswa nokusetyenziswa okuchaziweyo, ngakumbi ukufunyanwa kwe-asethi

Imali-mboleko yexesha ngokuchasene netyala elijikelezayo

Umahluko ulawula ukuba yiyiphi imveliso efanele yiyiphi imfuno, kwaye ukuphazama kuyo kuyimpazamo eqhelekileyo nebiza imali eninzi.

• Imali-mboleko yexesha: Isixa-mali esinye esihlawulwa ngokucwangcisiweyo ukuya ku-zero; ayizaliswa kwakhona. Ifaneleka ngakumbi kwimfuno ecacileyo eyenzeka kanye eneendleko ezaziwayo.
• Isibonelelo setyala elijikelezayo: Umda ekuvunyelwene ngawo otsalwa kwaye uhlawulwe ngokuphindaphindiweyo; uyazaliswa kwakhona. Ufaneleka ngakumbi kwiimfuno zemali eziphindaphindayo neziguquguqukayo.
• I-ovadrafti: I-akhawunti evunyelwe ukuba ibe netyala ukuya kumda; iyazaliswa kwakhona. Ifaneleka ngakumbi kwizithuba zexeshana zokuhamba kwemali yemihla ngemihla.
• Umgca wetyala: Umda ovunyiweyo kwangaphambili otsalwa njengoko kufuneka; uyazaliswa kwakhona. Ufaneleka ngakumbi kwixesha okanye isixa esingaqinisekanga.
• Imali-mboleko yebhulorho: Isixa-mali esinye esihlawulwa ngesiganeko esichaziweyo sexesha elizayo; ayizaliswa kwakhona. Ifaneleka ngakumbi ekuvaleni isithuba phambi kwentengiso, ukuxhaswa ngemali kwakhona okanye ukufumana imali.

Umgaqo osebenzayo: sebenzisa imali-mboleko yexesha elimiselweyo ukuthenga into, kwaye usebenzise isibonelelo semali esijikelezayo ukuxhasa ngemali umjikelo. Ukuxhasa ngemali imoto nge-overdraft kushiya umboleki enebhalansi esisigxina engasoze icocwe yiyo nayiphi na ishedyuli. Ukuxhasa ngemali ukuthengwa kwezitokhwe zexesha lonyaka ngemboleko-mali yexesha elimiselweyo kushiya umboleki ehlawula izavenge ezingqongqo kwiinyanga apho umjikelo wemali ungekajiki.

Inkcazelo yemali-mboleko yexesha elimiselweyo

• Imali eyintloko — isixa-mali esibolekiweyo.
• Ubude bexesha — lonke ixesha ukusuka ekutsalweni kwemali ukuya ekuhlawulweni kokugqibela.
• Ukutsalwa kwemali — ukukhutshwa kwemali, nokuba kuphelele okanye ngeetranches, ngokweemeko ezandulelayo.
• Ixesha lobabalo — ithuba lokuqala elingenantlawulo, okanye elinenzala kuphela, elivumela i-asethi exhaswe ngemali ukuba iqalise ukuvelisa inzuzo.
• Izinga lenzala — lizinzile ngalo lonke ixesha, okanye liyaguquguquka ngokwezinga lokubhekisela.
• Amaxesha okuhlawula — ngenyanga, ngekota, okanye kuhambelane nomjikelo wemali womboleki.
• Ishedyuli yokuncitshiswa kwetyala — itheyibhile ebonisa isavenge ngasinye sahlulwe phakathi kwenzala nemali eyintloko, kunye nebhalansi eseleyo.
• Iintlawulo — zokucwangcisa, zokuzibophelela, zezomthetho, zoqikelelo lwexabiso, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha zokuhlawula kwangaphambili.
• Imiqathango — imiqathango umboleki ekufuneka ayithobele ngalo lonke ixesha.
• Iziganeko zokusilela — iimeko ezivumela umbolekisi ukuba afune intlawulo kwangoko.

Iindlela zokuncitshiswa kwetyala

Ukuncitshiswa kwetyala ngokupheleleyo. Izavenge ezilinganayo ngalo lonke ixesha, ibhalansi ifikelela ku-zero ekuvuthweni. Izavenge zokuqala ziyinzala ubukhulu becala, ezamva ziyimali eyintloko, kuba inzala ibalwa kwibhalansi enciphayo. Ababoleki badla ngokuyifunda ngempazamo njengeqhinga; koko kukubiza nje inzala kwintsalela eseleyo.

Ibhaluni. Izavenge eziqhelekileyo zincinci kunoko kufunwa kukuncitshiswa okupheleleyo kwetyala, kushiya intlawulo enkulu yokugqibela. Kunciphisa iindleko zenyanga kwaye kudala umngcipheko wokuboleka kwakhona ekuvuthweni — umboleki kufuneka abe naso isixa-mali sebhaluni okanye isibonelelo semali sokuthatha indawo yaso.

I-Bullet. Akukho ntlawulo yemali eyintloko ngexesha lonke. Inzala ihlawulwa ngamaxesha athile kwaye yonke imali eyintloko ifuneka ekuvuthweni. Ixhaphakile kwezemali zeenkampani nakubolekiso olusekelwe kwisiganeko esilindelekileyo sokufumaneka kwemali.

Ixesha lenzala kuphela. Intlawulo yemali eyintloko iyarhoxiswa kwisigaba sokuqala esichaziweyo, emva koko ityala lincitshiswa ngokupheleleyo kwinxalenye eseleyo. Izavenge zinyuka kakhulu kanye ekutshintsheni, nto leyo uninzi lwababoleki luyijongela phantsi.

Ukunyuka okanye ukwehla kwezavenge. Izavenge ezinyukayo okanye zehlayo ngendlela emiselweyo, zihambelana nokukhula kwengeniso ekulindelekileyo okanye nenkxaso-mali enciphayo.

Okungaqhelekanga okanye okwamaxesha onyaka. Izavenge ezinobunzima obungqamene neenyanga xa ingeniso ifika ngokwenene. Yinto eqhelekileyo ekubolekiseni kwezolimo kwaye ayisetyenziswa kakhulu kwezinye iindawo.

Ukuhlelwa ngokobude bexesha

• Ixesha elifutshane — ukuya kutsho malunga nonyaka omnye. Inkunzi yokusebenza, izixhobo ezincinci, ukuvala imfuno ethile.
• Okuphakathi okanye ixesha eliphakathi — malunga nonyaka omnye ukuya kwemihlanu. Izithuthi, oomatshini, ukwandiswa kweshishini, ukulungiswa ngokutsha.
• Ixesha elide — ngaphaya kweminyaka emihlanu, ngamanye amaxesha ukuya kumashumi amabini anesihlanu okanye amashumi amathathu. Ipropathi, oomatshini abakhulu, iziseko zophuhliso.

Umgaqo jikelele kukuba ukuhambelana kwexesha lemboleko: ixesha lokuhlawula kufuneka lisondele kubomi obuluncedo bento exhaswa ngemali. Ukuxhasa ngezimali i-asethi yeminyaka elishumi kwiminyaka emibini kuyayinciphisa kakhulu imali engenayo yomboleki; ukuxhasa ngezimali i-asethi yeminyaka emibini kwisithuba seminyaka elishumi kubashiya behlawulela into abangasenayo.

Amaxabiso

Ireyithi emiselweyo. Ireyithi imiselwa ixesha lonke. Umboleki ufumana isiqiniseko aze ancame nayiphi na inzuzo yokuhla kweereyithi. Iindlela zereyithi emiselweyo zidla ngokuthwala imiqathango enzima yokuhlawula kwangaphambili, kuba umbolekisi uye wazikhusela okanye waxhasa ngemali ukuya kutsho kwixesha elilindelekileyo lokuvuthwa.

Ireyithi eguqukayo. Ixatyiswa njengereyithi yereferensi kunye nomda, kwaye ihlengahlengiswa xa ireferensi itshintsha. Umboleki uthwala umngcipheko wereyithi, yiyo loo nto ukubolekisa ngereyithi eguqukayo kufuneka kuvavanywe ngoxinzelelo kwireyithi ephezulu kakhulu kunaleyo inikiweyo.

Ireyithi ethe tyaba xa ithelekiswa nebhalansi enciphayo.

Lo mahluko ngowona mthombo mkhulu wokudideka kwamaxabiso ekubolekiseni, kwaye utshintsha ngokubonakalayo ukuba imali-mboleko ibiza malini.

Ibhalansi enciphayo. Inzala ibalelwa kwinqununu eseleyo, ethi yehle ngentlawulo nganye. Inzala iyonke incipha ngokomlinganiselo njengoko imali-mboleko isiya isihla.

Ireyithi ethe tyaba. Inzala ibalelwa kwinqununu yoqobo kwixesha elipheleleyo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba zeziphi iintlawulo ezenziweyo. Umboleki oye wahlawula uninzi lwenqununu usahlawuliswa inzala ngokungathi akukho nto ibuyisiweyo.

Izinga elithe tyaba lilingana ngokweqikelelo nezinga lokunciphisa ibhalansi eliphantse liphindwe kabini kumgangatho walo ochaziweyo kwixesha lokuhlawula imali-mboleko ngokupheleleyo. Imali-mboleko ebhengezwe ngezinga elithe tyaba ebonakala ingabizi kancinci kunaleyo yezinga lokunciphisa ibhalansi idla ngokubiza kakhulu ngakumbi. Ukuthelekisa iindleko zizonke zetyala — yonke intlawulo eyenziwa kulo lonke ixesha lemali-mboleko — yiyona ndlela ethembekileyo yokuthelekisa izibonelelo ezicatshulwe ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, kwaye imimandla emininzi yolawulo ngoku ifuna ukubhengezwa kwezinga lonyaka elisebenzayo ngenxa yesi sizathu kanye.

Isibambiso neminqophiso

Iimali-mboleko zexesha zinokuba zikhuselwe ngepropathi, izixhobo, iimali ezilindelekileyo, ii-asethi zemali okanye iziqinisekiso zobuqu, okanye zinikezelwe ngaphandle kwesibambiso apho ukuma komboleki kukuxhasayo.

Iminqophiso yezemali kumalungiselelo orhwebo ngokuqhelekileyo ibandakanya:

• Umlinganiselo wokugubungela inkonzo yetyala — ubuncinane bomlinganiselo wengeniso yokusebenza xa kuthelekiswa nenkonzo yetyala iyonke
• I-gearing okanye umlinganiselo wetyala ne-equity — umda ophezulu kwi-leverage
• Ukhuseleko lwenzala — ubuncinane bomlinganiselo wengeniso xa kuthelekiswa neendleko zenzala
• Umlinganiselo wangoku — ubuncinane bemeko ye-liquidity

Iminqophiso yokwenza zifuna umboleki enze izinto: anikeze ii-akhawunti ezihloliweyo kwixesha elimiselweyo, agcine i-inshorensi, ahlawule iirhafu, agcine isibambiso, avumele ukuhlolwa.

Iminqophiso yokuthintela ithintela izinto: ukuthatha elinye ityala ngaphaya komda, ukunika isibambiso komnye umbolekisi, ukuthengisa ii-asethi ezinkulu, ukutshintsha ishishini, okanye ukusasaza iinzuzo ngelixa kukwaphulwa umnqophiso.

Iziganeko zokusilela ngokuqhelekileyo ziquka intlawulo ephosiweyo, ukwaphulwa komnqophiso, ukungakwazi ukuhlawula amatyala, utshintsho olubi olubalulekileyo, ukusilela okunxulumene namanye amalungiselelo, kunye nokuchazwa kakubi. Ukwaphulwa komnqophiso ngokuqhelekileyo kuqala kudala ixesha lokulungisa; apho kungalungiswanga, umbolekisi angakwazi ukukhawulezisa — ebhengeza ukuba yonke imali eseleyo ihlawuleke ngoko nangoko — kwaye asebenzise isibambiso.

Ukwaphulwa komnqophiso kudla ngokuba luphawu lwesilumkiso kunokuba sisiganeko selahleko. Umboleki onomlinganiselo wokuhlawula inzala owehlela ngaphantsi komda udla ngokusoloko esenako ukuhlawula amatyala, kwaye owona msebenzi womnqophiso kukunika umbolekisi ithuba lokuthetha phambi kokuba imeko ibe mandundu ngakumbi.

Term Loan A kunye ne-Term Loan B

Kwiimali-mboleko zeshishini ezidityanelweyo, amacandelo amabini ahlukaniswa ngokuqhelekileyo:

Term Loan A — ehlawula isambuku sayo ngokuhamba kwexesha, ixesha elifutshane, idla ngokubanjwa ziibhanki, inexabiso eliphantsi.

Term Loan B — ukuncitshiswa kancinane kwetyala, kodwa kukho intlawulo enkulu yokugqibela ekupheleni kwexesha, ixesha lokuboleka elide, idla ngokubanjwa ngabatyali-mali bamaziko njengeengxowa-mali zamatyala, kwaye inexabiso eliphezulu ukuhlawulela intlawulo egxile ekugqibeleni.

Esi sigama siqhelekileyo kwiimali-mboleko ezixhaswa ngamatyala kwaye asifane sivele kuboleko lwamashishini amancinci okanye kuboleko lwabathengi.

Intlawulo kwangaphambili nokugqitywa kwangoko

Izohlwayo zokuhlawula kwangaphambili zihlawulela umbolekisi ngenzala ebeyilindele ukuyifumana nakwiindleko zokuvala inkxaso-mali yakhe. Zixhaphakile kwiimali-mboleko ezinezinga elimiselweyo kunye nezo zexesha elide, kwaye ziya zithintelwa okanye zilinganiselwe ngumthetho wokukhusela abathengi.

Ukubalwa kokugqitywa kwangoko kubaluleke ngaphezu kokuba ababoleki becinga. Kwimali-mboleko enebhalansi enciphayo, ukugqiba kwangoko konga inzala ebiya kuvela kwibhalansi eseleyo. Phantsi kobume benzala ethe tyaba, okanye apho umbolekisi esebenzisa indlela yokwabiwa kwenzala egxile ekuqaleni njengeRule of 78, ukonga kokugqiba kwangoko kuncinci kakhulu kunokuba umboleki elindele — inzala sele yabelwe amaxesha angaphambili. Nayiphi na ikowuteshini yokugqiba kufuneka icelwe ngembalelwano ize ihlolwe ngokuthelekiswa nenani eliyintloko elingekahlawulwa.

Imingcipheko

Kubaboleki:

• Ishedyuli engqongqo. Izavenge zihlawuleka nokuba ingeniso ifikile okanye ayifikanga kuloo nyanga.
• Umngcipheko wentlawulo enkulu yokugqibela nokuboleka kwakhona. Intlawulo enkulu yokugqibela ithatha ukuba umboleki angakwazi ukuyifumana okanye ayiboleke kwakhona ekupheleni kwexesha.
• Umngcipheko wezinga lenzala kwiimali-mboleko ezinezinga eliguqukayo, ngakumbi kumaxesha amade.
• Ukwaphulwa kwesivumelwano okubangela ukuba imali-mboleko ifuneke ngokukhawuleza nangona umboleki ebeyihlawula ngokuqhubekayo.
• Ukungahambelani kwexesha, ukuhlawula ixesha elide emva kokuba i-asethi exhasiweyo iyekile ukuvelisa.

Kubabolekisi:

• Umngcipheko wexesha Imali-mboleko ende enezinga elimiselweyo exhaswa ngeediphozithi zexesha elifutshane ibeka umbolekisi emngciphekweni wokutshintsha kwezinga lenzala.
• Ukuwohloka okucothayo. Imali-mboleko yexesha iyasebenza de iyeke ukusebenza; ngaphandle kwezivumelwano kunye nokubeka iliso, uphawu lokuqala lunokuba kukungahlawulwa kwesavenge.
• Ukugxila ngokwecandelo, ngokwexesha okanye kumboleki omnye kuyo yonke incwadi yeemali-mboleko zexesha.
• Umngcipheko wokuhlawula kwangaphambili., apho ababoleki baphinda baboleke kwenye indawo njengoko izinga lenzala lihla.

Imibuzo ebuzwa rhoqo

Yahluke njani imali-mboleko yexesha kwi-mortgage? I-mortgage yimali-mboleko yexesha elide ekhuselwe ngokukodwa yipropathi yomhlaba. Zonke ii-mortgage zimali-mboleko zexesha; uninzi lweemali-mboleko zexesha azizo ii-mortgage.