Imali-mboleko yeqela

Imali-mboleko yeqela yimali ebolekwayo enikwa abantu ngokusebenzisa iqela elicwangcisiweyo, apho amalungu aqinisekisa ukuhlawulwa kwayo ngokuhlanganyelayo. Endaweni yokubeka impahla njengesibambiso, umboleki ngamnye uxhaswa ngamanye amalungu, aze athwale iziphumo ukuba elinye lamalungu liyasilela ukuhlawula. Isiqinisekiso seqela sihlala sichazwa njenge isibambiso sentlalo.

Inkqubo yokubolekisa ngeqela ikho ukuze isombulule ingxaki ethile: indlela yokuboleka ababoleki abangenazo izibambiso, iifayili zetyala nengeniso enokuqinisekiswa, ngaphandle kokuba iindleko zovavanyo nokunyanzelisa zigqithe ixabiso lemali-mboleko. Kukuphendula oku ngokunika ababoleki ngokwabo umsebenzi wokukhetha, wokubeka iliso nokunyanzelisa.

Yindlela esisiseko ye-microfinance kwaye isasetyenziswa ngokubanzi ngamaziko e-microfinance, ii-SACCO, iimanyano zamatyala kunye neenkqubo zokubolekisa zee-NGO.

Iindlela ezimbini zokusebenza

Inkqubo yokubolekisa ngeqela enoxanduva oluhlanganyelweyo. Ilungu ngalinye linemali-mboleko yalo kumbolekisi, kodwa onke amalungu ayabambisana ngoxanduva. Ukuba elinye ilungu liyasilela ukuhlawula, amanye kufuneka ahlawule intsilelo okanye iqela lonke liphulukane nokufikelela kwiimali-mboleko ezizayo. Iiakhawunti zomntu ngamnye, isiphumo sihlanganyelwe.

Iqela njengomboleki. Umbolekisi unika iqela imali-mboleko enye njengequmrhu elisemthethweni okanye elingekho semthethweni, kwaye iqela labela amalungu imali kwaye lilawula ukuhlawulwa kwangaphakathi. Kuxhaphakile kubhanki waselalini nakwiimodeli zamaqela okuzinceda, apho iqela likwadibanisa imali yalo elondoloziweyo lize libolekise ngayo.

Imvelaphi

Imodeli yanamhlanje isusela kwiinkqubo zokubolekisa ngamaqela ezaphuhliswa e-Bangladesh ngeminyaka yoo-1970 noo-1980, ezazilungelelanisa ababoleki babe ngamaqela amancinci okubambisana — ngokwesiqhelo amalungu amahlanu — ahlangana rhoqo ngeveki negosa lemboleko ukuze bahlawule esidlangalaleni. Kwalandela iinguqulelo: ubhanki waselalini, apho amaqela amakhulu angamashumi amabini ukuya kwamashumi amathathu alawula ingxowa-mali yangaphakathi ecaleni kwemboleko yangaphandle, kwaye amaqela okuzinceda, apho iqela lokonga liqala ngokudala ingxowa-mali yangaphakathi lize kamva liboleke ebhankini ngokusekelwe kwimbali yalo.

Indlela esebenza ngayo imali-mboleko yeqela

1. Ukuzikhethela. Ababoleki abaza kubakho bazenzela iqela labo. Oku kwenziwa ngabom — amalungu akhetha abantu ababathembayo ukuba bazakuhlawula, nto leyo eyenza umsebenzi wokuhlola umbolekisi angakwaziyo ukuwenza.
2. Ukwakhiwa kweqela noqeqesho. Umbolekisi uqinisekisa amalungu, ucacisa imiqathango yoxanduva oluhlanganyelweyo kwaye anyule usihlalo, unobhala nonondyebo.
3. Ugcino lwemali olunyanzelekileyo. Iinkqubo ezininzi zifuna ukuba amalungu agcine imali kangangexesha elithile ngaphambi kokuba kukhutshwe nayiphi na imali-mboleko, nto leyo ebonisa uqeqesho kwaye yakha ukhuseleko lwemali oluyinxenye.
4. Ukukhutshwa kwemali ngokwamabakala. Kwimodeli yakudala, amalungu amabini kuphela afumana iimali-mboleko ekuqaleni. Xa sele ehlawule ngexesha elibekiweyo kangangexesha elimiselweyo, amabini alandelayo afumana awabo, kwaye inkokeli yeqela iba ngowokugqibela. Ukufikelela kwelungu ngalinye kuxhomekeke ekuziphatheni kwamanye.
5. Iintlanganiso ezithe rhoqo. Amalungu ahlangana qho ngeveki okanye qho kwiiveki ezimbini kwaye ahlawula phambi kweqela. Ukuhlawula esidlangalaleni kwenza ukusebenza kubonakale kwaye ukungahlawuli kube yindleko ekuhlaleni.
6. Ukunyanzeliswa koxanduva oludibeneyo. Intlawulo ephosiweyo kufuneka ihlawulwe liqela — isuka kwingxowa-mali yeqela, ezipokothweni zamalungu, okanye ngokucinezela lowo ungahlawulanga.
7. Ukubolekisa okuqhubela phambili. Imijikelo eyimpumelelo ivula iimali-mboleko ezinkulu kwiqela nakumalungu ngamanye.

Kutheni ukubolekisa ngamaqela kusebenza

Ukubolekisa ngamaqela kulungisa iintsilelo ezintathu ezahlukileyo ngaxeshanye, yiyo loo nto kuphumelele apho ukubolekisa okuqhelekileyo kungakhange kuphumelele.

• Ukukhetha okungalunganga (ukuhlola ababoleki abalungileyo ngokuchasene nababi): - Isisombululo esiqhelekileyo: Uvavanyo lwetyala kunye nedatha ye-credit bureau.

  • Isisombululo sokubolekisa ngamaqela: Ukukhethwa ngabalingane — amalungu ayala abafaki-zicelo abanobungozi kuba ethwala imiphumo yezemali yokungahlawuli.

• Ingozi yokuziphatha (ukusetyenziswa kakubi kweemali okanye ukungaphumeleli ukuhlawula): - Isisombululo esiqhelekileyo: Ukubekwa kweliso okusesikweni kunye nezibophelelo ezisemthethweni.

  • Isisombululo sokubolekisa ngamaqela: Ukubekwa kweliso ngabalingane — abamelwane bajonga ukurhweba kweshishini yonke imihla ngaphandle kweendleko kumbolekisi.

• Ukunyanzeliswa (ukuhluthwa kwesibambiso akunakwenzeka kwiimali-mboleko ezincinci): - Isisombululo esiqhelekileyo: Isibambiso esithembisiweyo kunye namanyathelo asemthethweni.

  • Isisombululo sokubolekisa ngamaqela: Ukunyanzeliswa ngabalingane — uxinzelelo lwentlalo kunye nokulahlekelwa ngokuhlangeneyo kokufikelela kwikredithi yexesha elizayo.

Inzuzo yeendleko kumbolekisi inkulu. Igosa lemboleko elinye eliqhuba iintlanganiso zeveki lingakhonza amakhulu ababoleki, kuba uvavanyo kunye nokuqokelelwa zisasazwa kumaqela kunokuba zenziwe emntwini ngamnye.

Imali-mboleko yeqela xa ithelekiswa nezinye iindlela zekhredithi encinci

• Imali-mboleko yeqela enoxanduva oludibeneyo: - Ubungakanani beqela: 4–7 amalungu

  • Umnini-mboleko: Amalungu ngamnye
  • Indlela yesiqinisekiso: Ukuqinisekisana phakathi kwamalungu
  • Icandelo lokonga: Ngokufuthi kunyanzelekile
  • Ubungakanani bemboleko: Uluhlu olufanayo okanye olumxinwa
  • Iindleko zegosa ngomboleki ngamnye: Isezantsi

• Imali-mboleko encinci yomntu ngamnye: - Ubungakanani beqela: N/A (umntu ngamnye)

  • Umnini-mboleko: Umboleki ngamnye
  • Indlela yesiqinisekiso: Umqinisekisi okanye isibambiso esibonakalayo
  • Icandelo lokonga: Ngokuzithandela
  • Ubungakanani bemboleko: Ilungiselelwe umboleki
  • Iindleko zegosa ngomboleki ngamnye: Iphezulu

• Ibhanki yaselalini: - Ubungakanani beqela: 20–30 amalungu

  • Umnini-mboleko: Iqumrhu leqela (libolekisa ngaphakathi)
  • Indlela yesiqinisekiso: Ingxowa-mali yeqela kunye nokuqinisekisana phakathi kwamalungu
  • Icandelo lokonga: Ingundoqo kule modeli
  • Ubungakanani bemboleko: Imiselwa liqela ngokwalo
  • Iindleko zegosa ngomboleki ngamnye: Isezantsi

• Iqela lokuzinceda (SHG): - Ubungakanani beqela: amalungu ayi-10 ukuya kuma-20

  • Obambe imali-mboleko: Iqumrhu leqela (libolekisa ngaphakathi kwakhona)
  • Indlela yesiqinisekiso: Iqula lemali egciniweyo yangaphakathi kunye nesiqinisekiso seqela
  • Inxalenye yokonga: Okuphakathi (ukonga kwandulela ukuboleka)
  • Ubungakanani bemboleko: Kumiselwa liqela ngaphakathi
  • Iindleko zegosa ngomntu ngamnye obolekayo: Zisezantsi kakhulu

Iinzuzo

• Akukho sidingo sesibambiso, okuvula amatyala asesikweni kubaboleki abangenanto enokunikelwa njengesibambiso.
• Iindleko eziphantsi zokunikezela ngomntu ngamnye obolekayo, nto leyo eyenza iimali-mboleko ezincinci kakhulu zibe nokusebenza.
• Ulwazi umbolekisi angenakuze aluqokelele. Amalungu ayazi ukuba ngubani urhweba kakuhle nongarhwebanga kakuhle, kwangoko.
• Ukuyilwa kwembali yetyala. Iirekhodi zokuhlawula zakha iifayile ezithi kamva zixhase ukubolekwa komntu ngamnye.
• Iinzuzo ezingezizo ezemali. Iintlanganiso ezithe rhoqo zixhasa ukunikezelwa koqeqesho, ukuziqeqesha ekongeni kunye nothungelwano lwamashishini.

Imida kunye nokugxekwa

• Izothuso ezinxibeleleneyo. Isiqinisekiso sisilela kanye xa sifuneka. Imbalela, ukuvalwa kwemarike okanye ukothuka kwexabiso lemali kubetha ilungu ngalinye ngaxeshanye, kwaye iqela alinako ukuhlawulela ukusilela kwelungu xa onke amalungu esengxakini.
• Uxinzelelo lokunyanzelisa. Ukunyanzeliswa okusebenza ngeziphumo zentlalo kungaba yimpatho-mbi, ukuhlaziswa esidlangalaleni, okanye ukuthathwa kweempahla zekhaya lomntu ongahlawulanga ngamanye amalungu. Le yeyona ngozi ingqiniweyo kule ndlela yokusebenza.
• Iindleko kumntu obolekayo. Iintlanganiso zeveki zidla iiyure zokusebenza. Kumrhwebi, ukuya kungabiza ngaphezu kwenzala.
• Amalungu athembekileyo axhasa amalungu angathembekanga. Ababoleki abalungileyo ekugqibeleni bayacaphuka kukuhlawulela ukusilela kwabanye baze bahambe — nto leyo eyenza iqela libe nomngcipheko ophezulu ngokuhamba kwexesha.
• Ukufana kobungakanani bemboleko. Uxanduva oludityanelweyo lusebenza kuphela xa amalungu ejongene nomngcipheko ofanayo. Njengoko amanye amashishini ekhula ngokukhawuleza kunamanye, ubungakanani bemboleko obufanayo bubanciphisa abanempumelelo kwaye bubabeka kuxanduva olugqithisileyo abanye.
• Usulelo. Ukusilela okukodwa kunokusasazeka: amalungu afanele ukuyihlawulela nawo ayacinezeleka, kwaye iqela lingawa ngokupheleleyo kunokuba imali-mboleko enye ingahlawulelwa.

Ukutshintshela kuxanduva lomntu ngamnye

Amaziko amaninzi e-microfinance alushiyile uxanduva oludibeneyo olungqongqo ngelixa egcina ubume beqela. Amalungu aqhubeka nokudibana qho ngeveki, ahlawule esidlangalaleni kwaye afumane iimali-mboleko ngeqela, kodwa ilungu ngalinye linoxanduva lwemboleko yalo kuphela.

Uphando olungahleliweyo lufumanise ukuba ukususa uxanduva oludibeneyo ngelixa kugcinwa iintlanganiso zeqela akuzange kwenze ukuhlawula kube kubi ngokuyimfuneko — nto leyo ebonisa ukuba uninzi lwempumelelo yale modeli luvela kumgaqo weentlanganiso, ukuhlawula esidlangalaleni kunye nenkuthazo yokufikelela endaweni yesiqinisekiso ngokwaso. Olu tshintsho lukwasusa ingxaki yokunyanzelwa kunye nenkxaso-mali yelungu elithembekileyo, kwaye luvumela ubungakanani bemboleko ukuba buhluke njengoko amashishini ekhula.

Ukuqhubela phambili okuqhelekileyo ngoku kukuthi: iimali-mboleko zeqela ukuseka irekhodi, emva koko kudlulele ekubolekeni komntu ngamnye njengoko ifayile yomboleki, ishishini kunye ubungakanani bemboleko kudlula oko iqela linokuqinisekisa ngengqiqo.

Iingqwalasela zokusebenza kubabolekisi

• Linganisa ukusilela ukuhlawula kuwo omabini amanqanaba. Ipotfoliyo esemngciphekweni ngeqela nangelungu iveza izinto ezahlukeneyo — iqela elinomntu omnye ohlala ehlawula emva kwexesha liziphatha ngendlela eyahlukileyo kwiqela eliwohloka ngokulinganayo.
• Yiphathe ngokwahlukileyo ingxowa-mali yeqela. Ukonga okunyanzelekileyo kunye neengxowa-mali zangaphakathi zizibophelelo zamalungu, hayi ingeniso yombolekisi, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwazo ukuhlawula iintsilelo kufuneka kubhalwe ngokungafihliyo.
• Beka umda kumthwalo wamatyala egosa. Indlela esekelwe kwiintlanganiso iyaphazamiseka xa igosa lingakwazi ukuzimasa iintlanganiso ngokungaguqukiyo; ukuzimasa kusisilawuli.
• Landelela ixesha lobulungu kunye nokutshintsha kwamalungu. Ukutshintsha okuphezulu kwamalungu ngaphakathi kwamaqela luphawu oluphambili loxinzelelo kwisiqinisekiso.
• Bhala phantsi imiqathango yesiqinisekiso. Apho uxanduva oludibeneyo lunyanzeliswa khona, amalungu kufuneka ebe eyiqondile kwaye eyivumile ngokubhaliweyo, kwaye isenzo sokunyanzelisa kufuneka silawulwe yimithetho ecacileyo yokuziphatha.