Izinga lenzala elisebenzayo

Igama elithi ireyithi yenzala esebenzayo linentsingiselo ezintathu ezahlukeneyo, kwaye ukuzidida yeyona mpazamo ixhaphakileyo kwiingxoxo zokumiselwa kwexabiso lemali-mboleko nokunika ingxelo.

• Ireyithi yonyaka esebenzayo (EAR) - Into eyilinganisayo: Ireyithi yegama elungiselelwe amaxesha okudityaniswa kwenzala

  • Apho isetyenziswa khona: Ukuthelekisa iidiphozithi neemali-mboleko ezinamaxesha ahlukeneyo okudityaniswa kwenzala

• Ireyithi yenzala esebenzayo phantsi kwe-IFRS 9 (EIR) - Into eyilinganisayo: Ireyithi esasaza iifizi neendleko zentengiselwano kubomi obulindelekileyo bemboleko-mali

  • Apho isetyenziswa khona: Ingxelo yezemali nokuqwalaselwa kwengeniso yenzala

• Intetho eqhelekileyo "ireyithi esebenzayo" - Into eyilinganisayo: Into ebiza ngayo imali-mboleko ngokwenene, konke kuqukiwe

  • Apho isetyenziswa khona: Ngokuqhelekileyo sisithethantonye esingekho ngqongqo se APR

Eyokuqala yeyezibalo. Eyesibini yeyobalo-mali. Eyesithathu yingqikelelo yokuvezwa exoxwa kwiphepha le-APR. Eli phepha lijongene nezi zimbini zokuqala.

Intsingiselo 1: ireyithi yonyaka esebenzayo

Ireyithi yegama ayichazi ukuba inzala idityaniswa kangaphi. Iimveliso ezimbini ezibiza i-12% ngonyaka zinokuvelisa izixa ezahlukeneyo zenzala kuxhomekeka ekubeni loo 12% isetyenziswa kube kanye ngonyaka okanye ngeentlawulo ezilishumi elinambini zenyanga ze-1%.

Ireyithi yonyaka esebenzayo iguqula ireyithi yegama ibe yile nto iyivelisayo ngokwenene konyaka:

EAR = (1 + i ÷ n)^n − 1

where  i = nominal annual rate
       n = compounding periods per year

I-12% yegama kumaxesha ahlukeneyo okudityaniswa kwenzala

• Ngonyaka (ithuba eli-1): 12.000%
• Kabini ngonyaka (amathuba ama-2): 12.360%
• Ngekota (amathuba ama-4): 12.551%
• Ngenyanga (amathuba ali-12): 12.683%
• Ngemihla ngemihla (amathuba angama-365): 12.748%
• Ngokuqhubekekayo (∞): 12.750%

Kukho izinto ezimbini ezilandelayo. Ukudityaniswa kwenzala rhoqo kuhlala kuvelisa izinga elisebenzayo eliphezulu, kwaye ukonyuka kuba kuncinci ixesha ngalinye — ulandelelwano lusondela ku e^i − 1, nto leyo engumda ophezulu wokudityaniswa okuqhubekayo. Ngaphaya kwenyanga, isiphumo esongezelelweyo sincinci.

Ukuguqula ubuyele emva

Ukufumana izinga elichaziweyo elivelisa izinga elisebenzayo elinikiweyo:

i = n × [ (1 + EAR)^(1÷n) − 1 ]

Apho kubaluleke khona

• Ukonga kunye neediphozithi. Ukuthelekisa idiphozithi ye-6% edityaniswa ngekota neye-6.1% edityaniswa ngonyaka kufuna ukuguqula zombini zibe ngamazinga asebenzayo.
• Amakhadi etyala kunye nekredithi ejikelezayo, apho inzala idla ngokudityaniswa ngenyanga kwintsalela engahlawulwanga.
• Naluphi na uthelekiso kwiimveliso ezineendlela ezahlukeneyo zokudityaniswa kwenzala — amanani achaziweyo awanakuthelekiswa kwaphela.

Qaphela ukuba imali-mboleko eqhelekileyo ehlawulwa ngezavenge zenyanga ayidityaniswa ngale ndlela, kuba inzala ihlawulwa ixesha ngalinye kunokuba yongezwe kwimali eseleyo. Ukudityaniswa kwenzala kubalulekile apho inzala yenziwa inkunzi — ngexesha lekhefu lokuhlawula, kumatyala ashiyekileyo, okanye kwidiphozithi.

Intsingiselo 2: EIR phantsi kwe-IFRS 9

Kwingxelo yezemali, izinga lenzala elisebenzayo linenkcazelo yobugcisa echanekileyo: lizinga elithomalalisa ngokuthe ngqo ukuhamba kwemali okuqikelelwayo kwexesha elizayo kubo bonke ubomi obulindelekileyo be-asethi yezemali ukuya kwisixa esipheleleyo esithwalwayo ekuqaphelisweni kokuqala.

Injongo yayo kukuthintela ukuba ingeniso yeefizi ingaqatshelwa ngexesha lokukhutshwa kwemali. Endaweni yoko, iifizi neendleko zentengiselwano zifakwa kwizinga elinye kwaye zisasazwe kubo bonke ubomi bemalimboleko.

Yintoni efakwa kwi-EIR

Kubandakanyiwe:

• Iifizi zokusungula, zokuqalisa kunye nezolungiselelo ezifunyenwe kumboleki
• Iindleko zentengiselwano ezongezelelekileyo ezinxulunyaniswa ngokuthe ngqo ezihlawulweyo — ikhomishini, ezomthetho, uqikelelo lwexabiso
• Nayiphi na iprimiyamu okanye isaphulelo ekufumaneni.
• Amanqaku ahlawulweyo okanye afunyenweyo ayinxalenye yenzuzo.

Akubandakanywa:

• Iilahleko zetyala ezilindelekileyo, kwii-asethi ezingonakaliswanga ngokwetyala ngexesha lokuthengwa.
• Iifizi zeenkonzo ezahlukileyo ezinikezelwa ngokwahlukeneyo ekuhambeni kwexesha.
• Iindleko zolawulo ezingabalelwanga ngqo ekuveliseni imali-mboleko ethile

Umzekelo osebenzayo

Imali-mboleko ye-$10,000 kwiinyanga ezingama-36 kwi-15% ngonyaka ngokwesivumelwano, kunye ne-$300 yentlawulo yokuqalisa efunyenweyo kunye ne-$100 yeendleko ezibalelwa ngqo ezihlawulweyo.

Contractual instalment            = $346.65
Initial net carrying amount       = 10,000 − 300 + 100 = $9,800

I-EIR lizinga elithoba ezo ntlawulo ezingama-36 ze-$346.65 zibuyele kwi-$9,800:

Contractual rate  = 15.0% per annum
EIR               ≈ 16.4% per annum (nominal), ≈17.7% effective

Ingeniso yenzala exeliweyo yombolekisi ibonisa i-16.4%, hayi i-15%, kwaye intlawulo ye-$300 ayisoze yamkelwe njengesixa esinye. Ivela ngokuthe ngcembe njengenxalenye yengeniso yenzala kwiminyaka emithathu.

Indlela esetyenziswa ngayo

Interest revenue for the period = amortised cost × EIR

Zimbini izilungiso ezibalulekileyo ekusebenzeni:

• Ii-asethi ezonakele ngokwetyala (INqanaba 3). Inzala ibalwa kwisixa esithwalayo esishiyekileyo — emva kokuthabatha isibonelelo selahleko — kunokuba kube kwisixa esipheleleyo. Ukuqhubeka nokuqokelela kwibhalansi epheleleyo yemali-mboleko eyonakeleyo kuyayibaxa ingeniso.
• Uhlengahlengiso. Apho imali-mboleko i-hlengahlengiswa ngaphandle kokukhutshwa kwiincwadi, isixa esithwalayo siphinde sibalwe ngokuthoba ukuhamba kwemali okuhlaziyiweyo kwi-EIR yoqobo, umahluko usiwa kwinzuzo okanye ilahleko ngoko nangoko. I-EIR ngokwayo ayimiselwa ngokutsha.

Kutheni kubalulekile ekusebenzeni

Ukwamkela iintlawulo zokuqalisa njengengeniso ngexesha lokukhutshwa kwemali yimpazamo eqhelekileyo kubabolekisi abancinci. Oku:

• Kubaxa inzuzo kwixesha ekubhalwa ngalo imali-mboleko
• Kuyijongela phantsi kulo lonke ixesha eliseleyo
• Kunyusa isivuno esibonakalayo kwishishini elitsha
• Kuvelisa iziphumo ezinyusa umfanekiso wencwadi ekhulayo kwaye zijike kabukhali xa ukukhula kucotha

Le ndlela yokujika ngunobangela ophindaphindayo wee-akhawunti ezihlaziyiweyo zababolekisi abancinci.

Izinga lenzala elisebenzayo xa lithelekiswa ne-APR

Ezi zimbini zinxulumene kodwa zisebenza iinjongo ezahlukeneyo, kwaye enye ayithathi ndawo yenye.

• Izinga lenzala elisebenzayo (EIR): - Lichazwa ngu: Imigangatho yobalo-mali (IFRS 9)

  • Abajoliswe kubo: Abalungiseleli nabasebenzisi beengxelo zemali
  • Injongo: Ukwamkela ingeniso yenzala ekuhambeni kwexesha
  • Ukuphathwa kweentlawulo: Iintlawulo eziyinxalenye yembuyekezo, emva kokutsalwa kweendleko zentengiselwano
  • Isiseko: Ubomi obulindelekileyo bemboleko

• Ireyithi yePesenti yonyaka (APR): - Ichazwa ngu: Ummiselo wetyala lomthengi

  • Abantu ekujoliswe kubo: Ababoleki abathelekisa izibonelelo zemboleko
  • Injongo: Ukwazisa iindleko ezipheleleyo zetyala
  • Ukuphathwa kweentlawulo: Zonke iintlawulo ezinyanzelekileyo zomboli
  • Isiseko: Ishedyuli yesivumelwano, ngokuqhelekileyo

Zihlala zivelisa amanani ahlukileyo kwimboleko enye, ngokusemthethweni. I-APR iquka yonke intlawulo enyanzelekileyo ethwalwa ngumboleki, kubandakanywa ezinye ezingazange zifikelele kumbolekisi — iiprimiyamu zeinshorensi ezinyanzelekileyo ezihlawulwa kumntu wesithathu, umzekelo. I-EIR iquka kuphela oko kungena kwimbuyekezo yombolekisi, emva kokutsalwa kweendleko zakhe.

Iimpazamo eziqhelekileyo

• Ukuthelekisa ireyithi yegama nereyithi esebenzayo. Azingomlinganiselo ofanayo; guqula kuqala.
• Ukwenza ireyithi yonyaka ngokuphindaphinda ngeshumi elinambini apho inzala yenziwa inkunzi. Ireyithi yenyanga ye-2% kwintsalela eyongeza inzala enkunzini yi-26.8% esebenzayo, hayi i-24%.
• Ukucingela ukuba imboleko yezavenge zenyanga iyahlanganisa inzala. Ngokuqhelekileyo ayikwenzi oko — inzala iyahlawulwa, ayongezwa.
• Ukuqaphela iintlawulo kwangoko endaweni yokuzisabalalisa nge-EIR.
• Ukuqokelela inzala kwisixa esipheleleyo esithwalwayo setyala elonakeleyo.
• Ukuseta kwakhona i-EIR kuhlengahlengiso apho umgangatho ufuna ukuba ireyithi yoqobo igcinwe.