Umda wetyala / ityala elijikelezayo

Umgca wetyala sisibonelelo sokuboleka esinika umboleki ukufikelela kwiimali ukuya kumda ekuvunyelwene ngawo, kwaye unokuzitsala, ukuzibuyisa kwaye aphinde azitsale njengoko kufuneka. Inzala ihlawuliswa kuphela kwisixa esiseleyo ngokwenene, hayi kumda.

Ityala elijikelezayo luchaza uphawu lokuphinda kutsalwe: njengoko inqununu ihlawulwa, ukufumaneka kuyabuyiselwa kwaye kunokusetyenziswa kwakhona. Isibonelelo "siyajikeleza" kunokuba siphele siye ku-zero ngeshedyuli emiselweyo. Oovadrafti namakhadi etyala yimizekelo eqhelekileyo; izibonelelo zokusebenza zoshishino kunye nemigca yesiseko sokuboleka zisebenza ngendlela efanayo kumlinganiselo omkhulu.

Umahluko nemali-mboleko yexesha yeyona nto ibalulekileyo kule mveliso:

• Imali ekhutshiweyo: Imali-mboleko yexesha ikhutshwa kube kanye, ngokupheleleyo; umgca wetyala utsalwa xa kufuneka, ngokwenxalenye, nanini na xa kufuneka.
• Intsalela: Imali-mboleko yexesha iyehla ngeshedyuli; umgca wetyala uyaguquguquka ngokusetyenziswa.
• Inzala ihlawuliswa kwi: Imali-mboleko yexesha ihlawulisa inzala kwinqununu epheleleyo ukususela kusuku lokuqala; umgca wetyala uhlawulisa kuphela kwintsalela etsaliweyo, usuku nosuku.
• Intlawulo: Imali-mboleko yexesha ifuna izavenge ezimiselweyo; umgca wetyala ufuna intlawulo encinane okanye uhlawuleka xa kufuneka.
• Xa sele ihlawuliwe: Isibonelelo semali-mboleko yexesha siyavalwa; ukufumaneka komgca wetyala kuyabuyiselwa.
• Ifanele: Imali-mboleko yexesha ifanele imfuno eyaziwayo, eyenzeka kube kanye; umgca wetyala ufanele imfuno ephindaphindayo, eguquguqukayo, okanye engaqinisekanga.

Ishishini elifuna i-400,000 ukuze lithenge umatshini lifuna imali-mboleko yexesha. Ishishini elifuna phakathi kwe-zero ne-400,000 ngokuxhomekeke kwinyanga lifuna umgca wetyala. Ukuhambelanisa isakhiwo nohlobo lwemfuno yiyona nto ibalulekileyo kwisigqibo; ukwenza impazamo kuyabiza kwelinye icala kwaye kuyingozi kwelinye.

Indlela esebenza ngayo

Umda. Ubuninzi obunokuthi bube yintsalela nanini na. Ngumda kwintsalela, hayi isambuku umboleki anokuthi asitsale ngokudityanisiweyo — umboleki unokutsala aze abuyise kaninzi ngaphezu komda ebomini besibonelelo.

Ukufumaneka. Umda uthabathe intsalela yangoku, uthabathe nazo naziphi na iimali ezibekelweyo kodwa ezingekahlawulwa.

Ukutsalwa kwemali. Isicelo sokukhulula imali, nokuba kukhululekile ukuya kutsho kumda okanye, kwizibonelelo zokuboleka ezisekelwe kwizinto ezifanelekileyo, sixhaswa zii-asethi ezifanelekileyo.

Ukuqokelelwa kwenzala. Inzala idla ngokubalwa ngokwentsalela eseleyo yemihla ngemihla kwaye ihlawulwe qho ngenyanga. Lo ngumahluko osebenzayo obaluleke kakhulu: akukho sheduli yokunciphisa ityala emayilandelwe, kuba intsalela ayinakwaziwa kwangaphambili.

Intlawulo yobuncinane. Kwiimveliso ezijikelezayo zabathengi, intlawulo yenyanga efunekayo ichazwa njengepesenti yentsalela okanye ubuncinane obumiselweyo, nokuba yeyiphi enkulu.

Umhla wokuphononongwa. Izibonelelo zinikezelwa ixesha elithile — eliqhelekileyo ziinyanga ezilishumi elinambini — kwaye ziyahlaziywa, zilungiswe okanye zirhoxiswe xa kuphononongwa. Umgca wetyala awuyiyo inkxaso-mali esisigxina, nokuba uqengqelekile ixesha elide kangakanani.

Ezizibophelelekileyo nezingazibophelelanga, ezinesibambiso nezingenasibambiso

Izibonelelo ezizibophelelekileyo zinyanzela umbolekisi ukuba akhuphe imali xa iceliwe, ukuba nje iimeko ziyafezekiswa. Umbolekwa unokuthembela ekubeni imali ikhona, kwaye uhlawula intlawulo yokuzibophelela kwinxalenye engatsalwanga ngenxa yolo qiniseko.

Izibonelelo ezingazibophelelanga zifumaneka ngokokubona kombolekisi kwaye zidla ngokuhlawuleka xa zifunwa. Zinendleko eziphantsi kwaye azithembekanga kangako. Uninzi lwee-overdraft zamashishini amancinci luwela apha, yiyo loo nto umbolekwa othatha i-overdraft njengenkunzi esisigxina uzibeka emngciphekweni wokutsalwa angakwazi kukulawula — ngokuqhelekileyo kanye ngexesha apho ishishini labo libonakala libuthathaka kakhulu, nelo xesha kanye apho umbolekisi aliphonononga khona.

Imigca enesibambiso ixhaswa zizinto ezibambisayo — ipropati, i-debenture ebophelela ishishini, isikhuselo semali, okanye iqoqo leemali ezilindelekileyo kunye nempahla. Imigca engenasibambiso ixhomekeke kuphela kwisimo sombolekwa kwaye inemida emincinci namaxabiso aphezulu.

Isibonelelo sokuboleka esisekelwe kwizinto ezifanelekileyo sidibanisa ukufumaneka ngokuthe ngqo kwii-asethi ezifanelekileyo, sibalwa rhoqo:

Availability = (Eligible receivables × advance rate) + (Eligible stock × advance rate) − Reserves

Le yingcinga iyafana naleyo yokuxhasa ngemali i-invoyisi, eqhutywa njengomda ojikelezayo endaweni yokuba i-invoyisi nge-invoyisi. Njengoko iintengiso zikhula, isiseko siyakhula kwaye nokufumaneka kuyakhula — nto leyo eyenza ukuba ilungele amashishini akhulayo.

Iindleko zayo

Amaxabiso esibonelelo esijikelezayo adla ngokuba namacandelo amathathu, kwaye uthelekiso olujonga kuphela elokuqala luyalahlekisa:

• Inzala: Ihlawulwa kwintsalela etsaliweyo yemihla ngemihla njengezinga ngenyanga okanye ngonyaka.
• Intlawulo yokuzibophelela okanye yesibonelelo: Ihlawulwa kwinxalenye engatsalwanga njengepesenti encinci ngonyaka.
• Intlawulo yokulungiselela okanye yokuhlaziya: Ihlawulwa kumda njengepesenti ehlawulwa kube kanye ekunikezelweni nasekuhlaziyweni ngalo lonke ixesha.

Amaxabiso okohlwaya kwiibhalansi ezingaphezulu komda, kunye namazinga aphezulu xa isibonelelo singasasebenzi, zizongezelelo eziqhelekileyo.

Umzekelo osebenzayo: i-revolving xa ithelekiswa nemali-mboleko yexesha

Ishishini linomda we-500,000 nge-2.5% ngenyanga kwibhalansi etsaliweyo, kunye ne-0.5% ngonyaka kwinxalenye engatsaliwanga. Imfuno yalo ixhomekeke kwixesha lonyaka.

• Inyanga 1: Ibhalansi etsaliweyo 200,000 — Inzala: 5,000 | Intlawulo yokuzibophelela: 125
• Inyanga 2: Ibhalansi etsaliweyo 350,000 — Inzala: 8,750 | Intlawulo yokuzibophelela: 63
• Inyanga 3: Ibhalansi etsaliweyo 100,000 — Inzala: 2,500 | Intlawulo yokuzibophelela: 167
• Iyonke yekota: Inzala: 16,250 | Intlawulo yokuzibophelela: 355

Iindleko zizonke zekota: 16,605.

Imali-mboleko yexesha ye-500,000 ngezinga elifanayo le-2.5% ngenyanga ingabiza i-12,500 ngenyanga ngenzala nokuba ayisetyenziswanga — 37,500 kule kota — kuba umboleki uhlawulela imali angayifuniyo kwinyanga yokuqala neyesithathu.

Uthelekiso luyajika xa isibonelelo sitsalwe ngokupheleleyo. Izibonelelo ezijikelezayo zinexabiso elingaphezulu kuneemali-mboleko zexesha kumboleki ofanayo, kanye ngenxa yokuba umbolekisi kufuneka agcine inkunzi ngokuchasene nesixa esinokutsalwa nangaliphi na ixesha. Umboleki osoloko ekumda wakhe uhlawula iprimiyamu yokuguquguquka ngenxa yokuguquguquka angayisebenzisiyo, kwaye kufuneka atshintshwe abe yimali-mboleko yexesha.

Umgibe wentlawulo encinci

Xa intlawulo yembuyekezo ibekwe njengepesenti yebhalansi eseleyo, ibhalansi yehla ngokwejiyometri kwaye ngokucothayo kakhulu. Umboleki one-50,000 eseleyo, inzala 3% ngenyanga kunye nentlawulo encinci ye-5% yebhalansi:

• Inyanga 1: Ibhalansi 50,000 | Intlawulo: 2,500 | Inzala: 1,500 | Ukuncitshiswa kwetyala: 1,000
• Inyanga 12: Ibhalansi 39,235 | Intlawulo: 1,962 | Inzala: 1,177 | Ukuncitshiswa kwetyala: 785
• Inyanga 24: Ibhalansi 30,790 | Intlawulo: 1,540 | Inzala: 924 | Ukuncitshiswa kwetyala: 616
• Inyanga 36: Ibhalansi 24,166 | Intlawulo: 1,208 | Inzala: 725 | Ukuncitshiswa kwetyala: 483
• Inyanga 60: Ibhalansi 14,880 | Intlawulo: 744 | Inzala: 446 | Ukuncitshiswa kwetyala: 298

Emva kweminyaka emihlanu yeentlawulo ezincinci ezingaphazanyiswanga, umboleki usatyala phantse isinye kwisithathu sebhalansi yokuqala, ebesele ehlawule imali engaphezulu kakhulu kunoko ngenzala endleleni. Intlawulo iyancipha njengoko ibhalansi incipha, nto leyo eyenza isibonelelo sibonakale sinokufikeleleka ngelixa sisoluleka phantse ngokungenasiphelo.

Apho intlawulo encinci ibekwe ngaphantsi kwentlawulo yenzala, ibhalansi iyakhula nangona umboleki ehlawula ngexesha — i-amortisation engalunganga. Nawuphi na umgaqo wentlawulo encinci kufuneka uvavanywe ngokuchasene nereyithi ephezulu esebenzayo ukuqinisekisa ukuba awunakukuvelisa oku.

Ukusetyenziswa

Utilisation = (Drawn balance ÷ Limit) × 100

Ukusetyenziswa kunentsingiselo eyahlukileyo ngokuxhomekeke apho kuzinza khona:

• Kuhlala kuphantsi — umda mkhulu kunesidingo. Kulungile kumboleki, kodwa yimbuyekezo embi kumbolekisi kwimali egcinwe ngenxa yesibophelelo.
• Iyaguquguquka kulo lonke uluhlu — isibonelelo siyasebenza. Inkunzi yokusebenza iyenyuka ize yehle, kwaye nebhalansi yenza njalo.
• Kuhlala kusemdeni okanye kufutshane nomda — isibonelelo sele sibe lityala lexesha elide. Umboleki akaxhasi mjikelo, uxhasa umsantsa osisigxina kwinkunzi yokusebenza, kwaye ulwakhiwo lwe-revolving luyakufihla oku.

Ipateni yesithathu ngowona mqondiso uluncedo kakhulu oveliswa yincwadi ye-revolving. Idla ngokwandulela unxunguphalo ngeenyanga ezininzi, iyabonakala kwidatha esele enayo umbolekisi, kwaye iphoswa kukubeka iliso okulandela kuphela ii-arrears — kuba umboleki ohlala esemdeni usenokungaze asilele ukuhlawula.

I-clean-down noku-evergreening

I-clean-down okanye imfuno yokuphumla inyanzelisa umboleki ukuba anciphise isibonelelo sibe ngu-zero, okanye sibe ngaphantsi kwenqanaba elichaziweyo, kangangexesha eliqhubekayo ngonyaka ngamnye — ngokuqhelekileyo iintsuku ezili-14 ukuya kwezingama-30 ezilandelelanayo. Injongo yayo kukuxilonga kunokohlwaya. Isibonelelo sokwenene senkunzi yokusebenza siyazicima ngokwaso njengoko umjikelo worhwebo ugqitywayo; isibonelelo esixhasa ilahleko asinakucocwa kwaphela. Umboleki ocela ukuxolelwa i-clean-down uxelela umbolekisi into ebalulekileyo.

I-evergreening kukusilela oku khusela ngokuchasene nako: ukuqengqa isibonelelo ebekufanele ukuba sibuyiswe, ngamanye amaxesha ukunyusa umda ukuze kuhlawulwe inzala, ukuze i-exposure ethe yasilela ngokwenyani iqhubeka ikhangeleka njengento esesemgangathweni. Ikwenza iiarrears zibonakale zincinci, ilibazisa ukubekelwa imali, kwaye iguqula ingxaki ebinokulawuleka kwi-500,000 ibe yile engalawulekiyo kwi-900,000.

Iimpawu ziyabonakala. Ukusetyenziswa kukwi-100% okanye kufutshane kuyo kwizihlandlo zokuphonononga ezilandelelanayo. Ukunyuswa komda okuhambelana nokufuneka kwenzala. Ii-clean-downs ezixolelwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo. Iintlawulo ezixhaswa ngemali ethathwe kwenye i-facility. Ukuhlaziywa okuvunyiwe ngaphandle kweengxelo zemali ezintsha.

Izinto ezifunwa yi-revolving credit kumsebenzi wokubolekisa

Izibonelelo ze-revolving zinzima kakhulu ukuzilawula kuneemali-mboleko zexesha elide, kwaye ababolekisi abazongeza kwincwadi yamatyala exesha elide badla ngokufumanisa ukuba iinkqubo zabo azihambelani.

Akukho sheduli yokusebenza ngayo. Akukho tafile ye-amortisation, ngoko ke ukubalwa kwenzala kufuneka kuqhutywe ngokwebhalansi yemihla ngemihla yokwenene. Ukuqokelelwa kwenzala ngenyanga kwibhalansi yomndilili okanye yokuphela kwexesha kubiza ngaphezulu okanye kubiza ngaphantsi kumboleki ngamnye ngenyanga, kwaye iimpazamo kunzima ukuzichaza xa kubuzwa.

Amatyala asemva kufuneka achazwe ngendlela eyahlukileyo. Imali-mboleko yexesha elimisiweyo iba semva xa isavenge iphosiwe. Isibonelelo se-revolving sinokuba kwimeko yokungaphumeleli ngenxa yokuphoswa kwentlawulo encinci efunekayo, ibhalansi engaphezulu kunomda, isibonelelo esiphelelwe lixesha esingazange sihlaziywe, okanye isiseko sokuboleka esaphukileyo — akukho nanye kwezi ebonakala njengesavenge ephosiweyo. Iibhakethi zobudala bamatyala kunye nepotfoliyo esemngciphekweni zombini zifuna umgaqo ochaziweyo wokuvezwa kwe-revolving, okanye iimethrikhi zepotfoliyo ziyazikhupha ngokuthe cwaka.

Imida kufuneka ilawulwe njengezinto ezizimeleyo ngokwazo. Ukunikezelwa, umhla wokuphononongwa, ukuphelelwa, ukunyuswa okwethutyana, ukunyuswa okusisigxina, ukucuthwa, ukumiswa, ukurhoxiswa — ngasinye sinenqanaba laso lokugunyazisa kunye nomkhondo wophicotho-zincwadi.

Izibophelelo ezingekatsalwa zikukuchanabeka. Izixa-mali ezithembisiweyo kodwa ezingekatsalwa zinomngcipheko kwaye, phantsi kweenkqubo ezininzi zobulumko, zifumana intlawulo yenkunzi kunye nobonelelo. Ingxelo ebala kuphela iibhalansi ezitsaliweyo iyayijongela phantsi imeko yombolekisi.

Ulwabiwo lwentlawulo lusasebenza. Iintlawulo, inzala kunye nemali eyintloko zihlawulwa ngokulandelelana okumiselweyo, kanye njengakwimali-mboleko yexesha elimisiweyo — jonga i-waterfall yokwabiwa kwentlawulo — kodwa ukubala kuqhuba ngokwebhalansi eshukumayo endaweni yeshedyuli.

Apho imigca yetyala iphazama khona

Ukungahambelani kwesakhiwo. Isibonelelo se-revolving esisetyenziselwa ukuxhasa i-asethi esisigxina. I-asethi ivelisa inzuzo kule minyaka; isibonelelo kufuneka sihlawulwe xa sifunwa. Ukungahambelani kuvela xa kuphononongwa.

Umda obekwe ngokwesicelo somboleki. Imida kufuneka ilinganiselwe kumjikelo wemali yokusebenza — umsantsa phakathi kokuhlawula ababoneleli nokuhlawulwa ngabathengi — hayi ngoko umboleki angathanda ukuba nako.

Akukho clean-down, okanye enye exolelweyo. Kususa olona vavanyo lwesiqhelo lokuba ingaba isibonelelo siyazihlawula ngokwaso.

Ukubeka iliso ngamatyala asemva kuphela. Isibonelelo esitsalwe ngokupheleleyo, esingazange sihlawule emva kwexesha sibonakala sigqibelele kwingxelo yamatyala asemva kwaye singaba kukuchanabeka okubi kakhulu kwiincwadi.

Ukuhlaziywa ngokuzenzekelayo. Ukuqengqa imida minyaka le ngaphandle kweenkcukacha zemali ezintsha, ukutshekishwa kwe-bureau okanye ukujonga ukusetyenziswa kuguqula isibonelelo esivavanyiweyo sibe sesingavavanywanga kwiijikelezo ezimbalwa.

Iintlawulo ezincinci eziphantse ziyigubungele inzala. Ivelisa ababoleki abahlawula iminyaka kwaye babe netyala eliphantse lilingane ekupheleni.

Imida engatsalwanga ingahoywa xa ihlanganisiwe. Umbolekisi one-40 million etsaliweyo kunye ne-25 million ethembisiweyo-engatsalwanga une-65 million yokuchanabeka, kwaye umngcipheko we-liquidity ukuba inxalenye enkulu itsalwe ngaxeshanye.