Inkxaso-mali nge-invoyisi / ukuthengisa amatyala

Inkxaso-mali nge-invoyisi luhlobo lwenkxaso-mali yemali yokusebenza apho ishishini linyusa imali ngee-invoyisi ezizikhuphileyo kodwa ezingekahlawulwa. Umboneleli-mali uhlawula ngoko nangoko ipesenti yexabiso le-invoyisi ngoko nangoko aze akhuphe imali eseleyo, ngaphandle kweendleko, xa umthengi ehlawulileyo.

Ingxaki eyisombululayo yeyexesha hayi eyokungakwazi ukuhlawula. Umthengisi uhambisa iimpahla ngoJanuwari, akhuphe i-invoyisi enemiqathango yokuhlawulwa ngeentsuku ezingama-60, kwaye akakwazi ukufikelela kuloo mali de kube ngoMatshi — ngeli xesha imivuzo, isitokhwe nerenti kufuneka ihlawulwe. Ishishini linenzuzo kodwa liswele imali. Inkxaso-mali nge-invoyisi iguqula intlawulo engekafunyanwa ibe yimali namhlanje ngexabiso elicuthiweyo.

iFactoring luhlobo apho intlawulo engekafunyanwa ithengiswa kumboneleli-mali, othi emva koko abe ngumnini wetyala kwaye adla ngokuliqokelela ngokuthe ngqo kumthengi. iInvoice discounting luhlobo apho ishishini liboleka ngokubambisa ngentlawulo engekafunyanwa, lihlale lingumniniyo, kwaye liqhubeke liqokelela ngokwalo.

Lo mahluko — intengiso xa ithelekiswa nokuboleka — ngulo yonke enye into elandelayo kuwo, kwaye udla ngokufiphaliswa kwimathiriyeli yokuthengisa. Umisela ukuba ngubani oqokelelayo, umthengi usebenza nabani, ingaba isivumelwano sivela njengetyala kwiphepha lebhalansi, kwaye kwenzeka ntoni xa umthengi engahlawulanga.

iFactoring, iDiscounting kunye nezinye iindlela

iFactoring

• Ubume bomthetho: Ukuthengiswa nokunikezelwa kwentlawulo engekafunyanwa
• Oqokelelayo: IFactor
• Umthengi uyaziswa: Ngokuqhelekileyo ewe
• Kudla ngokuquka: Incwadi yonke okanye ii-invoyisi ezikhethiweyo
• Ulawulo lwetyala: Lunikezelwa kwiFactor
• Ixabiso lisekelwe: kumgangatho wokuthembeka kwabatyali
• Ifanele: Amashishini amancinci, ukuthembeka kwetyala okubuthathaka, amandla olawulo ancinci

iInvoice discounting

• Uhlobo lwezomthetho: Imali-mboleko ekhuselweyo kwiimali ezilindelweyo
• Ngubani oqokelelayo: Ishishini
• Umthengi uyazi: Ngokuqhelekileyo hayi
• Idla ngokubandakanya: Yonke incwadi
• Ulawulo lwekhredithi: Kugcinwe
• Ixabiso lisekelwe: kumgangatho wekhredithi weshishini kunye nencwadi
• Ilungele: Amashishini asele emisiwe aneenkqubo ezilungileyo

Imali-mboleko ekhuselweyo nge-invoyisi

• Uhlobo lwezomthetho: Imali-mboleko eneemali ezilindelweyo njengesibambiso
• Ngubani oqokelelayo: Ishishini
• Umthengi uyazi: Hayi
• Idla ngokubandakanya: Umda wesibonelelo semali
• Ulawulo lwekhredithi: Kugcinwe
• Ixabiso lisekelwe: kumgangatho wekhredithi weshishini
• Ilungele: Amashishini afuna isibonelelo semali ngokubanzi

I-Reverse Factoring

• Uhlobo lwezomthetho: Ukuhlawula kwangethuba okuququzelelwe ngumthengi kubaboneleli
• Ngubani oqokelelayo: Umxhasi wezemali, kumthengi
• Umthengi uyazi: Ewe — umthengi nguye oyiqalayo
• Ngokuqhelekileyo kubandakanya: iintlawulo ezivunyiweyo zomthengi
• Ulawulo lwetyala: Ayisebenzi
• Ixabiso lisekelwe ku: Umgangatho wetyala lomthengi
• Ifanele: Abathengi abakhulu abafuna ukuxhasa ikhonkco labo lokubonelelo

I-reverse factoring, ekwabizwa ngokuba yimali yekhonkco lokubonelelo okanye imali yeentlawulo, ifanelwe ukwahlulwa kuba iguqula ulungiselelo. Umthengi uyalungiselela, amkele ii-invoyisi ukuze zihlawulwe kwangoko, kwaye umxhasi-mali uxabisa ngokwetyala lomthengi kunokuba asebenzise elomthengisi. Kumthengisi omncinci othengisa kumthengi omkhulu, onetyala elithembekileyo, le yeyona ndlela ingabizi kakhulu yemali yamatyala afunyenwayo ekhoyo — kwaye ifumaneka kuphela ukuba umthengi ukhetha ukuyinika.

I-selective okanye i-spot factoring ixhasa ngemali ii-invoyisi ezizimeleyo kunokuba ixhase yonke incwadi. Iyaguquguquka ngakumbi kwaye ibiza kakhulu ngokubonakalayo, kuba umxhasi-mali uphulukana nokwahluka kunye nomthamo onikezelwa ngamalungiselelo e-turnover epheleleyo.

Indlela intengiselwano ye-factoring esebenza ngayo

1. Isibonelelo kuvunyelwene ngaso. Umxhasi-mali uvavanya ishishini nencwadi yalo yamatyala, ibeka umda wesibonelelo, izinga lembonelelo, kunye nemida yokugxininisa kubatyali ngabanye.
2. I-invoyisi ikhutshiwe yaza yangeniswa. Ishishini likhupha i-invoyisi kumthengi walo lize lingenise i-invoyisi, kunye nobungqina bokuhanjiswa, kumxhasi-mali.
3. Ukuqinisekisa. Umxhasi-mali uqinisekisa ukuba iimpahla okanye iinkonzo zihanjisiwe kwaye i-invoyisi yamkelwe — ngoxwebhu, ngomnxeba, okanye ngokudityaniswa kweenkqubo.
4. Isaziso sokunikezelwa. Kumalungiselelo adiziweyo, umthengi uyaziswa ukuba ityala linikezelwe kwaye intlawulo kufuneka yenziwe kumxhasi-mali.
5. Inkxaso-mali engaphambili iyahlawulwa. Ipesenti yexabiso le-invoyisi — ngokuqhelekileyo 70% ukuya ku-90% — ithunyelwa kwishishini, ngokufuthi kwangosuku olunye.
6. Ukuqokelela. Umthengi uhlawula nge-invoyisi ngomhla wokuhlawula, kumxhasi-mali kwi-factoring okanye kwi-akhawunti elawulwayo kwi-discounting.
7. Ukuhlawula isalela. Ibhalansi egciniweyo iyakhululwa kwishishini, kutsalwa umrhumo wenkonzo kunye nentlawulo yesaphulelo.

Apho umthengi angahlawuliyo, okwenzekayo emva koko kuxhomekeke ngokupheleleyo ekubuyiseleni.

Ukubuyisela nokungabuyiseli

Ifactoring enerecourse ishiya umngcipheko wetyala kushishino. Ukuba umthengi uyasilela ukuhlawula kwisithuba ekuvunyelwene ngaso emva komhla wokuhlawula — ngokuqhelekileyo iintsuku ezingama-90 — umbolekisi uyayibuyisela i-invoyisi: ishishino limele ukuyithenga kwakhona okanye itsalwe kwi-advance elandelayo. Uninzi lwefactoring lulolohlobo lokubuyisela.

Ifactoring engekho-recourse idlulisela umngcipheko wokuba umthengi angakwazi ukuhlawula kumbolekisi, obeka amaxabiso ngokufanelekileyo aze ahlole umntu ngamnye onetyala ngononophelo.

Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuba i-non-recourse incinci kunokuba ivakala. Ngokuqhelekileyo ikhusela ukungakwazi komthengi ukuhlawula, hayi ukungafuni kwakhe. Apho umthengi ebamba intlawulo ngenxa yempikiswano ngomgangatho, ubungakanani, ukuhanjiswa okanye imiqathango yekhontrakthi, loo nto yimpikiswano yorhwebo kunokuba ibe sisiganeko setyala, kwaye i-invoyisi ibuyela kwishishini nokuba kwenzeka ntoni. Kuba iimpikiswano zingunobangela oqhelekileyo kakhulu wokungahlawuli kunokungakwazi ukuhlawula, ishishini elithenga ukhuseleko lwe-non-recourse lithenga ukhuseleko oluncinci kunokuba igama libonisa.

Umzekelo osebenzayo: ukuba kubiza malini ngokwenene

I-invoyisi ye-100,000 ngeentsuku ezingama-60, ifakthwe nge-80% yomlinganiselo we-advance, umrhumo wenkonzo we-2% kwixabiso le-invoyisi kunye nentlawulo yesaphulelo ye-2.5% ngenyanga kwimali ehanjiswayo.

• Ixabiso le-invoyisi: 100,000
• I-advance nge-80% (ehlawulwa kwangoko): 80,000
• Imali egciniweyo ngumbolekisi: 20,000
• Umrhumo wenkonzo (2% ye-100,000): (2,000)
• Intlawulo yesaphulelo (80,000 × 2.5% × 2 iinyanga): (4,000)
• Iintlawulo zizonke: (6,000)
• Imali eseleyo ekhutshwe kwimali egciniweyo: 14,000
• Iyonke efunyenwe lishishino: 94,000

Ukuguqulela oko kumyinge wonyaka

Ishishino lihlawule i-6,000 ukuze libe ne-80,000 iintsuku ezingama-60.

Cost for the period = 6,000 ÷ 80,000 = 7.5%
Annualised = 7.5% × (365 ÷ 60) ≈ 45.6% per annum

Isihloko esithi "2% plus 2.5% ngenyanga" yindleko esebenzayo esondela 46% ngonyaka kwimali ehanjiswe ngokwenene. Oko akuthethi ngokuzenzekelayo ukuba akunangqiqo — enye indlela inokuba ziiodolo ezilahlekileyo, ukuphela kwempahla okanye ubudlelwane nomnikezeli obuphelayo — kodwa lelinani ishishino ekufuneka lithelekise nalo kwi-odrafti okanye imali-mboleko yexesha elithile, kwaye lelinani elingafane liboniswe.

Imiqathango emifutshane yokuhlawula yenza kubize kancinci; imiqathango emide yenza kubize kakhulu. I-invoyisi efanayo ngeentsuku ezingama-30 ixabisa i-4,000 endaweni ye-6,000, umyinge osebenzayo malunga ne-61% ngokonyaka ngexabiso elipheleleyo elincinci. I-invoyisi efanayo ngeentsuku ezili-120 ixabisa i-10,000. Naluphi na uthelekiso phakathi kwababoneleli kufuneka lugcine ixesha lokuhlawula lingaguquki, kwaye nayiphi na indawo apho abanetyala bahlala behlawula emva kwexesha ibiza ngaphezulu kunokuba ishedyuli ibonisa.

Imilinganiselo ye-advance nento eyibekayo

Umlinganiselo we-advance ngumyinge we-loan-to-value wemali-mboleko yamatyala afunyenweyo, kwaye ubekwa ngokokuba ngakanani kwiincwadi zee-invoyisi umbolekisi alindele ukuyikuqokelela ngokwenene.

• Ukuxinana kwabathengi abanetyala: Kuphezulu xa kukho abathengi abaninzi abanetyala abahlukeneyo; kuphantsi xa kulawulwa ngumthengi omnye okanye ababini abanetyala.
• Umgangatho wabathengi abanetyala: Kuphezulu kubahlawuli abakhulu, abanokuthenjwa ngetyala, nabathembekileyo; kuphantsi kubahlawuli abancinci, abangavavanywanga okanye abahlawula kade.
• Icandelo: Kuphezulu xa ukuhanjiswa kucocekile kwaye ukwamkelwa kulula; kuphantsi kulwakhiwo, imisebenzi enezigaba okanye amabango avela emva kokwenziwa komsebenzi.
• Imbali yokuncipha: Kuphezulu xa ukuncipha kuphantsi kwaye kuzinzile; kuphantsi xa iikredit notsi kunye nokubuyiselwa kweempahla kuguquguquka.
• Iprofayili yobudala bamatyala: Kuphezulu xa uninzi lwee-invoyisi lungekadluli ixesha; kuphantsi xa iintsalela ezikhulu zidlule ixesha lokuhlawulwa.
• Imiqathango yesivumelwano: Kuphezulu xa kunokudluliselwa ngokukhululekileyo; kuphantsi okanye zero xa ukudluliselwa kuthintelwe okanye kunqatshelwe.

Amanye amatyala afumanekayo adla ngokungabandakanywa kwaphela: ii-invoyisi esele zigqithile ixesha elimiselweyo, ii-invoyisi eziya kumaqela anxulumeneyo, ii-invoyisi eziphantsi kwengxabano, amabango enkqubela angekaqinisekiswa, amatyala okuthumela ngaphandle apho ukunyanzeliswa kungenakwenzeka, kunye nee-invoyisi eziya kubantu abanetyala esele begqithile kumda wabo wokuxinana.

Ukuncipha: umlinganiselo othile kule mveliso

Ukuncipha ngumsantsa phakathi kwee-invoyisi ezikhutshiweyo kunye nemali egqibela ukuqokelelwa kuzo, ngenxa yezizathu ezingezizo ukusilela komntu onetyala ukuhlawula. Ngowona mlinganiselo obalulekileyo wokuhlola umngcipheko kwi-receivables finance kwaye awunayo into efanayo kwimali-mboleko eqhelekileyo.

Dilution rate = (Credit notes + discounts + returns + write-offs + set-offs) ÷ Gross invoiced sales

Imithombo yokuncipha:

• Iikredit notsi zokubuyiselwa kweempahla, ukuhanjiswa okungaphelelanga okanye ukulungiswa kwamaxabiso
• Izaphulelo zokuhlawula kwangoko ezithathwa ngabantu abanetyala xa behlawula kwangethuba.
• Ii-akhawunti ezichaseneyo, apho umntu onetyala naye engumthengisi aze akhuphe enye ibhalansi kwenye.
• Iimali ezibanjwayo ezigcinwe phantsi kwezivumelwano zokwakha nobunjineli.
• Iingxabano ezisonjululwa ngokuhlawula inxalenye.
• Iirebhethi kunye nezibonelelo zomthamo ezisetyenziswa ekupheleni kwexesha.

Ishishini elinokuncipha okuyi-12% elikhupha ii-invoyisi zexabiso le-100,000 liqokelela malunga ne-88,000. Ukuboleka i-80% yexabiso lobuso ngokuchasene naloo ncwadi yamatyala kuthetha ukuboleka i-80,000 ngokuchasene ne-88,000 yexabiso elinokufumaneka — imeko ebambeke ngakumbi kunokuba izinga lokuboleka libonisa. Yiloo nto kungoko uhlalutyo lokuncipha, hayi izinga lokuboleka, lumisela ukuba ingaba isibonelelo semali sikhuselwe ngokwenene, kwaye kutheni abaxhasi bemali behlola imbali yeekredit notsi yomxhasi onokubakho phambi kwayo nayiphi na enye into.

Ukuhlola umngcipheko: iikredit ezimbini, hayi enye.

Ukuvavanya imali-mboleko eqhelekileyo kujonga umboleki omnye. I-receivables finance ijonga iimeko ezimbini ngaxeshanye.

Umxhasi — lishishini elinyusa imali. Ingaba lishishini elinokuqhubeka? Ingaba liyakwazi ukuhlawula amatyala alo? Ingaba iinkqubo zalo ziyakwazi ukuvelisa ii-invoyisi ezichanekileyo kunye nobudala bamatyala obuthembekileyo? Ingaba abaphathi banyanisekile? Ukusilela komxhasi kuko okuguqula isibonelelo semali esihlelekileyo sibe luphando lobuqhophololo.

Incwadi yamatyala — abathengi abaza kuthi kanye babonelele ngemali. Ukugxila, ubudala bamatyala, indlela yokuhlawula, ukuphindaphinda kweengxabano, umngcipheko wecandelo, nokuba iikhontrakthi zikuvumela kwaphela ukunikezelwa.

Imali ivela kubatyali; umngcipheko wokonakala kwesibonelelo uvela kumxhasi. Umxhasi obuthathaka ngokwezemali onencwadi yamatyala asemgangathweni ophezulu unokuxhaswa ngemali phantsi kolawulo olungqongqo. Umxhasi owomeleleyo onomtyali omnye oethe-ethe akakwazi ukuxhaswa ngemali ngokukhuselekileyo nangaliphi na izinga le-advance.

Ukunikezeleka ngumqobo ongqongqo. Iikhontrakthi ezininzi zokubonelela zinegatya lokuthintela ukunikezelwa elithintela umthengisi ukuba anikezele amatyala ngaphandle kwemvume. Apho igatya elinjalo linokunyanzeliswa, ukunikezelwa okuxhasa isibonelelo kungasilela, kwaye umxhasimali ufumanisa oku kanye ngexesha elingalunganga. Amanye amagunya enze umthetho wokubhukuqa la magatya; amaninzi awakwenzanga. Ukuphononongwa kwekhontrakthi phambi kokuxhaswa ngemali akunakuyekwa.

Ubuqhophololo

Uxhaso-mali lwamatyala lutsala ubuqhophololo ngaphezu kweemveliso ezininzi zokubolekisa, kuba i-asethi sisiqwenga sephepha esichaza intengiselwano umxhasimali angazange ayibone.

Ii-invoyisi ezingeyonyani — ii-invoyisi ezikhutshelwa abathengi abangazange baodole nantoni na, ngamanye amaxesha ezikhutshelwa amaqumrhu angekhoyo.

Uku-invoyisa kwangaphambi kokuhanjiswa — abathengi bokwenyani, ii-odolo zokwenyani, ii-invoyisi ezikhutshwa ngaphambi kokuhanjiswa ukuze kukhawuleziswe ukuxhaswa ngemali. Kudla ngokuqala njengendlela yokukhawulezisa ukuhamba kwemali kwaye kuye kwanda.

Ukunikezelwa kabini kwe-invoyisi — i-invoyisi enye enikezelwe kubaxhasimali ababini, ngamnye ekholelwa ukuba unalo ityala elifumanekayo.

Iintlawulo eziphambukisiweyo — umtyali uhlawula umxhasi ngokuthe ngqo, kwaye umxhasi usebenzisa imali endaweni yokuyithumela. Kwi-factoring etyhiliweyo oku kubhaqwa ngokukhawuleza; kwi-discounting eyimfihlo kungaqhubeka iinyanga.

Abatyali abayelenqe — umthengi onxulumeneyo okanye onobuhlobo uqinisekisa ii-invoyisi ezingenawo umxholo worhwebo.

Izilawuli ezibhaqa ezi zinto zezenkqubo kunokuba zehlalutyo: ukuqinisekisa okuzimeleyo nabatyali kusetyenziswa iinkcukacha zoqhagamshelwano umxhasimali azifumene ngokwakhe, hayi ezo zinikelwe ngumxhasi; ukuthelekiswa kwe incwadi yeentengiso noluhlu lwamatyala amadala ukuya kwiakhawunti yebhanki; uphicotho kwiindawo zomxhasi; nokuqwalasela ngokusondeleyo nawuphi na umtyali onendlela yokuhlawula ecocekileyo ngokungaqhelekanga. Incwadi apho yonke i-invoyisi ihlawulwa kanye ngexesha lilumkiso, hayi intuthuzelo.

Apho ifaneleka khona, nalapho ingafanelekanga khona

Isebenza kakuhle kwi: amashishini athengisa ngetyala kwamanye amashishini; iifemu ezikhulayo ezinesidingo senkxaso-mali esikhula kunye neentengiso; ababoneleli kubathengi abakhulu nabahlawula kade; amashishini ane ii-asethi ezisisigxina ezilinganiselweyo zokunikezelwa njengesibambiso; kunye namacandelo apho ii-invoyisi zicocekile kwaye ukuhanjiswa kucacile.

Isebenza kakubi kwi: amashishini athengisela abathengi; abo bahlawulwa kwangaphambili okanye ngexesha lokuhanjiswa; amashishini anomtyali omnye; amacandelo anokugqitywa ngezigaba, iintlawulo ezigciniweyo okanye iingxabano ezithe rhoqo, ngakumbi ezokwakha; amashishini anengxaki yokwenene eyilahleko kunokuba ixesha; namashishini anezivumelwano ezithintela ukunikezelwa.

Eyokugqibela kwezi kufanelekile ukuyichaza ngokucacileyo: ukuxhaswa nge-invoyisi kukhawulezisa imali evela kwiintengiso esele zenzekile. Akunako ukuxhasa ishishini elingenzi mali, kwaye ukuyisebenzisela ukwenza oko kuvele kuzise ingongoma yokusilela ngokukhawuleza ngelixa kongezwa iindleko.

Imeko yemarike

Uxhaso-mali lwamatyala lubaluleke ngendlela engalinganiyo kwiimarike apho ababoneleli abancinci bathengisela abathengi abakhulu ngexesha elide kwaye benee-asethi ezimbalwa ezinokunikelwa njengesibambiso. Imarike ye-factoring yase-Afrika ikhule isuka kwisiseko esincinci kwaye isephakathi xa ithelekiswa nomthamo wehlabathi, kwaye imibutho yoshishino equka i-Afrieximbank ne-FCI iye yakhuthaza umthetho ongumzekelo we-factoring ukunika ukunikezelwa isiseko esicacileyo kwezomthetho, amagunya amaninzi amkele okanye aqwalasele loo mithetho.

Qinisekisa imeko yezomthetho yangoku kwimarike nganye phambi kokuba uthembele koku — umthetho we-factoring kulo mmandla uhambe ngokukhawuleza kwiminyaka yakutshanje, kwaye ukunyanzeliswa kokunikezelwa kuyeyona ndawo apho isibonelelo sisebenza okanye singasebenzi.

Apho izibonelelo ziphazamiseka khona

Iindleko azikhe zibalwa njengereyithi yonyaka. Iipesenti zenyanga neefizi ezisicaba zicatshulwa ngokwahlukeneyo, zithelekiswa ne- ireyithi ye-overdraft eboniswa ngokonyaka.

Ukuncitshiswa kwexabiso akuhoywa ngexesha lokuvavanya ubungozi. Izinga le-advance libekwa ngokwexabiso elipheleleyo le-invoyisi ngaphandle kokuhlalutya amanqaku etyala neecontra.

Ukugxila kuvunyelwa ukuba kwakheke. Isibonelelo semali esikhululekileyo kubantu abangamashumi amane abanamatyala siba yimali-mboleko engenasibambiso kwinqanawa enye xa loo nkampani iba yi-60% yencwadi yamatyala.

Ukuqinisekisa kudluliselwa kumxhasi. Iinkcukacha zoqhagamshelwano zinikezelwa ngumxhasi, zisetyenziselwa ukuqinisekisa ii-invoyisi zomxhasi.

Akukho siqhelo sokungqamanisa iirekhodi. Iileja zentengiso, uluhlu lwamatyala ngokobudala, neerisithi zebhanki azingqamaniswa rhoqo, nto leyo ebangela ukuba iintlawulo eziphambukisiweyo nokukhutshwa kwee-invoyisi kwangaphambili kuqhubeke kungabonwa.

Ugqithiselo lwamalungelo alutshekishwa. Imali yemboleko ikhutshwa ngokwezivumelwano ezithintela ukuba ugqithiselo lwamalungelo lungathenjelwa.

Amaxesha okubuyela kumxhasi agqitha kumntu onetyala. Ixesha leentsuku ezingama-90 lokubuyela kumxhasi kumntu onetyala oqhele ukuhlawula ngeentsuku ezili-120 lithetha ukuba yonke i-invoyisi ibuyela kumxhasi njengesiqhelo, kwaye imeko yomxhasi iya isiba mandundu kumjikelo ngamnye.