Ukuvavanywa koMngcipheko

I-Underwriting yinkqubo yokuvavanya isicelo setyala ukuze kuthathwe isigqibo sokuba kubolekwe na, kubolekwe malini, kwaye phantsi kwemiphi imiqathango. Umvavanyi wetyala uhlola amandla kunye nokuzimisela ukubuyisela imali, umgangatho waso nasiphi na isibambiso esinikezelweyo, nokuhambelana nomgaqo-nkqubo wetyala wombolekisi, emva koko uguqula olo vavanyo lube sisigqibo: ukuvuma, ukwala, okanye ukuvuma ngemiqathango.

I-Underwriting kulapho umbolekisi abeka khona ixabiso lomngcipheko. Yonke into elandelayo — iinzame zokuqokelela, ukubekelwa bucala kwemali, umgangatho wepotfoliyo — imiselwa kakhulu zizigqibo ezenziwe kweli nqanaba.

I-Underwriting kwezinye iimeko

Eli gama livela kumashishini amathathu ahlukeneyo kwaye iintsingiselo zawo ziyahluka:

• Ukubolekisa — kukuhlola umboleki's ukufaneleka kwetyala phambi kokuba kukhutshwe imali. Le yintsingiselo esetyenziswe kweli phepha.
• I-inshorensi — kukuhlola iprofayili yomngcipheko yomenzi-sicelo ukuze kuthathwe isigqibo sokuba kukhutshwe ipolisi na kwaye ngayiphi ipremiyam.
• Izibambiso zotyalo-mali — ibhanki yotyalo-mali evumayo ukuthenga nokusasaza ukukhutshwa okutsha kwezabelo okanye iibhondi, ithatha umngcipheko wokuba ingathengisi.

Into efanayo yimvelaphi yembali: iqela libhala igama lalo phantsi kwengxelo yomngcipheko ukubonisa ukuba liyayamkela.

I-Underwriting xa ithelekiswa namagama anxulumeneyo

Ezi nqanaba zihlala zidityaniswa, nto leyo edala ukudideka kuyilo lwenkqubo nakwizikhundla zemisebenzi.

• Ukuqalisa kwemboleko — lonke uhambo lwangaphambili ukusuka ekwamkelweni kwesicelo ukuya kutsho ekukhutshweni kwemali.
• Uhlalutyo lwetyala — umsebenzi wokuhlalutya nokutolika iingxelo zezimali, ukuhamba kwemali kunye namandla okubuyisela.
• I-Underwriting — Uhlalutyo kunye nesigqibo somngcipheko kunye nesindululo ngokomgaqo-nkqubo wetyala.
• Ukuvunywa kwetyala — isigqibo esisesikweni sogunyaziso, esenziwe ligosa okanye ikomiti enomda ofunekayo.
• Ukuqhutywa kwemboleko — ngumsebenzi wolawulo wokuqokelela amaxwebhu, ukuqinisekisa idatha nokulungisa ifayile.

Ngokwenzekayo, uhlalutyo lwetyala ludlulisela kwi-underwriting, kwaye ukuvunywa kuyalandela. Umbolekisi omncinci unokuba nomntu omnye owenza ezi zinto zone; iziko elikhulu liyazahlula ngabom, kuba umntu ocetyisa ukuba kubolekwe akufuneki abe nguye umntu ogunyazisayo.

Ii-C ezintlanu zetyala

Isakhelo semveli ekusetyenzwa ngaso ngabahloli betyala, kuselolona lwakhiwo lucacileyo lokucwangcisa ukuvavanywa kwetyala:

Isimilo — imbali yomenzi-sicelo nokuzimisela kwakhe ukuhlawula. Ubungqina bubandakanya imbali yokuhlawula, iirekhodi zebhodi yamatyala, iireferensi, ubude bexesha lokusebenza kweshishini kunye nendlela yokuqhutywa kweeakhawunti ezikhoyo.

Isakhono — isakhono sokuhlawula ityala ngengeniso okanye ngemali engenayo yeshishini. Yeyona isekelwe kumanani kwezi zintlanu, kwaye yiyo emisela isixa semali-mboleko.

Inkunzi — isabelo somenzi-sicelo ngokwakhe. Umboleki ofaka isabelo sakhe ekuthengeni, okanye obambe inzuzo egciniweyo kwishishini, unokulahlekelwa kakhulu xa esilela ukuhlawula.

Isibambiso — ii-asethi ezibekwe njengomthombo wesibini wokuhlawula ukuba isakhono siyasilela.

Iimeko — injongo yemali-mboleko kunye nemeko yangaphandle: imbonakalo yecandelo, ixesha lonyaka, ukuchanabeka kwimali yamazwe angaphandle, utshintsho lwemithetho, ukuxinana kwabathengi bomboleki ngokwakhe.

Eyesithandathu idla ngokongezwa ekusebenzeni: Ukuthotyelwa — ukuqinisekiswa kwesazisi, izohlwayo nokuhlolwa kwabantu abavezwe kwezopolitiko, kunye nokuhlolwa kokuthintela ukuxhaswa kwemali ngokungekho mthethweni okufuneka kugqithise kungakhathaliseki umgangatho wetyala.

Oko abahloli betyala bakuvavanya ngokwenene

Isazisi nobume obusemthethweni. Amaxwebhu esazisi aqinisekisiweyo, ubhaliso lweshishini, ubhaliso lwerhafu, negunya lomtyikityi lokuboleka egameni leziko.

Ingeniso nokuhamba kwemali. Iipayslip neengxelo zebhanki kubafaki-zicelo abaqeshiweyo; iingxelo zebhanki, iirekhodi zeentengiso, ukujikeleza kwesitokhwe neerekhodi zababoneleli kubarhwebi nakumashishini amancinci. Kumashishini angekho sikweni angenazo iingxelo zemali, abahloli betyala baphinda bakhe ukuhamba kwemali ngokujonga nangeerekhodi zomenzi-sicelo ngokwakhe, emva koko banciphise.

Ityala esele likhona. Iingxelo zebhodi yamatyala, izibophelelo ezichaziweyo, nobungqina bokuboleka kwimithombo engekho sikweni. Ukuboleka okungachazwanga okuhambelanayo ngoyena nobangela wokusilela ukuhlawula.

Ukukwazi ukuhlawula. Ingeniso eshiyekileyo emva kweendleko zokuphila nezibophelelo esele zikhona, hayi nje ingeniso epheleleyo. Imimandla emininzi ngoku imisela uvavanyo olusemthethweni lokukwazi ukuhlawula.

Injongo nokusetyenziswa kwemali. Nokuba injongo echaziweyo iyakholeleka, inemveliso, kwaye iyahambelana nesixa esiceliweyo kunye nexesha lokuhlawula.

Ukhuseleko Ubunini, uqikelelo lwexabiso, imeko nokukwazi ukunyanzeliswa kwayo nayiphi na i-asethi ebekiweyo, kunye nesimo sakhe nawuphi na umqinisekisi.

Ukuhambelana nomgaqo-nkqubo. Nokuba isicelo siwela ngaphakathi komdla ochaziweyo wombolekisi wecandelo, ixesha letyala, ubukhulu besixa, indawo kunye nemveliso.

Imilinganiselo ephambili yokuhlola ityala

Umlinganiselo wetyala kwingeniso (DTI) — izibophelelo zetyala zenyanga zizonke zahlulwe ngengeniso epheleleyo yenyanga. Uhlola ukukwazi komthengi ukuhlawula.

Umlinganiselo wokugubungela inkonzo yetyala (DSCR) — ingeniso yokusebenza eyintsalela yahlulwe ngenkonzo yetyala iyonke. I-DSCR eyi-1.0 ithetha ukuba ingeniso igubungela iintlawulo kanye ngaphandle komda; ababolekisi badla ngokufuna umda wokhuseleko ongaphezulu kwalapho.

Umlinganiselo wemali-mboleko kwixabiso (LTV) — isixa semali-mboleko njengepesenti yexabiso lesibambiso eliqinisekisiweyo. I-LTV ephantsi ithetha isikhuselo esikhulu ngokuchasene nokwehla kwexabiso.

Umlinganiselo wentlawulo kumvuzo — intlawulo ecetywayo njengesahlulo somvuzo, esetyenziswa apho idatha epheleleyo ye-DTI ingekhoyo.

Amanqaku etyala — uqikelelo lweenkcukacha-manani lwamathuba okusilela ukuhlawula, oluvela kwiziko letyala okanye kwikhadi lamanqaku langaphakathi.

Amathuba okusilela ukuhlawula, ilahleko xa kusilele ukuhlawula, kunye nokuba sesichengeni xa kusilele ukuhlawula — ngamacandelo elahleko elindelekileyo, asetyenziswa ngamaziko amakhulu ukumisela amaxabiso nokwenza ilungiselelo.

Ukuvavanywa kwetyala ngesandla, ngokuzenzekelayo nangokuxutyiweyo

Ukuvavanywa kwetyala ngesandla (ngokugweba) kuxhomekeke kwigosa elinamava elihlola ubungqina. Kuyazisingatha kakuhle iimeko ezingaqhelekanga, iifayile zetyala ezingenazo iinkcukacha ezininzi kunye nemivuzo engekho sikweni. Kuyacotha, kuyabiza ngefayile nganye, yaye akufani phakathi kwamagosa — abavavanyi ababini banokufikelela kwizigqibo ezahlukileyo kwiinyani ezifanayo.

Ukuvavanywa kwetyala okuzenzekelayo kusebenzisa imigaqo namakhadi amanqaku eenkcukacha-manani kwidatha ecwangcisiweyo, kubuyisela isigqibo kwimizuzwana nje. Kuyangqinelana, kuyabiza kancinci xa kukho umthamo omkhulu yaye kunokuhlolwa. Kuyasilela kwiimeko ezingaphandle kwedatha ekwakhiwe kuyo, yaye kungafaka ucalucalulo lwembali ukuba idatha yoqeqesho ibilubonakalisa.

Ukuvavanywa kwetyala okuxutyiweyo kuzenzela isigqibo ngokwamkelwa okucacileyo nokwaliwa okucacileyo, kwaye kuthumela uluhlu oluphakathi nazo zonke izinto ezingaphandle kumntu. Le yeyona modeli iphambili, kuba iimeko ezisemdeni ziyinxalenye encinci yomthamo kwaye ziyinxalenye enkulu yomngcipheko.

Ukhetho alusiyonto yobugcisa kuphela. Izigqibo ezizenzekelayo ngomlinganiselo omkhulu zitsala ingqwalasela yabalawuli malunga nokuchazeka nobulungisa, kwaye iindawo ezininzi zolawulo zinika abafaki-zicelo ilungelo lenkcazelo ngesigqibo esingathandekiyo.

Inkqubo yokuvavanywa kwetyala

1. Ukuhlolwa kokwamkelwa nokuphelela — qinisekisa ukuba isicelo siphelele kwaye amaxwebhu anyanzelekileyo akhona.
2. Ukuhlolwa kwesazisi nokuthotyelwa kwemithetho — qinisekisa umfaki-sicelo kwaye ugqibezele uhlolo lolawulo phambi kokuba umsebenzi wohlalutyo uqale.
3. Ukuqokelela idatha — iingxelo zeziko letyala, uhlalutyo lweengxelo zebhanki, iingxelo zemali, iimbekiselo, utyelelo lwesiza okanye lweshishini.
4. Ukuqinisekisa — qinisekisa umvuzo, ingqesho, ubukho beshishini nobunini be-asethi ngokuzimeleyo kwiinkcazo zomfaki-sicelo.
5. Uhlalutyo — yakha umfanekiso wokuhamba kwemali, ubale imilinganiselo, uvavanye amanani ngokuchasene neemeko ezinokwenzeka zokwehla.
6. Uvavanyo lwesibambiso — xabisa kwaye uqinisekise isibambiso; uvavanye abaqinisekisi.
7. Ukuhlolwa komgaqo-nkqubo — vavanya isicelo ngokomgaqo-nkqubo wetyala, imida yokuba sesichengeni kunye nemida yokugxininisa.
8. Isindululo — yamkela, wale, okanye yamkela phantsi kwemibandela, isixa, ixesha, amaxabiso neemvumelwano ezichaziweyo.
9. Ukuvunywa — ugunyaziso oluvela kuye nabani na ophethe umda ogqithiselweyo kobo bungakanani bokuba sesichengeni.
10. Amaxwebhu neemeko zokukhutshwa kwemali — iimeko ezandulelayo ekufuneka zifezekisiwe phambi kokuba imali ikhutshwe.

Umgaqo-nkqubo wokuvavanywa kwetyala negunya eligqithiselweyo

Umgaqo-nkqubo wetyala uchaza into umbolekisi aza kuyenza nento angayi kuyenza: iindidi zababoleki abafanelekileyo, ixesha eliphezulu lokuhlawula, amanqanaba obungakanani bemboleko, izibambiso ezamkelekileyo, imilinganiselo efunekayo, amacandelo angavumelekanga nemida yokuchanabeka ngomboleki ngamnye okanye iqela.

Igunya elinikezelweyo inika imida yokuvunywa ngokweendima, ukuze ukuchanabeka okukhulu kufune ukugunyaziswa kwabaphezulu, kwaye okukhulu kakhulu kuya kwikomiti yetyala. Umgaqo woyilo kukwahlulwa: ukuqalisa ityala, ukuvavanya ityala nokuvunywa akufuneki konke kuhlale kumntu omnye, kuba igosa elicebisa nolivumayo lona alinakho ukuthintela uvavanyo olunethemba.

Iimeko ezikhethekileyo nokugqitha imigaqo — iimeko ezivunywe ngaphandle komgaqo-nkqubo — zifanele zivunyelwe kodwa zilandelwe. Amazinga okugqitha imigaqo nokusebenza okulandelayo kweemali-mboleko ezigqithe imigaqo ziphakathi kwezona zixhobo zokuhlola eziluncedo kakhulu umbolekisi anazo, kuba izinga elinyukayo lokugqitha imigaqo lidla ngokwandulela izinga elinyukayo lokungaphumeleli ukuhlawula.

Ukuvavanya ityala kwimali encinci nasekubolekiseni amashishini amancinci naphakathi

Apho ababoleki bengenazo iiakhawunti ezihloliweyo, iipayslips ezisemthethweni okanye iiasethi ezinokubhaliswa, amagalelo okuvavanya ityala aqhelekileyo akafumaneki. Amaziko emali encinci (iiMFI) nababolekisi bamashishini amancinci basebenzisa ezinye iindlela:

• Ukuphinda kwakhiwe ukuhamba kwemali — ukwakha ingxelo elula yengeniso ngokusuka ekugcinweni kweerekhodi zomboleki ngokwakhe, ukubalwa kwempahla nentengiso ebonwayo ngexesha lotyelelo lweshishini.
• Uvavanyo olusekelwe kwisimilo — iimbekiselo zasekuhlaleni, ubulungu beqela, isidima phakathi kwabanikezeli nabathengi.
• Ukubolekisa okuqhubekekayo — ukuqala ngemali-mboleko encinci nokunyusa umda njengoko imbali yokuhlawula isakheka, ukuvumela ukuziphatha kuthathe indawo yamaxwebhu.
• Ukuhlolwa kweqela — apho amalungu eqela eqinisekisana, enza ukhetho umbolekisi angenako ukulwenza, kuba ayazana ngokuthe ngqo ngeemeko zomnye nomnye.
• Idatha engenye — imbali yentengiselwano yemali yeselula, iindlela zokuthenga i-airtime, iintlawulo zeenkonzo ezifana namanzi nombane neencwadi zeengxelo zabanikezeli.

Ezi ndlela zitshintshisa ukuqiniseka kumaxwebhu ngolwazi lwasekuhlaleni, kwaye zixhomekeke kakhulu kugwebo lwegosa lemboleko nokutshintsha kwabasebenzi emkhakheni.

Iintsilelo eziqhelekileyo zokuvavanya ityala

• Ukuqinisekiswa kutsibiwe phantsi koxinzelelo lomthamo. Ingeniso echaziweyo yamkelwa kuba ukuyijonga kucothisa ukuhamba kwemisebenzi.
• Ukuboleka okuhambelanayo okungabonwayo. Izibophelelo zokwenyani zomboleki zigqitha oko nawuphi na umbolekisi omnye anokukubona.
• Umngcipheko onxulumeneyo ungahoywanga. Ipotfoliyo yabafaki-zicelo abathengisa bonke kwimarike enye, okanye bonke baxhomekeke kumqeshi omnye, iphumelela xa ijongwe ngomntu ngamnye kodwa iyasilela xa ijongwe kunye.
• Isibambiso sithathwa njengesakhono sokuhlawula. Ukuvuma imali-mboleko umboleki angenako ukuyihlawula ngenxa yokuba isibambiso sibonakala somelele. Ukunyanzelisa kuyacotha, kuyabiza kwaye akuqinisekanga; asiso isicwangciso sokuhlawula.
• Ukutenxa kumgaqo-nkqubo. Imigangatho iye yaxekelezwa kancinci ngexesha leenzame zokukhula, kungekho sigqibo sinye esibonakalayo esiwela umda.
• Iiscorecards eziphelelwe lixesha. Iimodeli zeenkcukacha-manani ezakhiwe kwidatha yangaphambi kokuphazamiseka zisetyenziswa zingatshintshwanga emva kokuba iimeko zitshintshile.
• Akukho ndlela yokubuyisela impendulo. Izigqibo zokuvavanya ityala azikhe zithelekiswe nokusebenza okulandelayo, ngoko iindlela zokukhetha azikhe ziphucuke.

Iingqwalasela zolawulo

Uninzi lwemimandla yomthetho ngoku lulawula ukuthathwa kwezigqibo malunga netyala ngandlela ithile. Iimfuno eziqhelekileyo ziquka uvavanyo olubhaliweyo lokukwazi ukuhlawula ngaphambi kokuba kunikwe imali-mboleko yabathengi, ukuthintela ucalucalulo olusekelwe kwiimpawu ezikhuselweyo, ukwazisa ngezinga lenzala elisebenzayo kunye neendleko zizonke zetyala, ukugcinwa kwefayile yesigqibo kangangexesha elimiselweyo, kunye nelungelo lokuba abafaki-zicelo abaliweyo baxelelwe esona sizathu siphambili. Apho izigqibo zizenziwa ngokuzenzekelayo, iimfuno ezongezelelekileyo eziphathelele ukucaciseka nokuphononongwa ngumntu zihlala zisebenza.

Imibuzo ebuzwa rhoqo

Luthatha ixesha elingakanani uvavanyo lwetyala? Kungathatha ukusuka kwimizuzwana ukuya kwiiveki ezininzi. Izigqibo ezizenzekelayo zamatyala abathengi zibuya kwangoko; isibonelelo seshishini esinesibambiso esifuna uqikelelo lwexabiso, utyelelo lweziza kunye nokuvunywa yikomiti sidla ngokuthatha iiveki ezimbini ukuya kwezintandathu.

Uyintoni umahluko phakathi kokuhlolwa kwangaphambili novavanyo lwetyala? Ukuhlolwa kwangaphambili kuvavanyo olukhomba nje oluphuma kulwazi olungaqinisekiswanga olunikelwe ngumfaki-sicelo. Uvavanyo lwetyala luvavanyo oluqinisekisiweyo oluvelisa isigqibo esisibophelelayo.

Ingaba isigqibo sovavanyo lwetyala lingabhenwa? Uninzi lwababolekisi lusebenzisa inkqubo yokuphinda kuqwalaselwe apho umfaki-sicelo anika ubungqina obongezelelekileyo. Eminye imimandla yomthetho ikwanika ilungelo elisemthethweni lokucela ukuba isigqibo esizenzekelayo siphononongwe ngumntu.

Ingaba ukwaliwa kuyonakalisa irekhodi yetyala lomfaki-sicelo? Uphando lwesicelo luhlala lubhalwa kwaye lubonakala kwabanye ababolekisi; isiphumo sokwala ngokwaso amaxesha amaninzi asibhalwa. Uphando oluphindaphindiweyo kwixesha elifutshane ngokuqhelekileyo luthathwa njengomqondiso ongalunganga.

Ngubani onoxanduva xa imali-mboleko evavanyweyo isilela ukuhlawula? Ukusilela ukuhlawula komntu ngamnye kulindelekile kwaye kubalelwe kwixabiso. Uxanduva lujongwa kwiipateni endaweni yeemeko ezizodwa, yiyo loo nto amazinga okutshintsha izigqibo, uhlalutyo lwamatyala ngokonyaka wokukhutshwa kunye nephothifoliyo esemngciphekweni ngokwegosa elivelise imali-mboleko ziyabekwa esweni.