Ukuhlolwa kwekhono lokukhokha

Ukuhlolwa kokukhokheka kuwukuhlolwa okusetshenziswa umbolekisi ukuze anqume ukuthi umfakisicelo angakwazi yini ukuhlangabezana nezinkokhelo ezihlongozwayo ngemali engenayo esele ngemva kwezindleko zokuphila nezikweletu ezikhona, ngaphandle kobunzima nangaphandle kwesidingo sokuboleka futhi. Kuphendula umbuzo omncane kunokuthembeka kwezikweletu: hhayi ukuthi umbolekwa kungenzeka akhokhe, kodwa ukuthi ngabe uyakwazi ngokwezimali yini.

Umehluko ubalulekile ngoba umbolekwa angaba nomlando omuhle kakhulu wokukhokha kodwa angakwazi ukukhokha imali mboleko entsha. Ukuzimisela nekhono kuyizinto ezihlukene, futhi ukukhokheka kukala okwesibili kuphela.

Ukukhokheka vs. ukuthembeka kwezikweletu vs. ukufaneleka

• Ukufaneleka — Umbuzo ophendulwayo: Ingabe umfakisicelo uyahlangabezana nezidingo eziyisisekelo zokufaka isicelo? | Ubufakazi obuyinhloko: Ubudala, indawo yokuhlala, umholo omncane, isimo somsebenzi.
• Ukukhokheka — Umbuzo ophendulwayo: Ingabe umfakisicelo angakwazi ukukhokha izinkokhelo ngemali engenayo etholakalayo? | Ubufakazi obuyinhloko: Amarekhodi emali engenayo, izindleko, izibopho ezikhona.
• Ukuthembeka kwezikweletu — Umbuzo ophendulwayo: Ingabe umfakisicelo kungenzeka akhokhe, uma kubhekwa umlando wakhe nobuntu bakhe? | Ubufakazi obuyinhloko: Idatha yesikhungo sezikweletu, umlando wokukhokha, izincomo.

Isicelo singadlula ukufaneleka nokuthembeka kwezikweletu kodwa sihluleke ekukhokhekeni. Ukubolekisa kuleso simo kuyindlela ekhiqiza ababoleki abacindezelekile abanomlando ohlanzekile wangaphambilini — futhi ezindaweni eziningi ezikhulayo, kuyindlela edonsa ukujeziswa kwabalawuli.

Isibalo esiyinhloko

Zonke izindlela zokuhlola ukukhokheka ziholela ekubaleni okufanayo, noma ngabe yimiphi amagama endawo:

1. Thola umholo ophelele — iholo, inzuzo yebhizinisi, imali yokuqasha, imali ethunyelwayo, impesheni, imali engenayo yesibili eqinisekisiwe.
2. Khipha izinto ezisemthethweni neziphoqelekile — intela yemali engenayo, iminikelo yokuphepha komphakathi neyempesheni, izintela zomshwalense wezempilo, izimali zenyunyana, izibambiso eziyalelwe yinkantolo.
3. Khipha izindleko zokuphila ezidingekayo — indlu, izinsiza, ukudla, ezokuthutha, imali yesikole, izindleko zokwelashwa, ukwesekwa kwabondliwa.
4. Khipha izinkokhelo zezikweletu ezikhona — zonke izitolimende zamanje zemali mboleko, inkokhelo encane yekhadi lesikweletu, izindleko zokunakekelwa kwe-overdraft, inkokhelo yokuthenga ngesivumelwano sokukhokha ngezitolimende, nokuboleka okungekho emthethweni lapho kungatholakala khona.
5. Finyelela emalini engenayo esele — lokho okusele nokutholakala ngempela ukuze kusetshenziselwe isibopho esisha.
6. Sebenzisa umkhawulo wokuphepha — umkhawulo ogcinelwe ukushintshashintsha kwemali engenayo nezindleko ezingalindelekile, kunokuba kubolekiswe ngeyunithi yokugcina yensalela.
7. Qhathanisa nesitolimende esihlongozwayo — imali mboleko iyakhokheka kuphela uma isitolimende singena ngaphakathi kwensalela enomkhawulo wokuphepha.

Izindlela ezimbili zokusebenza

Indlela esekelwe esilinganisweni (ukuphindaphindwa kwemali engenayo). Isitolimende esihlongozwayo, noma isamba sokukhokhelwa kwesikweletu, sibekelwa umkhawulo ngephesenti elingaguquki lemali engenayo. Kuyashesha, kulula ukukwenza ngokuzenzakalela, futhi kulula ukukuchazela abafakizicelo nabalawuli. Ubuthakathaka bayo ukuthi iphesenti elingaguquki lisho izinto ezihluke kakhulu emazingeni ehlukene omholo: amaphesenti angamashumi amathathu omholo ophezulu ashiya isivikelo esikhulu, kuyilapho amaphesenti angamashumi amathathu omholo wokuziphilisa angase angashiyi lutho lokuziphilisa.

Indlela yemali engenayo esele (insalela). Izindleko zangempela zokuphila ziyakhishwa bese ukuhlolwa kwenziwa ngalokho okusele ngenani eliphelele, kuqhathaniswa nensalela encane eyamukelekayo. Lokhu kunemba kakhulu, ikakhulukazi emazingeni aphansi omholo, kodwa kudinga imininingwane ethembekile yezindleko kanye nombono ongavikelwa wokuthi izindleko zokuphila eziphansi ziyini ngempela.

Ababolekisi abaningi basebenzisa zombili: isilinganiso njengokuhlola okusheshayo, nokubalwa kwemali engenayo esele njengokuhlolwa okuyisibopho. Abalawuli ezimakethe eziningana sebethuthele ekudingeni indlela yemali engenayo esele ngokuqondile, ngoba nje imikhawulo yesilinganiso ibukela phansi ubunzima ngaphansi kokusatshalaliswa kwemali engenayo.

Izilinganiso ezibalulekile zokukwazi ukukhokhela

• Isikweletu emholweni (DTI) — Isamba sezibopho zanyanga zonke zesikweletu sihlukaniswa ngomholo ophelele wanyanga zonke.
• Ukukhokhelwa kwesikweletu emholweni (DSTI) — Isamba sokukhokhelwa kwesikweletu sihlukaniswa nge holo elihlanzekile. Ngokuvamile okunencazelo enkulu kwalaba ababili, njengoba umholo ophelele ungalokothi utholakale ukuze usetshenziswe.
• Isilinganiso sesitolimende emholweni — Inkokhelo eyodwa ehlongozwayo njengengxenye yomholo, esetshenziswa lapho imininingwane ephelele yezibopho ingekho.
• Imali engenayo esele — Inani eliphelele lemali elisele ngemva kwakho konke ukukhishwa, lihlolwa kuqhathaniswa nomkhawulo omncane hhayi ngephesenti.
• Isilinganiso sokumboza ukukhokhelwa kwesikweletu (DSCR) — Kubaboleki bamabhizinisi, imali engenayo yokusebenza esahlanzekile ihlukaniswa ngesamba sokukhokhelwa kwesikweletu. I-DSCR engu-1.0 isho ukuthi imali engenayo imboza izinkokhelo ngokuphelele ngaphandle kwensalela, okungasiwo umphumela ophumelelayo.
• Isilinganiso sezindleko emholweni — Izindleko zokuphila ezimemezelwe njengengxenye yomholo, ezisetshenziswa njengokuhlola ukwethembeka. Umfakizicelo omemezela izindleko zokuphila ezingamaphesenti amahlanu omholo unembiko ongalungile noma usekelwa umuntu okungabhalwanga phansi ukusekelwa kwakhe.

Ubufakazi nokuqinisekisa

Ukuhlolwa kokukwazi ukukhokhela okwakhelwe ezitatimendeni ezingaqinisekisiwe zomfakizicelo kuyinkambiso nje, hhayi ukulawula. Imithombo yobufakazi evamile:

• Izitatimende zasebhange — ngokuvamile izinyanga ezintathu kuya kweziyisithupha, zihlaziywa ngokujwayeleka kwemali engenayo, ama-debit order akhona, ukuncika ku-overdraft, nezinkokhelo ezibuyisiwe.
• Amaslip omholo nokuqinisekiswa komqashi — kubafakizicelo abaholayo, ngokunaka ukuthi ingakanani ingxenye yomholo eguquguqukayo.
• Imibiko ye-credit bureau — ukuthola izibopho umfakizicelo angazidalulanga.
• Umlando wokuthengiselana ngemali yeselula — ngokuya kuba umlando ocebe kakhulu wemali engenayo otholakalayo kubaboleki abasebenza ngokungahlelekile.
• Amarekhodi ebhizinisi — izincwadi zokuthengisa, ukubalwa kwesitoko, ama-invoyisi abahlinzeki, amarekhodi e-till, nokuvakashelwa kwebhizinisi ngokoqobo.
• Amarisidi ezinsiza nokurenta — ukuqinisekisa izindleko zokuhlala ezimemezelwe.
• Ifomu lezindleko ezimemezelwe — isitatimende somfakizicelo ngokwakhe, siqhathaniswa nemininingwane yezibalo zezindleko zokuphila kunokuba samukelwe njengoba sinjalo.

Ukuboleka okungadalulwanga kuwumthombo omkhulu kunayo yonke wephutha. Abafakizicelo babika ngaphansi izibopho kokubili ngamabomu futhi, esimweni sokuboleka okungahlelekile noma komndeni, ngoba abakuboni njengesikweletu.

Ukuhlola imali engenayo engajwayelekile nengakahleleki

Izibalo ezijwayelekile zokukwazi ukukhokhela zithatha ngokuthi kukhona umholo wanyanga zonke ozinzile. Ababoleki abaningi ezimakethe ezisafufusa abanawo. Izikhungo zezimali ezincane (ama-MFI) nababolekisi bamabhizinisi amancane bazivumelanisa ngezindlela eziningana:

• Ukuthatha isilinganiso emjikelezweni ogcwele. Emholweni wesizini (njengokulima, ukuhweba ngezikhathi zesikole, noma ukudayisa okuqhutshwa imikhosi), isikhathi sokuhlola kufanele sihlanganise umjikelezo ogcwele, hhayi izinyanga ezintathu ezinamandla kuphela.
• Ukuqondanisa uhlelo lokukhokha nesimo semholo. Obolekayo onemholo ehlotshaniswa nesivuno angakwazi ukukhokha inkokhelo enkulu yonyaka hhayi eyanyanga zonke. Ukuphoqelela isitolimende sanyanga zonke emholweni ofika ngokungalingani kudala izikweletu ezingakhokhelwa obekungagwemeka ngokuhlela okungcono.
• Ukwehlisa inani lemholo eshintshashintshayo. Ukunciphisa inani lemholo eshintshashintshayo (njengamakhomishini, umsebenzi okhokhelwa ngamacezu, noma inzuzo yokuhweba) ngaphambi kokuyithatha njengetholakalayo.
• Ukuhlola ikhaya, hhayi umuntu oyedwa. Lapho imholo nezindleko kuhlanganiswa ekhaya elinwetshiwe, ukuhlola umuntu oyedwa kuphela kuyalahlekisa nhlangothi zombili: abaholayo abengeziwe bayawandisa amandla, kanti abondliwayo abengeziwe bayawanciphisa.
• Ukubala imali ethunyelwayo ngokucophelela. Imholo yemali ethunyelwayo ingokoqobo kodwa incike esinqumweni somthumeli, futhi ngokuvamile iyancishiswa kunokubalwa ngokugcwele.
• Ukuqaphela ukuhlanganiswa kwebhizinisi nekhaya. Emabhizinisini amancane kakhulu, izimali zebhizinisi nezekhaya ziyinto eyodwa. Ukuhlola ukugeleza kwemali yebhizinisi ngaphandle kokukhipha izindleko zasekhaya kwandisa kakhulu amandla okukwazi ukukhokha.

Ukuhlolwa kwezingcindezi nezinqolobane

Ukuhlola okunomthwalo wemfanelo akuhloli izibalo zanamuhla kuphela. Izingcindezi ezijwayelekile:

• Ukwenyuka kwezinga lenzalo — ekubolekeni ngezinga elishintshashintshayo, kuhlolwa isitolimende ngezinga eliphakeme kakhulu kunalelo elinikezwayo.
• Ukushaqeka kwemholo — kuhlolwa ngemholo encishisiwe, ikakhulukazi lapho imholo ishintshashintsha noma umqashi ewumthombo owodwa ogxilile.
• Ukwenyuka kwezindleko — kuhlolwa kubhekwa nezindleko eziphakeme zokudla, uphethiloli, ezokuthutha kanye nezimali zesikole.
• Izinkokhelo ezinkulu zokugcina nezinyukayo — kuhlolwa isitolimende esikhulu kunazo zonke ohlelweni, hhayi esokuqala noma isilinganiso.
• Ushintsho olubonakalayo kusengaphambili — isenzakalo esizayo esaziwayo njengokuthatha umhlalaphansi, ukuphela kwenkontileka noma umondliwa omusha.

Isivikelo esisele ngemva kwakho konke lokhu akusilo ize. Kungumehluko phakathi kwephothifoliyo ekwazi ukumelana nesizini embi naleyo engakwazi.

Umongo wokulawula

Ukuhlolwa kokukwazi ukukhokha kusuke ekwenzeni okuhle kuya esibophweni somthetho ezimakethe eziningi. Izici ezijwayelekile zomthetho:

• Umsebenzi wokuhlola ukukwazi ukukhokha ngaphambi kokunikeza isikweletu somthengi, nomthwalo wobufakazi usemahlombe ombolekisi.
• Ubufakazi obuncane obumisiwe, ngokuvamile obuhlanganisa imholo eqinisekisiwe kanye nokuhlolwa kwezindleko okubhaliwe.
• Imfuneko yokugcina ifayela lokuhlola isikhathi esinqunyiwe.
• Imiphumela yokwehluleka engabandakanya ukungaphoqeleleki kwesivumelwano sesikweletu, ukubuyiselwa kwenzalo nezinkokhelo, izinhlawulo, kanye nemibandela yamalayisensi.

Ezinye izindawo zomthetho zithatha ukubolekisa ngaphandle kokuhlola okufanele njengokuthi ukubolekisa budedengu, icala elichaziwe kunokuba indaba yokwahlulela kwezentengiselwano — i-National Credit Act yaseNingizimu Afrika iyisibonelo sase-Afrika esithuthuke kakhulu, futhi izinhlelo zezikweletu zabathengi e-United Kingdom nase-European Union zibeka imisebenzi yokuhlola ukukwazi ukukhokha efanayo. Ezinye zilawula umphumela esikhundleni salokho, ngemikhawulo yezilinganiso eziphelele zokukhonza isikweletu noma yemali ephelele yesikweletu.

Iphuzu eliwusizo kubabolekisi abasebenza ngaphesheya kwemingcele ukuthi ukuhlola kufanele kwenelise uhlelo lomthetho oluqinile olusebenzayo, futhi kufanele kubhalwe kahle ngokwanele ukuze kuphinde kwakhiwe eminyakeni kamuva ngumuntu owayengekho.

Amaphutha avamile

• Imholo ephelele isetshenziswa esikhundleni semholo osele. Kwandisa amandla abonakalayo ngayo yonke intela kanye nomthwalo wezimbambelelo ezisemthethweni.
• Izindleko zokuphila ezithathwe esimemezelweni somfakisicelo kuphela. Abafakisicelo bamemezela ngaphansi lapho befuna imali mboleko.
• Izibopho ezikhona zithathwa kuphela ebhuro lezikweletu. Ukuboleka okungahlelekile nokomndeni akubonakali lapho.
• Izinyanga ezintathu eziqine kakhulu zisetshenziselwa imali engenayo yesizini. Kukhiqiza isibalo sokukhokheka umboleki angakwazi ukusifeza ngekota eyodwa ngonyaka.
• Akukho isivikelo. Ukubolekisa ngensalela eqondile kushiya kungabikhona ukubekezelela ngisho indleko eyodwa engalindelekile.
• Ukuhlolwa kwenziwa kanye kuphela futhi akubuyekezwa. Izandiso kanye nokubolekwa kabusha kugunyazwa ngokwehlolwa kwasekuqaleni, nakuba izibopho sezishintshile.
• Imikhawulo yezilinganiso isetshenziswa ngokufanayo kuwo wonke amazinga emali engenayo. Kubolekisa ngokweqile ngendlela ehlelekile kubafakizicelo abahola kancane.
• Ukuhlolwa kuphathwa njengemibhalo hhayi njengesinqumo. Ifayela liyaphelela, izibalo ziyahluleka, futhi imalimboleko ivunyelwa noma kunjalo.

Leyo nto yokugcina iyona okufanele ibhekwe. Lapho amazinga okweqa ekuhlulekeni kokukhokheka akhuphuka, izikweletu ezingakhokhiwe ziyalandela ngokubambezeleka okulindelekile.