Ukubandakanywa kwezezimali

Ukuhlanganiswa kwezezimali kusho ukuthi abantu, imindeni kanye namabhizinisi bayakwazi ukufinyelela ezinsizakalweni zezezimali ezithengekayo, ezifanele futhi ezilethwa ngendlela enesibopho — izinkokhelo, ukonga, isikweletu, umshwalense kanye nezimpesheni — ezihlinzekwa abahlinzeki abalawulwayo futhi zisetshenziswa ngendlela ethuthukisa izimpilo zabo zezezimali.

Incazelo inezingxenye ezintathu ezivame ukuhlanganiswa zibe yinye, okungafanele kube njalo:

1. Ukufinyelela — insizakalo ikhona, iyatholakala, futhi umuntu uyafaneleka ukuyivula.
2. Ukusetshenziswa — umuntu empeleni uyasebenzisa ngayo kunokuba agcine i-akhawunti engasebenzi.
3. Ikhwalithi — umkhiqizo ufanele, unentengo esobala, futhi awumshiyi ikhasimende lisesimweni esibi kakhulu.

Umuntu omdala ovula i-akhawunti ukuze amukele inkokhelo eyodwa kahulumeni futhi angaphinde ayisebenzise unokufinyelela kodwa hhayi ukuhlanganiswa. Umuntu obolekayo ophoqelelwa esikweletini angeke akwazi ukusikhokhela unokusetshenziswa kodwa hhayi ikhwalithi. Izinhlaka zezinqubomgomo zesimanje zikala kokuthathu.

Ukuhlanganiswa Kwezezimali Ngokumelene Nokukhishwa Kwezezimali

Ukukhishwa kwezezimali yisimo sokungakwazi ukufinyelela noma ukusebenzisa ngendlela enengqondo izinsizakalo zezezimali ezisemthethweni. Ngokuvamile kuchazwa ngamazinga amabili:

• Abangenawo amabhange — abanayo i-akhawunti yanoma yiluphi uhlobo ebhange, esikhungweni esilawulwayo esamukela idiphozithi, noma kumhlinzeki wemali yeselula. Laba bantu basebenzisa ukheshi kuphela futhi bagcina inani ngendlela engahlelekile.
• Abasebenzisa amabhange kancane (noma abangahlonzwa ngokwanele) — unayo i-akhawunti, kodwa usancika kwezinye izindlela ezingahlelekile noma ezibizayo ngezidingo ezibalulekile: ababolekisi bemali abangahlelekile, amaqembu okonga, ababolekisa ngesibambiso, noma izindlela zokuthumela imali ezisekelwe ekheshini.

Iqembu labasebenzisa amabhange kancane ngokuvamile likhulu kuneqembu labangenawo amabhange futhi yilapho amathuba amaningi okwakhiwa kwemikhiqizo akhona. Ngakho-ke izibalo zobunikazi be-akhawunti zodwa zenza ukuhlanganiswa kwangempela kubonakale kukukhulu kunalokho okuyikho.

Kungani Ukuhlanganiswa Kwezezimali Kubalulekile

Izinsizakalo zezezimali azisiona isiphetho ngokwazo. Inani lazo likulokho ezikuvumela umndeni noma ibhizinisi ukuba kukwenze.

• Ukwenza imali engenayo nokusetshenziswa kwayo kuhambe kahle. Iningi labahola kancane linemali engenayo engahlelekile kodwa izindleko ezivamile. Ukonga kanye nesikweletu sesikhathi esifushane kuvala igebe ngaphandle kokuthengisa impahla.
• Ukumunca ukushaqeka. Isimo esiphuthumayo sezempilo, ukuhluleka kwesivuno noma ukulahlekelwa umsebenzi yikho okuphusha imindeni ebuphofini besikhathi eside. Umshwalense, ukonga kanye nesikweletu esiphuthumayo kunciphisa leyo ngozi.
• Ukwakha izimpahla ezikhiqizayo. Imali yokusebenza kanye nokuxhaswa ngezimali kwezimpahla kuvumela amabhizinisi amancane kakhulu nancane ukuthi athenge isitoko, imishini kanye nokokufaka ngezinga elikhuphula imali engenayo.
• Ukusebenza kahle kwezinkokhelo. Izinkokhelo ezidijithali zehlisa izindleko, isikhathi kanye nobungozi bokwebiwa lapho kuthunyelwa imali — emholweni, emalini ethunyelwa ekhaya, ezimalini zesikole kanye nasekukhokheleni abahlinzeki.
• Ukwakha irekhodi lesikweletu. Umlando wokwenziwayo osemthethweni yiwona oguqula umboleki ongabonakali abe ongakaleka, okuvula isikweletu esikhulu neshibhile ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
• Ukubamba iqhaza kwezomnotho. Ukufakwa kwezimali kuyindlela enqamula kuzo zonke izigaba emigomweni ye-UN Yokuthuthukiswa Okuqhubekayo, kuxhumene nokunciphisa ubuphofu, ukulingana ngokobulili, imisebenzi enesizotha kanye nokuncishiswa kokungalingani.

Isimo Sokufakwa Kwezimali Emhlabeni Jikelele

I-Global Findex Database yeBhange Lomhlaba, eshicilelwa njalo eminyakeni emithathu, ingumthombo ojwayelekile wokulinganisa emhlabeni jikelele. Uhlelo lwayo lwango-2025, olusekelwe ezinhlolovweni zabantu abadala ababalelwa ku-145,000 emnothweni ongu-141 olwenziwa ngo-2024, lwabika ukuthi:

• Amaphesenti angu-79 abantu abadala emhlabeni jikelele anama-akhawunti ebhange noma esikhungweni esifanayo, kumhlinzeki wemali yeselula, noma kokubili — kunyuke kusuka kumaphesenti angu-74 ngo-2021 nangu-51 ngo-2011.
• Amaphesenti angu-75 abantu abadala emnothweni onemali engenayo ephansi nephakathi anama-akhawunti.
• Abantu abadala ababalelwa ezigidini eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-1.3 basahlala bengenawo noma yimaphi ama-akhawunti, kanti ingxenye yabo igxile emnothweni oyisishiyagalombili nje kuphela.
• Ubunikazi bama-akhawunti e-Sub-Saharan Africa bafinyelela kumaphesenti angu-58, kunyuke kusuka kumaphesenti angu-49 ngo-2021, kanti imali yeselula iyona ehamba phambili ekushayeleni lokhu.
• Amaphesenti angu-15 abantu abadala emhlabeni jikelele manje anama-akhawunti emali yeselula.
• Igebe lobulili emhlabeni jikelele ngobunikazi bama-akhawunti selinciphile lafinyelela cishe kumaphuzu amaphesenti angu-4, kanti amaphesenti angu-77 abesifazane anama-akhawunti.

Izibalo kufanele zivuselelwe ngokuvumelana nokukhishwa kwakamuva kwe-Findex, okushicilelwa ngomjikelezo weminyaka emithathu.

Izithiyo Zokufakwa Kwezimali

Imibhalo kanye nobunikazi

Izidingo ezisemthethweni ze-KYC ngokuvamile zifuna imibhalo kazwelonke yobunikazi, ubufakazi bekheli kanye, emabhizinisini, izitifiketi zokubhalisa. Abantu abadala emnothweni ongakahleleki ngokuvamile abanayo neyodwa yalezi zinto. I-KYC enezigaba — lapho imikhawulo yokwenziwayo nebhalansi ikhuphuka ngezinga lokuqinisekiswa okunikeziwe — iyindlela evamile yokulawula yokweqa le nkinga.

Ibanga kanye nengqalasizinda ebonakalayo

Amanethiwekhi amagatsha agxila ezindaweni zasemadolobheni. Kumakhasimende asemaphandleni, izindleko zokufinyelela egatsheni — ezokuthutha, amahora okusebenza alahlekile — zingadlula inani lokwenziwayo. Amanethiwekhi okubhenka ngama-ejenti kanye nemali yeselula akhona ikakhulukazi ukuze kuxazululwe lokhu.

Izindleko

Izimali zokunakekela i-akhawunti, amabhalansi amancane, izindleko zokwenziwayo kanye nezimali zokukhipha imali zenza ama-akhawunti anebhalansi encane angabi nazinzuzo kumakhasimende. Lapho izindleko ezingaguquki zibusa, abasebenzisi benani eliphansi abaxhasi lutho bese bayaphuma.

Amafayela esikweletu anolwazi oluncane

Ababolekisi abakwazi ukubeka inani lobungozi ngaphandle komlando wokukhokha. Ababolekayo abangenawo umlando osehhovisi lesikweletu bayanqatshwa noma babekelwe inani eliphezulu elibonisa izindleko zolwazi kunobungozi bangempela — umjikelezo wokukhishwa oziqinisayo.

Izidingo zesibambiso

Ukuboleka okuvikelekile okuvamile kuthatha ngokuthi kunezimpahla ezibhalisiwe, ezinamalungelo obunikazi, ezidayisekayo. Amabhizinisi angekho emthethweni kanye nabalimi abancane banenani emhlabeni ongabhalisiwe, ezimfuyweni kanye nasestokweni sokuhweba ezingaqashelwa izinhlaka ezivamile zesibambiso.

Ulwazi lwezezimali nolwedijithali

Imikhiqizo ihlala ingasetshenziswa uma indlela yayo yokusebenza, amanani nobungozi bungaqondwa. Ukulethwa okudijithali kwengeza isidingo sesibili solwazi futhi kudala ukuchayeka ekukhwabaniseni nasekukhwabaniseni ngobunjiniyela bezenhlalo.

Izithiyo eziqondene nobulili

Amazinga aphansi obunikazi bamafoni eselula, ubunikazi bempahla obukhawulelwe namalungelo omhlaba, imithwalo yokunakekela engakhokhelwa kanye nezinkambiso zomphakathi mayelana nokuthathwa kwezinqumo zezezimali konke kunciphisa ukubandakanywa kwabesifazane kungakhathaliseki imali engenayo.

Ukuthembana

Isipiliyoni sangaphambilini sokwehluleka kwezikhungo, izinkokhelo ezifihliwe, ukuqoqwa kwezikweletu okunolaka noma ukulahleka kwediphozithi kudala ukugwema okunengqondo kwabahlinzeki abahlelekile okuyinto ukwandiswa kokufinyelela kukodwa ngeke kukulungise.

Abahlinzeki Bokubandakanywa Kwezezimali

Ukubandakanywa kwezezimali kulethwa uhlelo olunezendlalelo, hhayi amabhange kuphela.

• Amabhange ezohwebo — Ama-akhawunti ediphozithi, izinkokhelo, ukubolekwa okukhulu okunesibambiso
• Izikhungo zezimali ezincane(MFIs) — Izimali zokusebenza zamanani amancane kanye nokubolekwa kwamaqembu emabhizinisini amancane
• Ama-SACCO kanye nezinyunyana zezikweletu — Ukuqoqwa kwemali eyongiwe okuphethwe amalungu kanye nokubolekwa kwamalungu okufinyelelekayo
• Abahlinzeki bemalini yeselula — Inani eligciniwe elinezindleko eziphansi, ukudluliswa kwemali kanye nezinkokhelo zabahwebi ngezinga elikhulu
• Ababolekisi be-fintech kanye nama-neobhanki — Ukuhlolwa kokubolekwa ngemininingwane ehlukile, ukwamukelwa kwamakhasimende kuqala ngedijithali
• Izinhlangano zasemakhaya zokonga nokubolekisa (VSLAs) / ama-chama — Ukonga nokubolekisa komphakathi, okuvame ukuba yindawo yokungena ezinsizakalweni ezihlelekile.
• Abahlinzeki bomshwalense kanye nabahlinzeki bomshwalense omncane — Isivikelo ezingozini zempilo, izitshalo, imfuyo kanye nempahla
• Izikhungo zezimali zentuthuko — Izimali zokuxhasa ezinkulu, iziqinisekiso kanye nezimali zobungozi kulokhu okungenhla

Ukubandakanywa Kwezezimali Okudijithali

Ukulethwa ngedijithali kuyindlela ehamba phambili emuva kwezinzuzo zakamuva. Kushintsha umnotho wokuhlinzeka amakhasimende anenani eliphansi ngezindlela ezine:

• Izindleko zokusabalalisa. Amanethiwekhi ama-ejenti neziteshi zeselula zithatha indawo yengqalasizinda yamagatsha, kunciphisa izindleko zokufinyelela ikhasimende lasemakhaya ngezinga elikhulu kakhulu.
• Izindleko zokuthengiselana. Izinkokhelo zedijithali zenza ukuthengiselana okuncane kube nokwenzeka, okuyinto ukuphathwa kukheshi kukwenza kungabi nenzuzo.
• Imininingwane. Konke ukuthengiselana kwedijithali kukhiqiza irekhodi. Umlando wemali yeselula, izinkokhelo zezinsiza, ukuthengwa kwe-airtime kanye nokugeleza kwezinkokhelo zabahwebi kwakha imininingwane ehlukile yezikweletu kubaboleki abanomlando omncane wezikweletu.
• Ijubane. Ukukhishwa kwezimali ngokushesha nokubuyiselwa kwemali kuvumela imikhiqizo yesikhathi esifushane ehambisana nemijikelezo yemali engenayo engajwayelekile.

Izingqinamba eziphikisanayo zikhona ngempela: ukungabandakanywa kwedijithali kuhambisana nobunikazi bamafoni eselula kanye ne-inthanethi, ngakho-ke abampofu kakhulu nabesifazane bahlala bethinteka ngendlela engenakulingana. Izikweletu zedijithali ziphinde zaveze ukweletwa ngokweqile okufakazelwe lapho imali mboleko yesikhathi esifushane enenzalo ephezulu enikezwa kaninginingi ngaphandle kokuhlolwa kokukwazi ukukhokha. Ukubandakanywa okuphishekelwa ngaphandle kokuvikelwa kwabathengi kudala umonakalo ngejubane.

Indlela Ukubandakanywa Kwezezimali Okukalwa Ngayo

Izinhlaka zokukala ngokuvamile zilandelela izinhlangothi ezintathu:

• Izinkomba zokufinyelela — ama-akhawunti ngomuntu omdala ngamunye, amagatsha nama-ejenti kubantu abadala abayi-100,000, ama-ATM ngomuntu ngamunye, ibanga ukuya endaweni eseduze yokufinyelela.
• Izinkomba zokusetshenziswa — ingxenye yabantu abadala abenza noma abemukela izinkokhelo zedijithali, izilinganiso zama-akhawunti asebenzayo uma kuqhathaniswa nalawo angasebenzi, amazinga okonga okuhlelekile, amazinga okuboleka okuhlelekile, ukusetshenziswa kwemizila yokuthumela imali.
• Izinkomba zekhwalithi — ukusobala kwentengo, amazinga ezikhalo nokulungiswa kwazo, amazinga okweleta ngokweqile, ukufaneleka komkhiqizo, ukuhambisana nokuvikelwa kwabathengi.

Imithombo eyinhloko yedatha ihlanganisa i-World Bank Global Findex, i-IMF Financial Access Survey, umbiko we-GSMA othi State of the Industry Report on Mobile Money, kanye nezinhlolovo zikazwelonke ezibheka isidingo ezifana nochungechunge lwe-FinScope olusetshenziswa kulo lonke elaseNingizimu naseMpumalanga Afrika.

Ukufakwa Kwezezimali kanye Nezezimali Ezinesibopho

Ukwandisa ukufinyelela ngaphandle kwezivikelo kungandisa umonakalo esikhundleni sokuwunciphisa. Ukufakwa okunesibopho kuncike kulokhu:

• Ukuhlolwa kokukwazi ukukhokha ngaphambi kokuba isikweletu sinikezwe, hhayi nje ukukalwa kobungozi ukuze kuvikelwe umbolekisi.
• Izintengo ezisobala, okuhlanganisa ukudalulwa okugcwele kwesilinganiso senzalo esisebenzayo, izinkokhelo kanye nezindleko eziphelele zesikweletu.
• Izinqubo ezilungile zokuqoqa izikweletu kanye nokuphathwa okucacile kwababolekayo abasilele ezinkokhelweni.
• Ukuvikelwa kwedatha kanye nemvume, ikakhulukazi lapho idatha ehlukile isetshenziselwa ukuhlola isikweletu.
• Izindlela zokufaka izikhalo nokulungiswa amakhasimende angakwazi ngempela ukuzifinyelela nokuzisebenzisa.
• Ukubikwa kumahhovisi ezikweletu, ukuze ukukhokha kwakhe kudale umlando, kanti nokuboleka okuningi kubonakale kubo bonke ababolekisi.