Imalimboleko yeqembu

Imalimboleko yeqembu yisikweletu esinikezwa abantu ngabanye ngeqembu elihlelekile, lapho amalungu aqinisekisa ukukhokha ngokuhlangene. Esikhundleni sokubambisa impahla, umboleki ngamunye usekelwa amanye amalungu, athwala imiphumela uma elinye lawo lehluleka ukukhokha. Isiqinisekiso seqembu sivame ukuchazwa njengesibambiso senhlalo.

Ukubolekiswa kweqembu kukhona ukuze kuxazululwe inkinga ethize: ukuthi kungabolekiswa kanjani kubaboleki abangenazo izibambiso, abangenalo ifayela lesikweletu futhi abangenayo imali engenakufakazelwa, ngaphandle kokuthi izindleko zokuhlola nokuphoqelela zidlule inani lemalimboleko. Kuphendula lokho ngokudlulisela ukukhetha, ukuqapha nokuphoqelela kubaboleki ngokwabo.

Iyindlela eyisisekelo ye microfinance futhi isasetshenziswa kabanzi yizikhungo ze-microfinance, ama-SACCO, izinyunyana zezikweletu kanye nezinhlelo zokubolekisa zama-NGO.

Izinhlaka ezimbili

Ukubolekiswa kweqembu okunesibopho esihlanganyelwe. Ilungu ngalinye linesikweletu salo kumbolekisi, kodwa wonke amalungu aqinisekisana. Uma elinye ilungu lihluleka ukukhokha, amanye kufanele akhokhele ukusilela noma iqembu lonke lilahlekelwe ukufinyelela esikweletini esizayo. Ama-akhawunti ngawomuntu ngamunye, umphumela uhlangene.

Iqembu njengomboleki. Umbolekisi unikeza imalimboleko eyodwa eqenjini njengebhizinisi elisemthethweni noma elingekho emthethweni, bese iqembu labela izimali phakathi kwamalungu futhi liphathe ukukhokha kwangaphakathi. Kuvamile ebhange lasemakhaya nasezinhlotsheni zamaqembu okuzisiza, lapho iqembu liphinde liqoqe imali yalo yokonga futhi libolekise ngayo.

Imvelaphi

Imodeli yesimanje isukela ezinhlelweni zokubolekiswa kweqembu ezathuthukiswa e-Bangladesh ngeminyaka yawo-1970 nawo-1980, ezahlela ababoleki baba amaqembu amancane obumbano — ngokwejwayelekile amalungu amahlanu — ehlangana masonto onke kanye nesikhulu semalimboleko ukuze kukhokhwe esidlangalaleni. Kwalandela izinhlobonhlobo: ibhange lasemakhaya, lapho amaqembu amakhulu angamashumi amabili kuya kwamashumi amathathu aphethe isikhwama sangaphakathi eceleni kwemalimboleko yangaphandle, kanye namaqembu okuzisiza, lapho iqembu lokonga liqale lakhe isikhwama sangaphakathi bese kamuva liboleka ebhange ngokomlando walo.

Indlela imalimboleko yeqembu esebenza ngayo

1. Ukuzikhethela. Abazoboleka bazakhela iqembu labo. Lokhu kungamabomu — amalungu akhetha abantu abathemba ukuthi bazokhokha, okwenza umsebenzi wokuhlola umbolekisi angeke akwazi ukuwenza.
2. Ukwakhiwa kweqembu nokuqeqeshwa Umbolekisi uqinisekisa amalungu, uchaza imigomo yesibopho esihlanganyelwe futhi uqoka usihlalo, unobhala nomgcinimafa.
3. Ukonga okuphoqelekile. Izinhlelo eziningi zidinga ukuthi amalungu onge isikhathi esifanele ngaphambi kokuba noma iyiphi imalimboleko ikhishwe, okukhombisa ukuziphatha kahle nokwakha isembozo sezimali esiyinhlangothi.
4. Ukukhishwa kwemali ngezigaba. Emodeli yakudala, amalungu amabili kuphela athola izimali mboleko ekuqaleni. Uma esekhokhe ngendlela ehleliwe isikhathi esithile esibekiwe, amabili alandelayo athola awakhe, bese umholi weqembu eba ngowokugcina. Ukufinyelela kwelungu ngalinye kuncike ekuziphatheni kwamanye.
5. Imihlangano ejwayelekile. Amalungu ahlangana njalo ngesonto noma njalo emavikini amabili futhi akhokha phambi kweqembu. Ukukhokha obala kwenza ukusebenza kubonakale futhi ukungakhokhi kube nezindleko emphakathini.
6. Ukuphoqelelwa kwesibopho esihlanganyelwe. Inkokhelo ephuthelwe kufanele ikhokhwe yiqembu — kusukela esikhwameni seqembu, eziphaketheni zamalungu uqobo, noma ngokucindezela umuntu oweqile.
7. Ukubolekiswa okukhulayo.. Imijikelezo ephumelelayo ivula amathuba ezimali mboleko ezinkulu eqenjini nakumalungu ngamunye.

Kungani ukubolekiswa kweqembu kusebenza

Ukubolekiswa kweqembu kubhekana nokwehluleka okuthathu okuhlukile ngesikhathi esisodwa, okuyisizathu esenza ukuthi kuphumelele lapho ukubolekisa okwejwayelekile kwehluleka khona.

• Ukukhetha okungalungile (ukuhlola ababoleki abahle nababi): - Isixazululo esejwayelekile: Ukuhlolwa kwezikweletu kanye imininingwane yehhovisi lezikweletu.

  • Isixazululo sokubolekiswa kweqembu: Ukukhethwa kontanga — amalungu anqaba abafake izicelo abanobungozi ngoba athwala imiphumela yezezimali yokungakhokhi.

• Ubungozi bokuziphatha (ukusetshenziswa kabi kwezimali noma ukwehluleka ukukhokha): - Isixazululo esejwayelekile: Ukuqapha okuhlelekile kanye nezibopho zomthetho.

  • Isixazululo sokubolekiswa kweqembu: Ukuqapha kontanga — omakhelwane babuka ukuhweba kwebhizinisi nsuku zonke ngaphandle kwezindleko kumbolekisi.

• Ukuphoqelela (ukuthathwa kwesibambiso akunakwenzeka ezikweletini ezincane): - Isixazululo esejwayelekile: Isibambiso esithenjisiwe kanye nendlela esemthethweni ehlelekile yokufuna ukulungiswa.

  • Isixazululo sokubolekiswa kweqembu: Ukuphoqelela kontanga — ingcindezi yomphakathi kanye nokulahlekelwa okuhlanganyelwe kokufinyelela izikweletu esikhathini esizayo.

Inzuzo yezindleko yombolekisi inkulu. Isikhulu esisodwa semali mboleko esiqhuba imihlangano yamasonto onke singasebenzela amakhulu ababoleki, ngoba ukuhlola nokuqoqa kusatshalaliswa emaqenjini kunokuba kwenziwe ngamunye.

Imali mboleko yeqembu uma iqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlaka zemikrokhredithi

• Imali mboleko yeqembu enesibopho esihlanganyelwe: - Ubukhulu beqembu: amalungu angu-4–7

  • Umnikazi wemalimboleko: Amalungu ngamanye
  • Indlela yesiqinisekiso: Isiqinisekiso esihlanganyelwe phakathi kwamalungu
  • Ingxenye yokonga: Ngokuvamile kuyimpoqo
  • Isilinganiso semalimboleko: Ububanzi obufanayo noma obuncane
  • Izindleko zesikhulu ngomboleki ngamunye: Ziphansi

• Imalimboleko encane yomuntu ngamunye: - Ubukhulu beqembu: N/A (umuntu ngamunye)

  • Umnikazi wemalimboleko: Umboleki ngamunye
  • Indlela yesiqinisekiso: Umqinisekisi noma isibambiso esiphathekayo
  • Ingxenye yokonga: Ngokuzikhethela
  • Isilinganiso semalimboleko: Kulungiselelwe umboleki
  • Izindleko zesikhulu ngomboleki ngamunye: Ziphezulu

• Ibhange lasemakhaya: - Ubukhulu beqembu: amalungu angu-20–30

  • Umnikazi wemalimboleko: Inhlangano yeqembu (ibolekisa ngaphakathi)
  • Indlela yesiqinisekiso: Isikhwama seqembu kanye nesiqinisekiso esihlanganyelwe
  • Ingxenye yokonga: Iyingxenye esemqoka yemodeli
  • Isilinganiso semalimboleko: Kunqunywa yiqembu ngokwalo
  • Izindleko zesikhulu ngomboleki ngamunye: Ziphansi

• Iqembu lokuzisiza (SHG): - Usayizi weqembu: amalungu ayi-10–20

  • Obambe imalimboleko: Inhlangano yeqembu (ukubolekisa ngaphakathi)
  • Indlela yokuqinisekisa: Isiziba sokonga sangaphakathi kanye nokuqinisekiswa kweqembu
  • Ingxenye yokonga: Kumaphakathi (ukonga kwandulela ukuboleka)
  • Ubukhulu bemalimboleko: Bunqunywa ngaphakathi yiqembu
  • Izindleko zesikhulu kumboleki ngamunye: Ziphansi kakhulu

Izinzuzo

• Akukho sidingo sesibambiso, okuvula isikweletu esisemthethweni kubaboleki abangenalutho olungasetshenziswa njengesibambiso.
• Izindleko eziphansi zokulethwa kumboleki ngamunye, okwenza izimalimboleko ezincane kakhulu zikwazi ukusebenza.
• Ulwazi umbolekisi abengeke akwazi ukuluqoqa. Amalungu ayazi ukuthi ubani ohweba kahle nokuthi ubani ongahwebi kahle, ngesikhathi sangempela.
• Ukwakhiwa komlando wesikweletu. Amarekhodi okukhokha akha amafayela kamuva asekela ukuboleka komuntu ngamunye.
• Izinzuzo ezingahlobene nezimali. Imihlangano ejwayelekile isekela ukulethwa koqeqesho, isiyalo sokonga kanye namanethiwekhi ebhizinisi.

Imikhawulo nokugxekwa

• Izingxaki ezihambisanayo. Isiqinisekiso sihluleka khona kanye lapho sidingeka khona. Isomiso, ukuvalwa kwemakethe noma ukushaqeka kwezimali kuthinta wonke amalungu ngesikhathi esisodwa, futhi iqembu alikwazi ukukhokhela ukwehluleka kwelungu lapho wonke amalungu esebunzimeni.
• Ingcindezi yokuphoqwa. Ukuphoqelela okusebenza ngemiphumela yezenhlalo kungaphenduka ukuhlukumeza, ukuhlazeka esidlangalaleni, noma ukuthathwa kwempahla yasekhaya yalowo owehlulekile ukukhokha ngamanye amalungu. Lokhu kuwumonakalo obhaliwe osonzima kakhulu kule modeli.
• Izindleko kumboleki. Imihlangano yamasonto onke idla amahora okusebenza. Kumhwebi, ukuba khona kungabiza ngaphezu kwenzalo.
• Amalungu athembekile axhasa ngemali angathembekile. Ababoleki abahle ekugcineni bayakucasukela ukukhokhela ukwehluleka kwabanye futhi bayashiya — okuqoka iqembu libheke ebungozini obuphakeme ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
• Ukufana kobukhulu bemalimboleko. Isibopho esihlanganyelwe sisebenza kuphela lapho amalungu ebhekene nokuchayeka okufanayo. Njengoba amanye amabhizinisi ekhula ngokushesha kunamanye, ubukhulu bemalimboleko obufanayo buyabacindezela abaphumelelayo futhi bunika abanye umthwalo ongaphezu kwamandla abo.
• Ukuthelelana. Ukwehluleka okukodwa ukukhokha kungadala uchungechunge: amalungu okufanele akukhokhele nawo ngokwawo abe ngaphansi kwengcindezi, futhi iqembu lingabhidlika ngokuphelele kunokuba imalimboleko eyodwa yonakale.

Ukushintshela esibophweni somuntu ngamunye

Izikhungo eziningi ezibolekisa ngemali encane seziqhelile ekubophezelaneni okuqinile okuhlanganyelwe ngenkathi zigcina uhlaka lweqembu. Amalungu aqhubeka nokuhlangana masonto onke, akhokhe obala futhi athole ukuboleka ngeqembu, kodwa ilungu ngalinye linesibopho semalimboleko yalo kuphela.

Ucwaningo olungahleliwe luthole ukuthi ukususa ubophezelo oluhlanganyelwe ngenkathi kugcinwa imihlangano yeqembu akuzange kwehlise ngempela ukubuyiswa kwezikweletu — okusikisela ukuthi ukusebenza kahle kwemodeli kwakudalwa kakhulu ukuziphatha kahle emihlanganweni, ukukhokha obala kanye nomvuzo wokufinyelela kunokuba kudalwe yisiqinisekiso uqobo. Ushintsho luphinde lususe inkinga yokuphoqwa kanye noxhaso lwamalungu athembekile, futhi luvumela ubukhulu bezikweletu ukuthi buhluke njengoba amabhizinisi ekhula.

Indlela evamile yokuqhubeka manje yilokhu: izikweletu zeqembu ukuze kwakheke umlando, bese kudlulelwa ekubolekiseni umuntu ngamunye njengoba ifayela lomboleki, ibhizinisi kanye nobukhulu besikweletu sekuyadlula lokho iqembu elingakuqinisekisa ngendlela enengqondo.

Izinto okufanele ziqashelwe ngababolekisi ekusebenzeni.

• Kala ukubambezeleka kokukhokha kuwo womabili amazinga. Iphothifoliyo esengozini ngeqembu nangelungu iveza izinto ezahlukene — iqembu elinokhokhi oyedwa ohlala ebambezelekile liziphatha ngendlela ehlukile kuneqembu eliwohloka ngokulinganayo.
• Yenza ukubalwa kwesikhwama seqembu ngokwehlukile. Imali eyongwayo eyimpoqo kanye nezikhwama zangaphakathi ziyizibopho zamalungu, hhayi imali engenayo yombolekisi, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwazo ukukhokhela izikweletu ezingakhokhiwe kufanele kubhalwe ngokusobala.
• Beka umkhawulo emthwalweni womsebenzi wezikhulu. Indlela esekelwe emihlanganweni iyahluleka lapho isikhulu singakwazi ukuya emihlanganweni ngokuqhubekayo; ukuba khona emihlanganweni kuyindlela yokulawula.
• Qapha ubude besikhathi sokuhlala kwamalungu kanye nokushintshashintsha kwawo. Ukushintshashintsha okuphezulu emaqenjini kuyinkomba ehamba phambili yengcindezi esiqinisekisweni.
• Bhala imigomo yesiqinisekiso. Lapho ubophezelo oluhlanganyelwe lusetshenziswa, amalungu kufanele ngabe ayekuqondile futhi avume ngokubhaliwe, futhi umkhuba wokukusebenzisa kufanele ulawulwe yimithetho ecacile yokuziphatha.