Imodeli ye-Grameen

Imodeli ye-Grameen iyindlela yezikweletu ezincane esekelwe emaqenjini lapho izikweletu ezincane, ezingenasibambiso, zinikezwa ababoleki abanemali engenayo ephansi — ikakhulukazi abesifazane — abahlelwe baba amaqembu amancane ontanga kanye nezikhungo ezinkulu zasemakhaya, lapho ukukhokha njalo kanye nokonga okuyimpoqo kufakwe emkhiqizweni.

Yakhiwa nguMuhammad Yunus kanye neGrameen Bank e-Bangladesh, yaba indlela yezimali ezincane ephindaphindwa kakhulu emhlabeni futhi yaba umklamo oyisethempeli lapho imikhiqizo eminingi yokubolekisa ngamaqembu isachazwa ngawo. U-Yunus kanye neGrameen Bank baklonyeliswa ngokuhlanganyela ngeNobel Peace Prize ngo-2006 ngalo msebenzi.

Umqondo oyinhloko wale modeli uwukuthi abampofu bangakwazi ukusebenzisa amabhange — bamane nje abahlinzekelwa yizinhlelo zokubolekisa ezakhelwe phezu kwesibambiso, imibhalo kanye nengqalasizinda yamagatsha abangakwazi ukuyifinyelela. Imodeli ye-Grameen isebenzisa ukwakheka komphakathi kanye nokuklanywa komkhiqizo esikhundleni salezo zidingo.

Imvelaphi

Le ndlela yaqala ngo-1976 ngokuhlolwa okuncane esigodini sase-Jobra, eduze kwaseChittagong University, lapho u-Yunus ebolekisa izimali ezincane ezivela ezimalini zakhe eqenjini labantu basemakhaya ababebhajwe imijikelezo yokuboleka kubabolekisi bemali abangahlelekile ngenzalo ecindezelayo. Izikweletu zakhokhwa.

Ukuhlolwa kwakhula kwaba iphrojekthi esekelwa ibhange eliyinhloko, kwathi ngo-1983 iGrameen Bank yasungulwa njengebhange elizimele ngomthetho kahulumeni. Ukwakheka kobunikazi bayo nakho kwakuyingxenye yale modeli: iningi lezabelo zebhange lisezandleni zababoleki futhi bakhetha abaqondisi ebhodini lalo, okwenza amakhasimende abe ngabanikazi.

Grameen kusho ukuthi "okwesigodi" noma "okwasemakhaya" ngesiBengali.

Izimiso Eziyinhloko Zemodeli ye-Grameen

Akukho sibambiso, akukho ukuphoqelelwa ngokomthetho. Izikweletu zenziwa ngaphandle kwempahla ebekiwe futhi, kumklamo wokuqala, ngaphandle kokuya ezinkantolo. Ukukhokha kuqinisekiswa ngokuklanywa komkhiqizo kanye nokwakheka komphakathi kunokuba kuthathwe impahla ngenkani.

Ukubolekisa kwabampofu kakhulu, hhayi kulabo abanobungozi obuncane. Ukufaneleka kwakuchazwa ngokungabi namhlaba kanye nobumpofu bempahla — kuhlose ngamabomu abantu amabhange avamile ayebakhipha.

Abesifazane njengababoleki abayinhloko. Iningi elikhulu lababoleki beGrameen Bank ngabesifazane. Isizathu sasiyikho kokubili okusekelwe ekubonweni — abesifazane bakhombisa isiyalo esiqinile sokukhokha — kanye nokuthuthukisa: kwatholakala ukuthi imali elawulwa abesifazane yayinamathuba amaningi okuthi isetshenziselwe ukudla komndeni, impilo kanye nemfundo yezingane.

Ibhange liya kumboleki. Abasebenzi begatsha baya emakhaya ukuze baye emihlanganweni nasekuqoqweni kwezinkokhelo. Amakhasimende awadingeki ukuthi aye ebhange, okuqeda izindleko zokuthutha kanye nokulahleka kwesikhathi okwenza ukuthengiselana okuncane kungabi nenzuzo kwabampofu.

Izikweletu ezincane, ukukhokha njalo. Ubukhulu bezikweletu buqala buphansi futhi izitolimende zincane futhi zikhokhwa njalo, zihambisana nokugeleza kwemali kwansuku zonke noma kwamasonto onke kwebhizinisi elincane kunomjikelezo womholo wanyanga zonke.

Ukubolekisa okukhulayo. Ubukhulu besikweletu buyakhula kuwo wonke umjikelezo ophothulwe ngempumelelo, ngakho inani lokufinyelela okuqhubekayo esikweletini liyakhula ngokuhamba kwesikhathi futhi lisebenza njengenkuthazo obekuzohlinzekwa yisibambiso.

Ukonga okuyimpoqo. Ababoleki bayonga ngenkathi beboleka, bakha isivikelo futhi baqala umkhuba wokonga okusemthethweni.

Indlela Imodeli ye-Grameen Eyakhiwe Ngayo

Iqembu labahlanu

Ababoleki abangaba khona bayazikhethela bona ngokwabo amaqembu amalungu amahlanu avela esigodini esisodwa, asezingeni elifanayo lezomnotho, futhi angeveli ekhaya linye. Ukuzikhethela kubalulekile: amalungu akhipha omakhelwane akholelwa ukuthi ngeke bakhokhe, adlulisela ingxenye yokuhlolwa kwesikweletu kubantu abanolwazi lwendawo olungcono kakhulu kunanoma yisiphi isikhulu sezikweletu.

Isikhungo

Amaqembu ayisithupha kuya kwayisishiyagalombili (cishe amalungu angama-30–40) akha isikhungo, esihlangana masonto onke ngesikhathi nasendaweni emisiwe. Umhlangano wesikhungo yilapho izinkokhelo ziqoqwa khona, ukonga kwenziwa, izikweletu ezintsha zigunyazwa futhi izinkinga zivezwa obala.

Ukukhishwa kwezikweletu ngezigaba

Kumklamo wakudala, izikweletu zazingakhishwa wonke amalungu amahlanu ngesikhathi esisodwa. Amalungu amabili ayethola izikweletu kuqala; uma ekhokha ngesikhathi, amabili alandelayo ayefaneleka; usihlalo weqembu wayeza ekugcineni. Lokhu kulandelana kwanikeza wonke amalungu isabelo esiqondile ekuziphatheni kokukhokha kwabanye.

Isibopho seqembu nesikhungo

Ngaphansi kwesimiso sokuqala, iqembu nesikhungo kwakunesibopho samalungu asilela ukukhokha, kusekelwa isikhwama seqembu esakhiwe ngeminikelo yamalungu. Ukuqapha ontanga kanye nokukhokha obala kwakuyindlela yokuphoqelela.

Ukukhokha kwamasonto onke

Izitolimende zazincane futhi ziqoqwa masonto onke emhlanganweni wesikhungo, okunikeza izikhulu zezikweletu isignali esheshayo lapho umboleki eqala ukuzabalaza — ngaphambi kakhulu kokuba uhlelo lwanyanga zonke beluzokwembula.

Izinqumo Eziyishumi Nesithupha

Ababoleki beGrameen bamukela ngokuhlanganyela isethi yezibophezelo zomphakathi eziyishumi nesithupha, ezishiwo emihlanganweni yesikhungo, ezihlanganisa izindikimba ezihlanganisa isiyalo sasekhaya nokusebenza kanzima, ukuthuthukisa izindlu, ukutshala nokudla imifino, ukugcina imindeni imincane, ukufundisa izingane, ukusebenzisa amanzi ahlanzekile okuphuza nezindlu zangasese, ukwenqaba ilobolo, kanye nokusiza amanye amalungu asebunzimeni.

Izinqumo Eziyishumi Nesithupha zakhombisa ukuthi le modeli yayingeyona eyezezimali kuphela. Isikweletu sasithathwa njengethuluzi elilodwa ngaphakathi kohlelo lomphakathi olubanzi — isici esihlukanisa imodeli yeGrameen kwezokuxhasa ngezimali ezincane zakamuva "zesikweletu kuphela" futhi sisengomunye wezici okuxoxwa ngazo kakhulu kule ndlela.

Grameen II: Uhlelo Olujwayelekile

Ngasekuqaleni kweminyaka yawo-2000 uhlelo lwakudala lwase lukhombisa ubunzima. Amashejuli aqinile amasonto onke awazange asinde ezingozini ezifana nezikhukhula ezinzima zika-1998; ababoleki abangakwazanga ukugcina ishejuli bayeka ngokuphelele; futhi isibopho esihlanganyelwe sasidala ukuwohloka kweqembu lapho elinye ilungu lehluleka.

IGrameen Bank yaklama kabusha indlela yokusebenza njenge Grameen Generalised System (Grameen II), eyethulwa kusukela ngo-2001–2002.

• Isibopho esihlanganyelwe: Eyakudala: Iqembu linesibopho samalungu asilele ekukhokheni. Grameen II: Isibopho esihlanganyelwe esisemthethweni sisusiwe; isibopho somuntu ngamunye.
• Isikhwama seqembu nokonga: Eyakudala: Isikhwama seqembu esiyimpoqo, esinokufinyelela okunomkhawulo. Grameen II: Ama-akhawunti okonga omuntu siqu nakhethekile, kanye nohlelo lwempesheni oluyisivumelwano (GPS).
• Ukuphathwa kokungakhokhi: Eyakudala: Imalimboleko ihlukaniswa njengokwehluleka ukukhokha. Grameen II: Imalimboleko eguquguqukayo — ihlelwa kabusha endleleni ende, enezitolimende ezincane.
• Imikhiqizo yemalimboleko: Eyakudala: Imalimboleko evamile efanayo kakhulu. Grameen II: Imalimboleko eyisisekelo kanye nemikhiqizo yezindlu, yezemfundo, yamabhizinisi amancane neyempesheni.
• Ishejuli yokubuyisela imali: Eyakudala: Ishejuli eqinile yamasonto onke, efanayo. Grameen II: Izitolimende eziguquguqukayo nezikhathi zokukhokha ziyavunyelwa.
• Amaklayenti ampofu kakhulu: Eyakudala: Umkhiqizo ojwayelekile. Grameen II: Uhlelo olukhethekile olungenanzalo lwamalungu aswele ngokuphelele.

Ushintsho olukhulu lwesakhiwo kwaba imalimboleko eguquguqukayo: umboleki owayengakwazi ukugcina ishejuli yemalimboleko eyisisekelo wayedluliselwa esivumelwaneni esihlelwe kabusha kunokuba amenyezelwe njengowehlulekile futhi axoshwe. Lokhu kwaguqula uhlelo olumbaxambili lokuphasa/ukwehluleka lwaba olunendlela yokululama, futhi kwehlisa kakhulu ukuyeka.

Okuphawulekayo, i-Grameen II yagcina isakhiwo seqembu nesikhungo — ukuhlolwa kontanga nomhlangano womphakathi — kuyilapho isusa isibopho esihlanganyelwe sesivumelwano. Lokhu kuwubufakazi obuqinile bokuthi amandla ale modeli avela kakhulu esakhiweni senhlalo nasekuklanyweni komkhiqizo kunasesigatshaneni sesibopho ngokwaso.

Kungani Imodeli Yasebenza

• Ulwazi. Amaqembu azikhethele wona axazulula inkinga yokukhethwa okungekuhle, ngoba amalungu ayakwazi ukwethembeka kwawo kangcono kunanoma yimuphi ombolekisi.
• Ukuqapha. Ontanga ziyakubona ukuthi izimali zemboleko zisetshenziswa kanjani ngempela, cishe ngaphandle kwezindleko kumbolekisi.
• Ukuphoqelela. Ukukhokha obala emihlanganweni yezikhungo kwenza ukwehluleka ukukhokha kubonakale emphakathini umboleki angeke aphume kuwo kalula.
• Izikhuthazi. Iladi eliqhubekayo lisho ukuthi inani lobudlelwano lihlala lidlula inani lokwehluleka ukukhokha imalimboleko yamanje.
• Ukuhambisana nokugeleza kwemali. Izitolimende ezincane ezivamile zihambisana namaphethini emali engenayo yamabhizinisi amancane esikhundleni sokubeka umcabango womjikelezo womholo.
• Isakhiwo sezindleko. Imihlangano yamaqembu yenza isikhulu esisodwa semboleko sikwazi ukusiza amashumi ababoleki ngohambo olulodwa, okwenza izimalimboleko ezincane kakhulu zikwazi ukusebenza kahle.

Ukugxekwa Nobufakazi

Okufakwe kuglosari mayelana nemodeli ye-Grameen akuphelele ngaphandle kobufakazi obuphikisayo.

Ingcindezi yontanga ephoqayo. Ukuphoqelelwa kwezenhlalo okufanayo okukhiqiza ukukhokha okuphezulu kungadala ukuhlazeka obala, ingcindezi yeqembu kumalungu asenkingeni, kanye nokuboleka kubabolekisi bemali ukuze kugcinwe irekhodi leqembu lihlanzekile. Ngakho-ke amazinga okukhokha abikiwe angakhuphula ngokweqile inhlalakahle yangempela yomboleki.

Ukuqina kohlelo lwakudala. Ukukhokha kwamasonto onke okuqala ngokushesha ngemva kokukhishwa kwemali kufanela umsebenzi wokuhweba oshintshana ngokushesha kodwa akuhambisani kahle nezolimo nanoma yiliphi ibhizinisi elinomjikelezo omude wokukhiqiza. I-Grameen II yakubhekana nalokhu ngqo.

Umthelela omncane olinganisiwe. Indikimba yokuhlolwa okungahleliwe kwezinhlelo zemalimboleko encane ngokuvamile ithola ukwanda kokutshalwa kwezimali kwebhizinisi nokuvumelana nezimo okukhulu kwemindeni ekuphatheni imali, kodwa imiphumela emincane ngokwesilinganiso emalini engenayo, ekusetshenzisweni, empilweni noma emfundweni. Ukuvumelana okuvelile ukuthi imalimboleko encane iyithuluzi lezezimali eliwusizo kunokuba indlela yokuqeda ubumpofu — okuyisimangalo esincane kakhulu kunalokho okwashiwo abagqugquzeli bokuqala.

Ukuphathwa kwemalimboleko emakhaya. Ukubolekisa abesifazane akuqinisekisi ukuthi abesifazane bayazilawula izimali. Ucwaningo luye lwabhala amacala lapho izimalimboleko ezithathwe egameni lowesifazane zazisetshenziswa futhi zilawulwa amalungu omndeni angabesilisa kuyilapho yena ethwele isibopho sokukhokha.

Ukweqisa kwezikweletu ekuphindaphindweni. Lapho indlela yaphindaphindwa ngezinga elikhulu ngababolekisi abaqhutshwa yizimfuno zentengiselwano ngaphandle komkhuba wokonga ohambisanayo, uhlelo lwezenhlalo noma ukuvikelwa kwamakhasimende, ukuboleka okuphindaphindiwe nokuqoqa okunolaka kwadala umonakalo omkhulu — okubonakala kakhulu enkingeni yezimalimboleko ezincane yase-India yango-2010.

Izindleko zesikweletu. Amazinga enzalo asebenzayo ezimalimbolekweni ezincane aphezulu uma kuqhathaniswa nokuboleka kwamabhange ezentengiselwano, okubonisa izindleko zangempela zokuqoqa okuvamile kwamanani amancane ngabasebenzi basensimini. Abagxeki bathi izindleko zehlela kanzima kulabo abangakwazi ukuzithwala; abavikeli bathi ukuqhathanisa okufanele ukuboleka kwababolekisi bemali abangakahleleki, hhayi amazinga ebhange lezentengiselwano.

Ifa Nokuphindaphindwa

Imodeli ye-Grameen iye yashintshwa ukuze isebenze e-Asia, e-Afrika, eLatin America naseNyakatho Melika, futhi isakhiwo sayo sihlanganiswe ekuklanyweni kwemikhiqizo eminingi yokuboleka yamaqembu esetshenziswa namuhla — kuhlanganise nokubhanga kwemiphakathi, amamodeli amaqembu okuzisiza, kanye nemikhiqizo yamaqembu enikezwa izikhungo zezimalimboleko ezincane nama-SACCO.

Iminikelo yayo ehlala isikhathi eside kakhulu ingeyomqondo kunokuba ingeyenqubo: ukuthi abampofu banokufaneleka ukuthola izikweletu; ukuthi isibambiso singathathelwa indawo yisakhiwo nezikhuthazi; ukuthi ukulethwa kufanele kuze kumakhasimende; nokuthi izimalimboleko ezincane zingenziwa ngezinga elikhulu ngendlela eqhubekayo ngokwezezimali.

Izindlela zakamuva sezisukile ekubopheni okuqinile okuhlanganyelwe nasemihlanganweni eqinile yamasonto onke zaya ekubopheni komuntu ngamunye, kumashejuli aguquguqukayo nasekulethweni ngedijithali. Kodwa umqondo oyisisekelo — qala kancane, khokha ukuze uzuze okwengeziwe, sebenzisa isakhiwo senhlalo nokuziphatha esikhundleni sezimpahla — uhlala uyisisekelo sokuboleka okungenasibambiso.