Ukubhanga kwasesigodini

Ibhange lasemaphandleni liyindlela yokubolekisa ngamaqembu lapho iqembu elizikhethela lona mathupha lamalungu omphakathi — ngokuvamile phakathi kwabantu abayishumi nanhlanu nabangamashumi amahlanu — lakha ibhange lasemaphandleni, lithola imalimboleko eyodwa esikhungweni esibolekisa ngemali, bese liyabela amalungu aqinisekisa ukubuyiselwa kwemalimboleko komunye nomunye.

Iqembu likhetha ubuholi balo, liba nemihlangano ejwayelekile, libeka imithetho yangaphakathi, liqoqa izinkokhelo kumalungu futhi lithumele inkokhelo ehlanganisiwe kumbolekisi. Amalungu ayonga ngenkathi eboleka, futhi ukukhokha ngempumelelo emjikelezweni owodwa kuvula imalimboleko enkulu kwelandelayo.

Le ndlela ikhona ukuze ixazulule inkinga ethile: ukubolekisa abantu abangenasibambiso esibonakalayo, abangenawo umlando osemthethweni wezikweletu nabangenawo amaphepha ezimali. Ibhange lasemaphandleni lisebenzisa izinto ezintathu esikhundleni salokho okungekho — ukukhethwa kontanga, isibopho esihlanganyelwe kanye nokonga komboli ngokwakhe.

Leli gama lisetshenziswa ngokukhululeka ekusebenzeni. Uma kubhekwa ngokuqinile, ibhange lasemaphandleni lisho imodeli ezilawulayo ehlanganisa ukonga njengoba kuchaziwe lapha. Uma kubhekwa ngokukhululeka, lisetshenziswa cishe kunoma yiluphi uhlelo lokubolekisana lweqembu lomphakathi.

Imvelaphi

Le ndlela yasungulwa eBolivia maphakathi nawo-1980 nguJohn Hatch, owabe esesungula i-FINCA International. Yasabalala ngokushesha eLatin America, yabe isidlulela e-Afrika nase-Asia, yamukelwa futhi yaguqulwa yizinhlobonhlobo zezikhungo zezimali ezincane kanye nama-NGO.

Umklamo wokuqala wawuncane ngamabomu: nikeza iqembu labesifazane abampofu basemaphandleni inani elincane lemali, ubavumele baphathe ukwabiwa kwayo nokukhokhwa kwayo ngokwabo, futhi ukonga kwabo kuqongelele esikhwameni abangabanikazi baso. Okuningi okwalandela kwezimali ezincane zamaqembu kungukwehluka kwaleso sakhiwo.

Indlela ibhange lasemaphandleni elisebenza ngayo

1. Ukwakhiwa kweqembu

Amalungu ayazikhethela. Lokhu kuyisici somklamo hhayi nje ukwenza lula ukuphatha — abantu abaziyo izimilo nezimo zomunye nomunye bakhipha ababoleki abangathembekile ngokunembe kakhulu kunokuba isikhulu semalimboleko singenza. Amaqembu ngokuvamile akheka emphakathini osekhona, emakethe, noma endaweni yokuhlala.

2. Ukuqeqeshwa nokubekwa kwemithetho

Ngaphambi kokuba kuhanjiswe noma iyiphi imali, iqembu livumelana ngomthethosisekelo walo: uhlelo lwemihlangano, imfuneko yokonga, izinhlawulo zokubambezeleka noma ukungabikhona, izinqubo zokubhekana nokungakhokhi, kanye nemithetho yezinguquko zobulungu. Umbolekisi unikeza ukuqeqeshwa ngemibandela yemalimboleko, ukugcinwa kwamarekhodi nokuphathwa kweqembu.

3. Ukukhethwa kwekomidi lokuphatha

Amalungu akhetha izikhulu, ngokuvamile usihlalo, unobhala nomgcinimafa, ngezinye izikhathi kube nekomidi elincane lemali mboleko noma lezikweletu. Ikomidi liphethe imihlangano, ligcina amarekhodi futhi liphathe ukugcinwa kwemali phakathi kokuqoqwa nokufakwa ebhange.

4. Ukukhishwa kwemalimboleko yokuqala

Umbolekisi ukhiphela ibhange lasemaphandleni imalimboleko eyodwa. Iqembu liyabela amalungu ngokwezinqumo zalo, ngaphansi komkhawulo wombolekisi wamanani omuntu ngamunye. Izimalimboleko zomjikelezo wokuqala zincane ngamabomu — zincane ngokwanele ukuthi iqembu likwazi ukumunca ukungakhokhi ngezinsiza zalo uqobo.

5. Imihlangano ejwayelekile

Iqembu lihlangana masonto onke noma njalo emasontweni amabili. Umhlangano ngamunye uqoqa izinkokhelo zemalimboleko nokonga okuyimpoqo, ukubhale emabhukwini amalungu nasebhukwini leqembu, futhi usingathe noma yiluphi udaba lweqembu. Ukuba khona ngokuvamile kuyimpoqo, kunezinhlawulo zokungabikhona.

6. Inkokhelo ehlanganisiwe

Iqembu lithumela inkokhelo eyodwa kumbolekisi ehlanganisa wonke amalungu. Ngokombono wombolekisi kune-akhawunti eyodwa nomkhondo owodwa wezinkokhelo; ngokombono weqembu miningi. Ukuvumelanisa le mibono emibili kungumsebenzi oyinhloko wokusebenza ekubolekiseni kwamaqembu.

7. Ukubhekana nokushoda

Uma ilungu lingakwazi ukukhokha, iqembu livala igebe — kusuka esikhwameni seqembu, kusuka eminikelweni yamanye amalungu, noma ngokucindezela ilungu elingakhokhanga nomndeni walo. Umbolekisi akahlukanisi ukuthi yiliphi ilungu elihlulekile ukukhokha; ubona kuphela ukuthi iqembu lisifezile yini isibopho salo. Lesi yisibopho esihlanganyelwe.

8. Ukuvalwa komjikelezo nokudlulela phambili

Ekupheleni komjikelezo, ngokuvamile izinyanga ezine kuya kweziyishumi nambili, imalimboleko isikhokhwe ngokugcwele. Irekhodi leqembu lokukhokha linquma ubukhulu bemalimboleko yomjikelezo olandelayo. Amaqembu akhokha ngokugcwele adlulela emananini amakhulu; amaqembu angakhokhi angancishiswa, amiswe noma ahlakazwe.

I-akhawunti yangaphakathi neyangaphandle

Isici esihlukanisayo sebhange lasemaphandleni langempela ukwehlukaniswa kwezikhwama ezimbili.

I-akhawunti yangaphandle imalimboleko evela esikhungweni esibolekisa ngemali. Inesilinganiso senzalo saleso sikhungo, uhlelo lwaso lokukhokha kanye nemibandela yaso. Yisibopho seqembu kumbolekisi.

I-akhawunti yangaphakathi imali yeqembu uqobo: ukonga kwamalungu okuqongelelwe, inzalo iqembu eliyikhokhisayo ekubolekiseni kwangaphakathi, izinhlawulo, kanye nensalela egciniwe. Iqembu liboleka lokhu kumalungu ngemibandela yalo — ngokuvamile isikhathi esifushane kakhulu, ngamazinga enzalo abekwa yiqembu, ngezidingo imalimboleko yangaphandle engazihlangani.

Kulandela imiphumela emibili. Okokuqala, i-akhawunti yangaphakathi iyakhula emijikelezweni elandelanayo, futhi ibhange lasemaphandleni eselikhulile lingagcina lixhasa ingxenye enkulu yezidingo zamalungu alo ngezikhwama zalo uqobo. Amanye amaqembu afinyelela eqophelweni lokungayidingi nhlobo imali yangaphandle — okuyinjongo yokuqala yemodeli. Okwesibili, i-akhawunti yangaphakathi inika iqembu insiza yalo siqu yokuvala ukushoda kwelungu, okwenza isiqinisekiso sesibopho esihlanganyelwe siqine.

Akuzona zonke izikhungo eziqhuba "ibhange lasemaphandleni" ezisebenzisa i-akhawunti yangaphakathi. Lapho zingasebenzisi, imodeli isondele ekubolekiseni kweqembu lobumbano ngaphansi kwelinye igama.

Ibhange lasemaphandleni uma liqhathaniswa namamodeli ahlobene

• Ibhange lasemaphandleni - Ubukhulu obujwayelekile: amalungu ayi-15–50

  • Imali yangaphandle: Yebo
  • Isibopho esihlanganyelwe: Iqembu lonke
  • Ukonga okuhlanganisiwe: Yebo, kuyimpoqo
  • Ukuzilawula: Phezulu
  • Isikhwama sakho semalimboleko: Yebo, i-akhawunti yangaphakathi
  • Ukuchayeka kombolekisi: I-akhawunti eyodwa ngeqembu

• Ukubolekisa ngeqembu lobumbano - Usayizi ovamile: amalungu angu-4–7, avame ukuhlanganiswa abe yizikhungo

  • Imali yangaphandle: Yebo
  • Isibopho esihlanganyelwe: Iqembu elincane
  • Ukonga okuhlanganisiwe: Ngezinye izikhathi
  • Ukuzilawula: Okuphakathi nendawo
  • Isikhwama sakho semalimboleko: Kuyivelakancane
  • Ukuchayeka kombolekisi: I-akhawunti eyodwa ngeqembu noma isikhungo

• Iqembu lokonga (VSLA / ASCA) - Usayizi ovamile: amalungu angu-15–30

  • Imali yangaphandle: Imvamisa akukho
  • Isibopho esihlanganyelwe: Akusebenzi
  • Ukonga okuhlanganisiwe: Yebo, kuwumnyombo wemodeli
  • Ukuzilawula: Phezulu kakhulu
  • Isikhwama sakho semalimboleko: Yebo, ukuphela kwesikhwama
  • Ukuchayeka kombolekisi: Akukho

• Inhlangano ejikelezayo yokonga nezikweletu (ROSCA) - Usayizi ovamile: amalungu angu-5–30

  • Imali evela ngaphandle: Akukho
  • Isibopho esihlanganyelwe: Akusebenzi
  • Ukonga kuhlanganisiwe: Yebo, njengeminikelo
  • Ukuzilawula: Okuphelele
  • Isikhwama semali mboleko siqu: Cha, izimali ziyajikeleza
  • Ukuchayeka kombolekisi: Akukho

Umehluko osebenzayo: ukubhanga kwaseSigodini nokubolekisa ngobumbano kufaka imali evela ngaphandle futhi kudala ukuchayeka esikweletini; amaqembu okonga nezinhlangano ezijikelezayo zokonga nokubolekisana zisebenzisa imali yamalungu uqobo futhi azidali lutho. Izinhlelo ezixubile — lapho iqembu lokonga eselikhulile lithatha imali mboleko evela ngaphandle ukuze lengezelele esikhwameni salo — ziphakathi kwalokhu kokubili.

Izindima ebhange laseSigodini

Amalungu bayahambela imihlangano, bakhokhe ngesikhathi, bonge isamba esidingekayo, baqinisekise amanye amalungu futhi bavote ezinqumweni zeqembu.

Ikomiti lokuphatha lihola imihlangano, ligcina ibhuku leqembu nezincwadi zokonga zamalungu, liphathe futhi lifake imali ebhange, futhi limele iqembu kumbolekisi. Amalungu ekomiti akubona abasebenzi futhi ngokuvamile awakhokhelwa.

Isikhulu semali mboleko liqhuba inqubo kunokuphatha. Umsebenzi walo ukwakha amaqembu nokuqeqesha, ukuhambela imihlangano phakathi nemijikelezo yokuqala, ukuhlola amarekhodi, ukuhlola ukuthi iqembu selikulungele yini ukuqhubekela phambili, kanye nokungenela lapho ukukhokha kuwohloka. Isikhulu esisodwa singasekela ababoleki abaningi kakhulu ngaphansi kwale modeli kunokubolekisa komuntu ngamunye, okuwumthombo wenzuzo yezindleko zayo.

Kungani izikhungo zisebenzisa ukubhanga kwaseSigodini

Asikho isidingo sesibambiso. Ukubolekisa kufinyelela kubantu abangenalutho umbolekisi angaluthatha ngokungokoqobo.

Izindleko eziphansi ngomboleki ngamunye. Umhlangano owodwa usiza inqwaba yamakhasimende. I-akhawunti eyodwa kanye nokukhokha okukodwa kuthatha indawo yeziningi. Lesi yisizathu esiyinhloko esenza le modeli ikwazi ukunakekela izimali mboleko ezincane kakhulu ngendlela eyongayo.

Ukuhlola nokuqapha okwenziwa amalungu. Iqembu liyazazi izinto ngebhizinisi lelungu nokwethembeka kwalo ezingeke zivele kunoma iyiphi inqubo yokuhlola. Amalungu aphinde aqaphane ngokuqhubekayo, ngaphandle kwezindleko kumbolekisi.

Ukugqugquzela ukonga. Ukonga okuyimpoqo kwakhela ilungu isivikelo, futhi, ezikhungweni ezivunyelwe ukuthatha amadiphozithi, kuba umthombo wezimali kumbolekisi.

Ukubolekisa okuqhubekayo njengenkuthazo. Ithemba lokuthola imali mboleko enkulu ngomjikelezo olandelayo liyinkuthazo eqinile yokukhokha, ikakhulukazi lapho ezinye izindlela zimbalwa.

Imikhawulo nokugxekwa.

Izindleko zesikhathi zithwalwa amalungu. Imihlangano yamasonto onke, ukuhamba kanye nemithetho yokuba khona kudla amahora abengase asetshenziselwe amabhizinisi asekelwa yilezi zimali mboleko. Lezi zindleko zingokoqobo futhi zithwalwa ngokuphelele ngababoleki.

Isibopho esihlanganyelwe sibeka ubudlelwano ngaphansi kwengcindezi. Ukumboza isibopho somuntu ohlulekile ukukhokha kudlulisela ukulahlekelwa kubomakhelwane nasezihlotsheni. Lapho sekujwayelekile, ingcebo yomphakathi eyenza le modeli isebenze iyancipha.

Ubungozi bokuthelelana. Iqembu liwukuchayeka okuhambisanayo. Amalungu abelana ngemakethe, umjikelezo wezitshalo, nedolobha. Ukushaqeka kwasendaweni kubahlasela bonke ngasikhathi sinye, futhi isiqinisekiso esisebenza ekwehlulekeni kokukhokha okuqondene nomuntu ngamunye siyehluleka ekushaqekeni okuhlanganyelwe.

Imikhawulo yemalimboleko ikhawulela ukukhula. Izilinganiso zemalimboleko ezilingana neqembu zincane kakhulu kumalungu amabhizinisi awo aphumelelayo futhi akhulayo. Amalungu aphumelelayo avame ukukhula adlule imodeli futhi ashiye.

Ukukhishwa ngaphandle kuzo zombili iziphetho. Amaqembu ayabenqaba abampofu kakhulu njengabayingozi kakhulu ukuthi bangaqinisekiswa, futhi ayalahlekelwa ngabaphumelele kakhulu abaya kubabolekisi abazimele. Imodeli isebenzela ibhande elimaphakathi.

Amashejuli aqinile. Ukukhokha kwamasonto onke okuqala ngokushesha ngemva kokukhishwa kwemali kufanela amabhizinisi okuhweba anenzuzo yansuku zonke kodwa akufaneli kahle ezolimo.

Umthwalo ongalingani. Amalungu ekomidi, ikakhulukazi umgcini-mali, athwala umthwalo omkhulu ongakhokhelwa futhi ngokuvamile athwala ubungozi bomuntu siqu obuvela ekuphatheni ukheshi weqembu.

Indlela imodeli eye yaguquka ngayo.

Kukhona izinguquko ezintathu ezibonakalayo emkhakheni wonke:

Kubheke ekubolekiseni komuntu ngamunye. Izikhungo eziningi ezaqala ngokubhanga kwasezigodini manje ziqhuba imikhiqizo yemalimboleko yomuntu ngamunye eceleni kwalokho, zigcina amaqembu kumakhasimende asemazingeni okuqala futhi zidlulisa amalungu aphumelelayo esikweletini somuntu ngamunye.

Kubheke kumamodeli aholwa ukonga. Lapho ukukhathazeka kuwukuthi isikweletu sangaphandle sithwesa imindeni esengozini, abagqugquzeli sebeshintshele emaqenjini okonga akha isikhwama sangaphakathi ngaphandle kwemalimboleko yangaphandle, ngezinye izikhathi axhumana nombolekisi kuphela uma iqembu selivuthiwe.

Kubheke ekulethweni kwedijithali. Ukuqoqwa kwemali ngomakhalekhukhwini kususa ukuphathwa kokheshi emihlanganweni. Amathebulethi ezikhulu athatha indawo yamabhuku okubhalela asephepheni. Ezinye izikhungo sezikhulule ngokuphelele imihlangano yamasonto onke eyimpoqo, zigcina iqembu njengesakhiwo sesiqiniseko ngenkathi kuqhutshwa ukuthengiselana ngomuntu ngamunye nokukude — okunciphisa izindleko kodwa kunciphisa nokuqapha kontanga imodeli encike kukho.

Imiphumela yokusebenza kubabolekisi.

Ukuqhuba ukubolekiswa kweqembu kubeka izidingo ezithile ezinhlelweni nasezilawulweni:

• Amarekhodi emazinga amabili. Imalimboleko ikhona ezingeni leqembu kodwa ukusebenza kufanele kubonakale ezingeni lelungu, ngaphandle kwalokho isikhungo asikwazi ukuhlukanisa iqembu elinempilo kwelinye lapho amalungu amathathu ethwala bonke abanye.
• Ukuhlukanisa izinkokhelo ezihlanganisiwe. Imali eyodwa ethunyelwa yiqembu kufanele yabelwe kuma-akhawunti angaphansi kwamalungu, bese yabelwa ngaphesheya kwezinhlawulo, izimali ezikhokhwayo, inzalo kanye nemali eyinhloko kumuntu ngamunye.
• Imali engakhokhiwe emazingeni womabili. Izigaba zobudala bezikweletu kanye nephothifoliyo elisengozini kubalwa ngokuchayeka kweqembu ukuze kubikwe, kodwa imali engakhokhiwe ezingeni lelungu iwuphawu lokuxwayisa kusenesikhathi.
• Izilawuli zokheshi endaweni yokusebenza. Lapho amakomidi eqoqa ukheshi futhi izikhulu ziwuphatha, ukukhishwa kwamaresidi, ukulawulwa kabili kanye nokufakwa emabhange ngosuku olufanayo kubalulekile.
• Izinguquko zobulungu. Abajoyinayo, abashiyayo kanye nokwabiwa kabusha kwesabelo selungu elishiyayo phakathi nomjikelezo konke kudinga ukuphathwa ngokulawulwa.
• Ukubonakala kwe-akhawunti yangaphakathi. Isikhwama seqembu ngokwaso asiyona impahla yombolekisi, kodwa ukusishaya indiva ngokuphelele kusho ukuphuthelwa ingxenye ebalulekile yesimo sesikweletu selungu.