Imali oyongayo njengesibambiso

Ukonga njengesibambiso kuyindlela lapho ibhalansi yediphozi yomboleki ngokwakhe ivikela imalimboleko yakhe. Umbolekisi ubamba i-lien noma isibopho phezu kwemali eyongiwe, uyayivimba ukuthi ingakhishwa ngenkathi imalimboleko ingakakhokhwa, futhi angayisebenzisa ukukhokha isikweletu uma umboleki ehluleka ukukhokha.

Kuvela ngamagama amaningi: isibambiso semali, ukonga okuyimpoqo, ukonga okuphoqelelwe, idiphozi yesibambiso, isembozo semali, ukuboleka okuvikelwe ukonga noma imalimboleko yepasibhuku, futhi ezinyunyaneni zezikweletu nakuma-SACCO, ukuboleka okusekelwe kumasheya.

Kuyisibambiso esinokwethenjelwa kakhulu futhi esingaguqulwa kalula sibe imali, esitholakala kumbolekisi. Akukho ukuhlolwa kwenani, akukho ukuthathwa kabusha kwempahla, akukho bungozi bezimakethe, akukho ukugcinwa, akukho ndali, futhi akukho mkhawulo wesikhathi sokuphoqelela — ukubuyiselwa kwemali kumane kuba okubhalwa ebhukwini. Zonke ezinye izinhlobo zesibambiso zinenani elingaphansi kwenani lazo elibhalwe phansi uma izindleko zokwenza isibambiso sibe imali nokubambezeleka sekubaliwe. Isibambiso semali sifanelene ncamashi nenani laso, ngokushesha.

Lokho kuthembeka nakho kuyingakho kufanele kuhlolisiswe ngokucophelela: isibambiso sihlinzekwa umboleki, ngezimali zakhe uqobo, futhi uhlelo lungadlulisela ingxenye enkulu yezindleko zemalimboleko luyibuyisele kuye ngokuthula.

Izinhlobo Ezimbili Eziyinhloko

Ukonga okuyimpoqo (okuphoqelelwe)

Ukonga kuyimfuneko yokuboleka. Umboleki kufanele afake imali edingekayo — kungaba ngaphambili, kudonswe ngesikhathi sokukhishwa kwemali, noma kuqoqwe ngeminikelo yezikhathi ezithile — futhi ibhalansi ivinjwe isikhathi sonke semalimboleko.

Lena yimodeli yakudala yezimalincane kanye nokubolekwa kweqembu. Isembozo semali esivamile siphakathi kuka-10% no-30% yenani lemalimboleko, nakuba umkhuba uhluka kakhulu. Imali eyongiwe ngokuvamile iba sesikhwameni seqembu noma esikhwameni somshwalense wemalimboleko kunokuba kwi-akhawunti yomuntu ngamunye.

Ukuboleka okuvikelwe ukonga okungokuzithandela

Ilungu likhetha ukuboleka ngokusebenzisa imali eyongiwe njengesibambiso kunokuba likhiphe — ukuze ligcine ibhalansi ethola inzalo, ligweme ukuphazamisa idiphozithi egxilile, lilondoloze irekhodi lokonga, noma lakhe umlando wesikweletu. Lena yindlela yenyunyana yezikweletu kanye ne-SACCO, evame ukuhlanganiswa ne- multiplier: ilungu lingaboleka kuze kufike kabili, kathathu noma kane inani lezabelo zalo eziqoqiwe noma amadiphozithi, lapho abaqinisekisi bemboza ingxenye engenasibambiso.

Umehluko ubalulekile kukho kokubili ukuziphatha kanye nomnotho. Ukuboleka ngokuzithandela okuvikelwe ngemali kuwukukhetha umkhiqizo wangempela. Ukonga okuphoqelekile kuyindlela yokumisa amanani ethulwa njengomkhiqizo wokonga.

Indlela Esebenza Ngayo Ngokomshini

• Isibambiso. Isibambiso, isibopho noma isithembiso sakhiwa phezu kwediphozithi ngesivumelwano semalimboleko noma sobulungu, sinikeza umbolekisi ilungelo elisemthethweni lokususa isikweletu ebhalansini.
• Ukuvinjwa. I-akhawunti iphawulwa ngesibambiso ohlelweni ukuze ibhalansi ingakwazi ukukhishwa noma ukudluliswa ngenkathi imalimboleko ingakakhokhwa.
• Isilinganiso sekhava yemali. Ibhalansi ebambisiwe njengephesenti lemalimboleko — 100% ekubolekeni okuvikelwe ngokuphelele ngemali, kube kuphansi kakhulu ekuvikelweni okuyingxenye.
• Ukususwa kwekhava ngokungakhokhi. Umbolekisi usebenzisa ibhalansi ukunciphisa isikweletu esingakakhokhwa. Lesi yisenzo sokubalwa kwezimali kanye nesomthetho, hhayi inqubo yokuphoqelela.
• Ukukhululwa. Isibambiso siyasuswa lapho imalimboleko isikhokhwe ngokuphelele. Lapho ikhava iyingxenye futhi imalimboleko incipha ngezitolimende, umkhuba ofanele ukukhulula ngokwesilinganiso kunokugcina ibhalansi ephelele kuze kube sekupheleni.

Inkinga Yezindleko Zangempela

Lona umnyombo wokuhlaziya wendaba, futhi yiphuzu elivame ukushiywa ngaphandle kakhulu.

Lapho umboleki kudingeka onge ukuze aboleke, ukhokha inzalo phezu kwenani eliphelele lemalimboleko kanti usebenzisa kuphela inani elisele. Khonamanjalo imali eyongiwe evinjiwe ithola izinga lediphozithi eliphansi kakhulu kunezinga lokuboleka.

Isibonelo esibaliwe

Umboleki uthatha imalimboleko engu-10,000 ngenzalo engu- 24% ngonyaka. Ukonga okuphoqelekile okungu-2,000 kudonswa lapho kukhishwa imali futhi kuvinjwe isikhathi sonke, kuthola 5%.

• Inani eligcwele lemalimboleko: 10,000
• Kuncishiswe: ukonga okuphoqelekile okuvinjiwe: (2,000)
• Izimali ezisele ezitholakalayo kumboleki: 8,000
• Inzalo ekhokhwe phezu kwe-10,000 ephelele ngo-24%: 2,400
• Kuncishiswe: inzalo etholwe ku-2,000 ngo-5%: (100)
• Izindleko zenzalo ezisele: 2,300
• Izinga elishiwo: 24.0%
• Izinga elisebenzayo ezimalini ezitholakala ngempela (2,300 / 8,000): 28.8%

Izinga elishiwo lizishaya phansi izindleko zangempela cishe ngamaphuzu amahlanu ephesenti. Khulisa isembozo semali siye ku-30%, noma wehlise izinga lediphozithi, kanti igebe liya likhula nakakhulu.

Imiphumela emibili:

Ukudalulwa kwentengo kumelwe kukubonise lokhu. Izinga lenzalo elisebenzayo noma izindleko eziphelele zesikweletu ezibalwa ngokugeleza kwemali kwangempela — lokho umboleki akutholile, nalokho akukhokhile — yisona sibalo kuphela esivumela umboleki ukuthi aqhathanise imikhiqizo. izinga elishiwo elicashuniwe ngokumelene nenani lemalimboleko abangakaze balisebenzise ngokugcwele akulona intengo enengqondo.

Ukonga okuyimpoqo kuyithuluzi lentengo ngokwengxenye. Kukhuphula isivuno esisebenzayo ephothifoliyo kuyilapho kugcina izinga eliyinhloko liphansi. Lokho akusho ngokuzenzakalelayo ukuthi akufaneleki, kodwa kufanele kuqondwe futhi kudalulwe kanjalo kunokuba kwethulwe nje njengenzuzo yokonga kuklayenti.

Kungani Ababolekisi Bekusebenzisa

• Cishe-ziro ukulahleka lapho kunokungakhokhi engxenyeni evikelwe — ukuguqulwa kube imali kwenzeka ngokushesha futhi kuqinisekile
• Akukho zindleko zokuphoqelela noma ukubambezeleka, ngokungafani nazo zonke ezinye izinhlobo zesibambiso
• Isignali yokuhlola nokuzibophezela — ukuzimisela nekhono lokonga kukodwa kuyinkomba yokukhokha
• I-liquidity kanye nokuxhaswa ngezimali, lapho isikhungo sinephepha-mvume lokugcina amadiphozithi
• Umkhuba wokonga owakhiwe ngempela, ezimeni lapho iklayenti belingeke lize longe ngenye indlela
• Ukukhuliswa kwesivuno esisebenzayo, njengoba kuchaziwe ngenhla

Kungani Ababoleki Bekusebenzisa

• Ukufinyelela esikweletini ngaphandle kwesinye isibambiso noma irekhodi elisemthethweni lesikweletu
• Ukugcina ukonga kungakathintwa kunokuba kuguqulwe kube imali ngenxa yesidingo semali eyisamba esikhulu
• Amazinga enzalo aphansi kunamanye angavikelwe, lapho intengo ibonisa ngempela isibambiso
• Amanani amakhulu emalimboleko ngokusebenzisa ukuphindaphinda, ezinhlelweni zama-SACCO nezinyunyana zezikweletu
• Ukwakha umlando obhaliwe wokonga nokukhokha

Izinkinga Zokulawula Nokuthobela Imithetho

Ukuthatha amadiphozithi kudinga ilayisense. Ezindaweni eziningi zomthetho, ukwamukela amadiphozithi avela emphakathini kuwumsebenzi odinga ilayisense. Umbolekisi ongathathi madiphozithi oqoqa "ukonga okuyimpoqo" angase enze umsebenzi wokuthatha amadiphozithi ngaphandle kwelayisense — okuyingozi enkulu ngokomthetho. Izindlela ezivamile ezisetshenziselwa ukukugwema zihlanganisa ukugcina izimali ngaphansi kwe-trust ebhange elinelayisense, noma ukuzichaza njengesibambiso semali esiyisipesheli kunokuba kube idiphozithi, kodwa ukwelashwa kuncike emthethweni wendawo futhi kufanele kuqinisekiswe nomlawuli kunokuba kucatshangwe nje.

Ukuvikelwa kwediphozi. Lapho imali eyongwayo ivikelwa wuhlelo lomshwalense wediphozi, amabhalansi avinjiwe angase avikelwe noma angavikelwa, futhi indlela okuphathwa ngayo lapho isikhungo sihluleka kufanele iqondakale.

Amalungelo e-set-off kufanele adalwe ngokusemthethweni futhi aphoqeleleke. Ilungelo elicatshangwa kuphela kunokuba libhalwe phansi alinalo inani ngesikhathi elidingeka ngalo.

Izindaba Zokuvikelwa Kweklayenti

Imali eyongwayo njengesibambiso idala izinkathazo ezithile zokuziphatha, ezimbalwa zazo eziye zaba yisihloko sokugxekwa emkhakheni wonke.

Ukwambulwa kolwazi. Umboleki kufanele aqonde, ngaphambi kokusayina, ukuthi imali eyongwayo ivinjiwe, isikhathi esingakanani, ukuthi isamba esizokhishwa ngempela sizoba yini, ukuthi imali eyongwayo izohola malini, nokuthi zingakanani izindleko zangempela zemalimboleko emalini etholwa ngempela.

Imali eyongwayo iyimali yeklayenti. Ukuvinjwa kungumkhawulo wenkontileka empahleni yeklayenti siqu, hhayi inkokhelo. Kufanele kukhishwe ngokushesha lapho isikweletu sesikhokhiwe, futhi ukukhishwa ngokwesilinganiso njengoba imalimboleko incipha kungumkhuba ongcono kunokugcina ibhalansi ephelele kuze kuphele isikhathi.

Ukweqisa ngesibambiso. Ukuvinja imali eyongwayo ngokweqile kakhulu kunalokho okusengozini kuletha izindleko ngaphandle kokwehlisa ubungozi ngokuhambisanayo.

I-set-off yomuntu wesithathu. Ezinhlelweni zama-SACCO kanye nezinyunyana zezikweletu, amasheya noma amadiphozithi omqinisekisi avame ukubanjwa lapho umboleki amqinisekisile ehluleka ukukhokha. Lokhu kusemthethweni ngokwenkontileka lapho kubhalwe kahle, kodwa kuyisibopho esikhulu abaqinisekisi ngokuvamile abangasiqondi ngokugcwele ngesikhathi besayina. Ukudalulwa okucacile nokuqondile kubaqinisekisi — kwenani elisengcupheni kanye nezimo zokubanjwa — kuyisidingo esiyisisekelo sokuvikelwa, futhi ukungabikho kwakho kungumthombo ophindaphindayo wezingxabano zamalungu.

Izimali zamaqembu. Lapho isikhwama seqembu esakhiwe ngeminikelo yamalungu sisetshenziselwa ukukhokha izikweletu ezisalele zelungu elingakhokhanga, abakhokhi abahle bamunca ukulahlekelwa kwelinye ilungu ngemali yabo abayongayo. Lokhu kuyingxenye yemvelo yesibopho esihlanganyelwe ngokuhleleka, kodwa kufanele kuvunyelwane ngakho ngokusobala futhi kuqondakale, hhayi ukutholakala ngesikhathi sokulahlekelwa.

Ukuphathwa ngokufa noma ngokuphuma. Inqubomgomo kufanele icace ngokukhululwa kwemali eyongwayo evinjiwe efeni lelungu elishonile noma elungwini eliphumayo, kususwe noma yisiphi isikweletu esingakakhokhwa.

Imali eyongwayo akufanele ithathe indawo yokuhlolwa kwekhono lokukhokha. Imali eyisembozo yehlisa ukulahlekelwa lapho kungakhokhwa; ayenzi imalimboleko ikwazi ukukhokheka. Ukubolekisa ngokuya ngesibambiso kumboleki ongakwazi ukukhokha izitolimende kuletha ukungakhokhi, ukulahlekelwa imali eyongwayo yomboleki, futhi akuzuzisi muntu.

Ukuphathwa Ngokwamabhuku Nokubekelwa Izindleko

Ungadidiyeli ngokuzenzakalelayo. Ibhalansi yemali eyongwayo iyisibopho futhi imalimboleko iyimpahla. Ukuzilinganisa kwazo ebhalanshidi kudinga kokubili ilungelo le-set-off eliphoqeleleka ngokomthetho kanye nenhloso yokukhokha ngokudidiyelwa noma ngesikhathi esisodwa. Ilungelo lokubamba idiphozithi lodwa alifezi izidingo zokudidiyela; lezi zinto ezimbili ngokuvamile zethulwa zingadidiyelwanga.

Ukulahleka kwesikweletu okulindelekile. Isibambiso semali sinciphisa ukulahleka okubangelwa ukwehluleka ukukhokha engxenyeni enesivikelo, inqobo nje uma ilungelo lokususa isikweletu (set-off) lisebenza ngokomthetho futhi ibhalansi itholakala ngempela. Ukucatshangwa kwe-LGD kufanele kubonise ibhalansi esebenzisekayo, engenazo izibopho — hhayi isibalo sokonga esiveziwe, futhi hhayi amabhalansi anezimangalo eziqhudelanayo.

Ukuhlukaniswa kokubuyiselwa. Ukusebenzisa imali eyongayo yomboleki uqobo ukwehlisa isikweletu sakhe kuwukususwa kwesikweletu (set-off), hhayi ukubuyiselwa okuvela emandleni omboleki okukhokha. Ukukuhlanganisa lokhu ezibalweni zazinga lokubuyiselwa kuyazikhukhumalisa futhi kukonakalisa noma yikuphi ukucatshangwa kwe-LGD okususelwa kulowo mlando. Landelela ukususwa kwezikweletu ngokwehlukile.

Isiqondiso Sokuklama

• Hlela isivikelo semali ngamabomu. Kufanele sibonise ubungozi obumboziwe, hhayi inani eliphezulu iklayenti elingakwazi ukulibekezelela.
• Dalula izindleko ezingokoqobo ezimalini ezisele ezitholakalayo, hhayi nje izinga elibizwayo enanini eliphelele.
• Khulula ngokwesilinganiso njengoba imalimboleko incipha lapho isivikelo siyingxenye.
• Khetha ukuzithandela kunokuphoqeleka lapho isisekelo samaklayenti sikuvumela — umkhiqizo ungcono kakhulu futhi ubungozi bokuziphatha buphansi.
• Bhala phansi amalungelo okususa izikweletu ngendlela efanele, futhi qinisekisa isimo sokwamukela idiphozithi kumlawuli.
• Dalula kubaqinisekisi ngokucacile nangembhalo ukuthi yini esengcupheni.
• Ungalokothi uvumele isivikelo semali sithathe indawo yokuhlolwa kokukwazi ukukhokha.