Imodeli yeGrameen

Imodeli yeGrameen yindlela yokubolekisa ngemali encinci esekelwe kumaqela, apho iimali-mboleko ezincinci ezingenabambiso zinikezelwa kubaboleki abanengeniso ephantsi — ubukhulu becala ngabafazi — abalungelelaniswe baba ngamaqela amancinci oontanga kunye namaziko amakhulu asezilalini, kwaye ukubuyiswa rhoqo kunye nokonga okunyanzelekileyo kufakwe kwimveliso.

Yaphuhliswa nguMuhammad Yunus kunye neGrameen Bank eBangladesh, yaba yeyona ndlela yemali-mboleko encinci eyalandelwa ngokubanzi ehlabathini kunye noyilo lwereferensi ekusachazwa ngalo uninzi lweemveliso zokubolekisa ngamaqela. UYunus kunye neGrameen Bank bawongwa ngokudibeneyo ngeBhaso leNobel loXolo ngo-2006 ngalo msebenzi.

Eyona nto ibalulekileyo yale modeli kukuba abahluphekileyo abanako ukubhankwa — basuka nje banganikwa nkonzo ziinkqubo zokubolekisa ezakhelwe phezu kwebambiso, amaxwebhu kunye neziseko zesebe abangakwaziyo ukufikelela kuzo. Imodeli yeGrameen ithatha indawo yezo mfuno ngolwakhiwo lwentlalo kunye noyilo lwemveliso.

Imvelaphi

Le ndlela yaqala ngo-1976 ngolingo oluncinci kwilali yaseJobra, kufuphi neYunivesithi yaseChittagong, apho uYunus waboleka iimali ezincinci ezivela kwiimali zakhe kwiqela labantu belali ababebanjwe kwimijikelo yokuboleka kubabolekisi bemali abangekho sikweni ngenzala ephezulu kakhulu. Iimali-mboleko zabuyiswa.

Ulingo lwakhula lwaba yiprojekthi exhaswa yibhanki enguvimba, kwaza ngo-1983 iGrameen Bank yasekwa njengebhanki ezimeleyo ngommiselo karhulumente. Ulwakhiwo lwayo lobunini nalo lwaluyinxalenye yemodeli: ababoleki babamba isininzi sezabelo zebhanki kwaye bonyula abalawuli kwibhodi yayo, nto leyo eyenza abathengi babe ngabanini.

Grameen lithetha "yelali" okanye "yasemaphandleni" ngesiBengali.

Imigaqo Engundoqo yeModeli yeGrameen

Akukho sibambiso, akukho kunyanzeliswa ngokomthetho. Iimali-mboleko zenziwa ngaphandle kwee-asethi ezibambisiweyo kwaye, kuyilo lwantlandlolo, ngaphandle kokubhenela ezinkundleni. Ukubuyiswa kuqinisekiswa luyilo lwemveliso kunye nolwakhiwo lwentlalo kunokuba kuthathwe impahla.

Ukubolekisa kwabona bahluphekileyo, hayi kwabo banomngcipheko omncinane. Ukufaneleka kwakuchazwa ngokungabi namhlaba nangobuhlwempu be-asethi — kujoliswe ngabom kubantu iibhanki eziqhelekileyo ezazibakhupha ngaphandle.

Abafazi njengababoleki abaphambili. Uninzi olukhulu lwababoleki beGrameen Bank ngabafazi. Isizathu sasiyinto ebonakalayo — abafazi babonisa uqeqesho olunamandla lokubuyisa — kwaye sasinophuhliso: ingeniso elawulwa ngabafazi kwafunyaniswa ukuba inokwenzeka ukuba isetyenziswe kwisondlo sekhaya, impilo kunye nemfundo yabantwana.

Ibhanki iya kumboleki. Abasebenzi besebe baya ezilalini ukuya kwiintlanganiso nokuqokelela. Abathengi abaze banyanzelwe ukuya ebhankini, nto leyo esusa iindleko zothutho kunye nelahleko yexesha ezenza iitransekshini ezincinci zingabi nangeniso kubantu abahluphekileyo.

Iimali-mboleko ezincinci, ukubuyiswa rhoqo. Ubungakanani bemalimboleko buqala buphantsi kwaye izavenge zincinci kwaye zenzeka rhoqo, zihambelana nokungena nokuphuma kwemali kwemihla ngemihla okanye ngeveki kwishishini elincinci kunokuba umjikelo womvuzo wenyanga.

Ukobolekisa okunyukayo. Ubungakanani bemalimboleko bunyuka kumjikelo ngamnye ogqitywe ngempumelelo, ngoko ixabiso lokufikelela okuqhubekayo kwikredithi likhula ngokuhamba kwexesha kwaye lisebenza njengenkuthazo ebinokunikelwa bubambiso.

Ukonga okunyanzelekileyo. Ababoleki bayonga kunye nokuboleka, besakha isikhuselo kwaye bemisela umkhwa wokonga ngokusesikweni.

Indlela iModeli yeGrameen eyakhiwe ngayo

Iqela labahlanu

Ababoleki abanokubakho bayazikhethela ngokwabo babe ngamaqela amalungu amahlanu asuka kwilali enye, akumgangatho ofanayo wezoqoqosho, kwaye angaveli kwikhaya elinye. Ukuzikhethela kubalulekile: amalungu ayabakhupha abamelwane abakholelwa ukuba abayi kubuyisa, nto leyo edlulisela inxalenye yovavanyo lwetyala kubantu abanolwazi lwasekuhlaleni olungcono kakhulu kunalo naliphi na igosa lemali-mboleko.

Iziko

Amaqela amathandathu ukuya kwasibhozo (malunga namalungu angama-30–40) enza iziko, elihlangana rhoqo ngeveki ngexesha nendawo ezimiselweyo. Intlanganiso yeziko kulapho iintlawulo ziqokelelwa, ukonga kwenziwa, iimali-mboleko ezintsha zivunywa kwaye iingxaki ziveliswa esidlangalaleni.

Ukukhutshwa kwemali ngezigaba

Kuyilo lwakudala, iimali-mboleko zazingakhutshelwa onke amalungu amahlanu ngaxeshanye. Amalungu amabini afumana iimali-mboleko kuqala; ukuba abuyisa ngexesha, amabini alandelayo ayefaneleka; usihlalo weqela wayegqibela. Olu landelelwano lwanika ilungu ngalinye inxaxheba ethe ngqo kwindlela yokuziphatha yokubuyisa yabanye.

Uxanduva lweqela neziko

Phantsi kwenkqubo yantlandlolo, iqela neziko zazinexanduva lwamalungu angekahlawuli, kwaye oku kwakuxhaswa yingxowa-mali yeqela eyakhiwe ngamagalelo amalungu. Ukubeka iliso koontanga kunye nokubuyisa esidlangalaleni yayiyindlela yokunyanzelisa.

Ukubuyiswa ngeveki

Izavenge zazincinci kwaye ziqokelelwa ngeveki kwintlanganiso yeziko, nto leyo enika amagosa emali-mboleko isignali ekhawulezayo xa umboleki eqala ukusokola — kwangaphambi kokuba ishedyuli yenyanga ibinokuyiveza.

Izigqibo ezilishumi elinesithandathu

Ababoleki beGrameen ngokudibeneyo bamkela iseti yezibophelelo zentlalo ezilishumi elinesithandathu, ezifundwa kwiintlanganiso zeziko, eziquka imixholo ebandakanya uqeqesho lwekhaya nokusebenza nzima, ukuphucula izindlu, ukulima nokutya imifuno, ukugcina iintsapho zincinci, ukufundisa abantwana, ukusebenzisa amanzi acocekileyo okusela kunye nezindlu zangasese, ukwala ikhazi, kunye nokunceda amanye amalungu asebunzimeni.

Izigqibo EziliShumi ElinesiThandathu zabonisa ukuba le modeli yayingazange ibe yeyezemali kuphela. Ukubolekwa kwemali kwakuphathwa njengesixhobo esinye ngaphakathi kwinkqubo yentlalo ebanzi — uphawu olwahlula imodeli yeGrameen kwi-microfinance yamva nje "yokuboleka kuphela" kwaye iseyenye yeenkalo ekuxoxwa ngazo kakhulu kule ndlela.

Grameen II: Inkqubo eJikeleleyo

Ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-2000, inkqubo yakudala yayibonisa ubunzima. Iishedyuli ezingqongqo zeveki nganye zazingasindi kwiziphazamiso ezinje ngezikhukula ezinzima zika-1998; ababoleki ababengakwazi ukugcina ishedyuli babeyeka ngokupheleleyo; kwaye uxanduva oluhlangeneyo lwaludala ukuwohloka kweqela xa elinye ilungu lisilela.

Grameen Bank yayila ngokutsha indlela yokusebenza njenge Grameen Generalised System (Grameen II), yaqaliswa ukusetyenziswa ukususela ngo-2001–2002.

• Uxanduva oluhlangeneyo: Yakudala: Iqela linoxanduva kumalungu asemva kweentlawulo. Grameen II: Uxanduva oluhlangeneyo olusesikweni lususiwe; uxanduva lomntu ngamnye.
• Ingxowa-mali yeqela nokonga: Yakudala: Ingxowa-mali yeqela enyanzelekileyo, enofikelelo olulinganiselweyo. Grameen II: Ii-akhawunti zokonga zobuqu nezikhethekileyo, kunye nesikimu somhlalaphantsi esinekhontrakthi (GPS).
• Ukuphathwa kokusilela ukuhlawula: Yakudala: Imali-mboleko ihlelwa njengengahlawulwanga. Grameen II: Imali-mboleko eguquguqukayo — ihlelwa ngokutsha ibe yindlela ende, enezavenge ezincinci.
• Iimveliso zemali-mboleko: Yakudala: Imali-mboleko eqhelekileyo ubukhulu becala efanayo. Grameen II: Imali-mboleko esisiseko kunye neemveliso zezindlu, zemfundo, zamashishini amancinci kunye nezomhlalaphantsi.
• Ishedyuli yokuhlawula: Yakudala: Ishedyuli engqongqo yeveki, efanayo. Grameen II: Izavenge eziguquguqukayo kunye namaxesha okuhlawula ayavunyelwa.
• Abathengi abahlwempuzekileyo: Yakudala: Imveliso eqhelekileyo. Grameen II: Inkqubo ekhethekileyo engenanzala yamalungu asweleyo.

Utshintsho olungundoqo lwesakhiwo yayiyi imali-mboleko eguquguqukayo: umboleki owayengakwazi ukugcina ishedyuli yemali-mboleko esisiseko wafakwa kwikhontrakthi ehlelwe ngokutsha kunokuba abhengezwe njengongahlawulanga aze agxothwe. Oku kwaguqula inkqubo eyayineziphumo ezimbini zokuphumelela okanye ukusilela yaba yinkqubo enendlela yokuchacha, kwaye kwanciphisa kakhulu ukurhoxa.

Okuphawulekayo, i-Grameen II yalugcina ulwakhiwo lwamaqela namaziko — ukuhlolwa koontanga nentlanganiso kawonke-wonke — ngelixa isusa uxanduva oludibeneyo lwekhontrakthi. Obu bubungqina obunamandla bokuba amandla ale modeli avela ngakumbi kulwakhiwo lwentlalo noyilo lwemveliso kunakwigatya loxanduva ngokwalo.

Isizathu sokuba le Modeli Isebenze

• Ulwazi. Amaqela azikhetheleyo asombulula ingxaki yokukhetha kakubi, kuba amalungu ayalwazi ngcono ukuthembeka komnye nomnye kunokuba nawuphi na umbolekisi anokwazi.
• Ukubeka iliso. Oontanga bayayijonga indlela imali yemali-mboleko esetyenziswa ngayo ngokwenene, ngeendleko eziphantse zibe ngu-zero kumbolekisi.
• Unyanzeliso. Ukuhlawula esidlangalaleni kwiintlanganiso zamaziko kwenza ukungahlawuli kubonakale eluntwini kwindawo umboleki angenako ukuyishiya ngokulula.
• Izikhuthazi. Ileli enyukayo ithetha ukuba ixabiso lobudlelwane lihlala lingaphezulu kunexabiso lokusilela ukuhlawula imali-mboleko yangoku.
• Ukuhambelana nokungena nokuphuma kwemali. Iintlawulo ezincinci ezithe rhoqo zihambelana neepatheni zengeniso yamashishini amancinci endaweni yokunyanzelisa ingcinga yomjikelo womvuzo.
• Ulwakhiwo lweendleko. Iintlanganiso zamaqela zivumela igosa lemboleko elinye ukuba lisebenzele ababoleki abaninzi kutyelelo olunye, nto leyo eyenza iimali-mboleko ezincinci kakhulu zikwazi ukusebenza.

Izigxeko nobungqina

Ingeniso yeglosari ngemodeli ye-Grameen ayiphelelanga ngaphandle kobungqina obuphikisayo.

Uxinzelelo loontanga olunyanzelisayo. Unyanzeliso lwentlalo olufanayo oluvelisa ukuhlawula okuphezulu lunokuvelisa ukuhlaziswa esidlangalaleni, uxinzelelo lweqela kumalungu acinezelekileyo, nokuboleka kubo ababolekisi bemali ukuze kugcinwe irekhodi yeqela licocekile. Amazinga okuhlawula axeliweyo anokuthi ngoko agqithise intlalo-ntle yokwenene yomboleki.

Ubungqongqo beshedyuli yakudala. Ukuhlawula ngeveki okuqala kamsinya emva kokukhutshwa kwemali kuhambelana nomsebenzi worhwebo onengeniso ekhawulezayo kodwa akuhambelani kakuhle nezolimo okanye naliphi na ishishini elinomjikelo wemveliso omde. I-Grameen II yakujongana noku ngokuthe ngqo.

Impembelelo elinganisiweyo ethobekileyo. Iqela leemvavanyo ezingahleliweyo zeenkqubo ze-microcredit liye lafumanisa ngokubanzi ukonyuka kotyalo-mali lweshishini nokuguquguquka okukhulu kwekhaya ekuphatheni imali, kodwa iziphumo eziphakathi ezilinganiselweyo kwingeniso, kusetyenziso, kwimpilo okanye emfundweni. Imvumelwano eye yavela kukuba i-microcredit sisixhobo semali esiluncedo kunokuba yindlela yokuphelisa ubuhlwempu — ibango elicuthe kakhulu kunoko kwakusenziwa bubhengezo lwangaphambili.

Ulawulo lwemali-mboleko emakhayeni. Ukubolekisa abafazi akuqinisekisi ukuba abafazi bayayilawula imali. Uphononongo luye lwabhala iimeko apho iimali-mboleko ezithathwe egameni lomfazi zazisetyenziswa kwaye zilawulwa ngamadoda asekhaya ngelixa yena ethwele uxanduva lokuhlawula.

Ukutshoneleka ematyaleni ekuphindaphindweni. Apho indlela yokusebenza yaphindaphindwa ngomlinganiselo omkhulu ngababolekisi abaqhutywa yinzuzo ngaphandle kwengqeqesho yokonga ehamba nayo, inkqubo yezentlalo okanye ukukhuselwa kwabathengi, ukuboleka okuphindaphindiweyo nokuqokelelwa kwamatyala ngendlela endlongondlongo kwabangela umonakalo omkhulu — okubonakala kakhulu kwingxaki ye-microfinance yase-Indiya yowama-2010.

Iindleko zetyala. Amazinga enzala asebenzayo kwiimali-mboleko ezincinci aphezulu xa kuthelekiswa nokuboleka kweebhanki zorhwebo, nto leyo ebonisa iindleko zokwenene zokuqokelelwa rhoqo kwexabiso elincinci ngabasebenzi basezindaweni. Abagxeki bathi ezi ndleko ziwela kakhulu kwabo bangakwaziyo ukuzithwala; abakhuselayo bathi uthelekiso olufanelekileyo kukuboleka kubo ababolekisi bemali abangacwangciswanga, hayi amazinga eebhanki zorhwebo.

Ilifa nokuphindaphindwa.

Imodeli ye-Grameen iye yahlengahlengiswa kwi-Asia, e-Afrika, eLatin America nakuMntla Melika, kwaye ulwakhiwo lwayo lufakwe kuyilo lweemveliso ezininzi zokuboleka ngamaqela ezisetyenziswayo namhlanje — kubandakanya ibhanki yasezilalini, iimodeli zamaqela okuzinceda, neemveliso zamaqela ezibonelelwa ngamaziko e-microfinance nee-SACCOs.

Amagalelo ayo angaphelelwa lixesha ngawengcinga kunokuba ngawenkqubo: ukuba abahluphekileyo bayakufanelekela ukubolekwa; ukuba isibambiso sinokuthathwa indawo lulwakhiwo nezikhuthazi; ukuba ukunikezelwa kufuneka kufikelele kumthengi; nokuba iimali-mboleko ezincinci zinokwenziwa ngomlinganiselo omkhulu ngendlela ezinzileyo ngokwezemali.

Iindlela zokusebenza zamva ziye zasuka kuxanduva oludibeneyo olungqongqo neentlanganiso zeveki ezingqongqo zaya kuxanduva lomntu ngamnye, iishedyuli eziguquguqukayo nokuhanjiswa ngedijithali. Kodwa ingqiqo esisiseko — qala kancinci, hlawula ukuze uzuze ngaphezulu, sebenzisa ulwakhiwo lwentlalo nolokuziphatha endaweni yempahla — ihlala isisiseko sokuboleka ngaphandle kwesibambiso.