Imboleko encinci

Imali-mboleko encinci yimali-mboleko enexabiso elincinci, enexesha elifutshane enikwa umboleki ongakwaziyo ukufikelela kwikhredithi yebhanki eqhelekileyo — ngokuqhelekileyo ngenxa yokungabi nasibambiso, iirekhodi zengeniso ezisesikweni okanye imbali yetyala. Idla ngokusetyenziselwa ukuxhasa ngemali ishishini elincinci okanye umsebenzi ongenisa imali, kwaye ibuyiselwa ngezavenge ezincinci ezirhoqo eziqala kamsinya emva kokukhutshwa kwemali.

Umqobo oyintloko bubukhulu. Imali-mboleko encinci ngokwaneleyo ukuba incede umrhwebi wasemarikeni nayo incinci ngokwaneleyo kangangokuba iindleko zokuyihlola, ukuyikhuphela nokuyiqokelela zidla isabelo esikhulu senzala eyifumanayo. Phantse lonke uphawu olwahlukileyo lwemboleko-mali encinci lusabela kolo balo-mali.

Imali-mboleko encinci xa ithelekiswa namagama anxulumeneyo

• Imali-mboleko encinci — Imveliso yemboleko encinci yomntu ngamnye
• Ikhredithi encinci — Indlela yokubolekisa ngeemali ezincinci, ephantse isetyenziswe ngokutshintshisanayo nokubolekisa ngeemboleko ezincinci
• I-microfinance — Inkqubo ebanzi, equka ukonga, i-inshorensi, iintlawulo, ukudluliselwa kwemali kunye nekhredithi
• Imboleko yomhla womvuzo — Ikhredithi yabathengi yexeshana elifutshane kakhulu ehlawulwa ngomvuzo olandelayo, ngokuqhelekileyo isetyenziselwa iimfuno zasekhaya kungekhona ishishini
• Imboleko yamashishini amancinci naphakathi — Ikhredithi enkulu yeshishini, ngokuqhelekileyo ifuna iingxelo zezemali kwaye amaxesha amaninzi ifuna isibambiso

Umahluko phakathi kwekhredithi encinci kunye ne-microfinance ubalulekile ngokwembali. Icandelo laqala ngekhredithi kuphela, emva koko lakhula emva kokuba kwacaca ukuba amakhaya ahlwempuzekileyo adla ngokudinga indawo ekhuselekileyo yokonga kunye nendlela yokulawula umngcipheko ubuncinane kanye njengoko adinga ukuboleka.

Umahluko ukusuka ekubolekiseni ngemali yomhla womvuzo ubalulekile kwezorhwebo. Zombini zinceda ababoleki abangaphandle kwekhredithi eqhelekileyo, kodwa imali-mboleko encinci isekelwe kumsebenzi ongenisa imali kwaye yenzelwe ukuhlawulwa ngokuthe ngcembe, ngelixa ikhredithi yomhla womvuzo isekelwe kumvuzo osondele kakhulu kwaye ihlawulwa ngesixa esinye.

Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo

• Ubungakanani bemboleko — Buncinci xa buthelekiswa nengeniso yasekuhlaleni; ngokuqhelekileyo bungamakhulu ambalwa eeyunithi zemali kwinqanaba lokuqala, bunyuka ngokuboleka okuphindiweyo
• Ixesha lemboleko — Iinyanga ezintathu ukuya kumashumi amabini anesine, ubukhulu becala zintandathu ukuya kwishumi elinesibini
• Isibambiso — Ngokuqhelekileyo akukho sibambiso ngokwengqiqo eqhelekileyo; isiqinisekiso seqela, impahla yekhaya okanye umqinisekisi womntu endaweni yoko
• Imvamisa yokuhlawula — Rhoqo ngeveki, emva kweeveki ezimbini okanye ngenyanga, kuqala kamsinya emva kokukhutshwa kwemali
• Inzala — Iphezulu ngokwexabiso elibhaliweyo xa ithelekiswa nokubolekisa kweebhanki, ngenxa yolwakhiwo lweendleko kunokuba ngumda wenzuzo
• Ukuvavanya — Ukwakhiwa ngokutsha kokuhamba kwemali kunye nesimilo, endaweni yamaxwebhu
• Unikezelo — Olusekelwe endle, kwishishini lomboleki okanye kwiintlanganiso zamaqela
• Inkqubela — Imida iyanda kumjikelo ngamnye ohlawulwe ngempumelelo

Iimodeli zonikezelo

Ukubolekisa ngeqela okanye ngobumbano. Ababoleki benza iqela elincinane elimalungu aqinisekisanayo. Iqela liyawahlola amalungu alo, linyanzelisa ukuhlawula, kwaye lithwala ukusilela komntu ngamnye. Lisebenzisa ulwazi lwasekuhlaleni nonyanzeliso lwezentlalo endaweni yesibambiso kunye nokuhlolwa okusesikweni, kwaye lisusa inkoliso yeendleko zovavanyo liyibeka kwiqela ngokwalo.

Ukubolekisa imali encinci kumntu ngamnye. Imali-mboleko ethe ngqo kumboleki omnye, ehlolwa ngotyelelo lweshishini kunye nokwakhiwa kwakhona kokuhamba kwemali. Iindleko eziphezulu ngemali-mboleko nganye kunokubolekisa ngeqela, kodwa ifaneleka ngakumbi kumashishini amakhulu kancinane nakubaboleki abangafuniyo ukuthwala uxanduva lwabanye.

Iibhanki zasezilalini kunye namaqela okonga. Ingxowa-mali elawulwa luluntu, ngamanye amaxesha ihlwayelwa ngumbolekisi wangaphandle kwaye ngamanye amaxesha yakhiwa ngokupheleleyo ngemali eyongwayo yamalungu. Amalungu aboleka kwingxowa-mali edityanisiweyo kwaye ahlawule kuyo, nenzala eya kwiqela kunokuba iye kwiziko langaphandle.

Ukudityaniswa kwamaqela okuzinceda. Amaqela okonga asele ezinzile aboleka njengeqela elinye kumbolekisi osesikweni kwaye abolekise ngaphakathi, nto leyo evumela umbolekisi ukuba ancede amakhaya amaninzi ngobudlelwane obunye.

Iimali-mboleko ezincinci zedijithali nezeselula. Iimali-mboleko ezincinci kakhulu, ezifutshane kakhulu, ezihlolwa nge-algorithm ngokusuka kwimbali yeentengiselwano zemali yeselula, iipateni zokuthenga i-airtime kunye nedatha yefowuni, zikhutshwa ngoko nangoko kwi-wallet yeselula. Iindleko ngemali-mboleko nganye zehla kakhulu; kunjalo nangobunzulu bokuhlola kunye nobudlelwane nomboleki.

Le modeli yokugqibela ikhule ngesantya esiphezulu kwaye iyitshintshe kakhulu iprofayili yomngcipheko wecandelo. Ikhredithi ekhawulezileyo, ekude, nephindaphindwayo ifikelela ababoleki apho kungekho gosa lasendle elinokubanceda ngendlela enoqoqosho, kwaye ikwavumela ukuboleka kubaboneleli abaliqela ngaxeshanye ngendlela ukubolekisa okusekelwe endle okungazange kuyenze.

Ubume bokuhlawula

Iimpawu ezintathu ziyahlula ukuhlawulwa kwemali-mboleko encinci kubolekiso oluqhelekileyo.

Izavenge ezincinci ezihlawulwa rhoqo. Iintlawulo zeveki okanye ezeeveki ezimbini zihambelana ngcono nokuhamba kwemali yemihla ngemihla yamashishini orhwebo neenkonzo kunokuba iintlawulo zenyanga zisenza, kwaye ziveza iingxaki kwangoko — intlawulo yeveki ephosiweyo ibonakala kwiintsuku nje kunokuba ibonakale emva kwenyanga.

Ukuhlawula kuqala ngoko nangoko. Iimali-mboleko ezincinci ezininzi zifuna isavenge sokuqala kwiveki enye okanye ezimbini emva kokukhutshwa, phambi kokuba umsebenzi oxhaswe ngemali uvelise inzuzo. Oku kwenziwa ngabom: kuvavanya ukuziphatha kwangoko kwaye kunciphisa ixesha lokuba sesichengeni. Kukwathetha ukuba izavenge zokuqala zihlawulwa rhoqo ngokusuka kwenye ingeniso, nto leyo eyaziwayo njengesigxeko sale modeli.

Ukubolekisa okuqhubela phambili. Imida iyenyuka kumjikelo ngamnye ohlawulwe ngexesha. Oku kuthatha indawo yembali yetyala engekhoyo — umbolekisi wenza idatha ayifunayo ngokukhupha iimali ezincinci kwaye abukele indlela yokuziphatha. Kukwadala inkuthazo enamandla yokuhlawula, kuba ukusilela kuthetha ukuphulukana nokufikelela kwiimali-mboleko ezinkulu aboleki asebenzela ukuzifumana.

Isizathu sokuba amazinga enzala yemali-mboleko encinci abe phezulu

Lo ngumba ongaqondwa kakuhle kakhulu wokubolekisa imali encinci, kwaye ingcaciso yeyezibalo kunokuba ibe yeyembono.

Iindleko zokwenza imali-mboleko ubukhulu becala zimiselwe kungakhathaliseki ubungakanani bayo. Ukuvavanya umboleki, ukutyelela ishishini labo, ukukhupha imali, ukubeka iliso nokuqokelela kuxabisa ngokulinganayo nokuba imali-mboleko incinci okanye inkulu. Xa esasazwe kwisixa esincinci esiyintsusa, ezo ndleko ezimiselweyo zidla inxalenye enkulu kakhulu yesixa esibolekisiweyo.

Ireyithi yombolekisi kufuneka ihlawulele izinto ezine:

• Iindleko zokufumana imali — into ayihlawula ngayo umbolekisi ngemali ayibolekisa yona
• Ulungiselelo lwelahleko yeemboleko — ukusilela ukuhlawula okulindelekileyo kwipotfoliyo yonke
• Iindleko zokusebenza — abasebenzi, ezothutho, amasebe, iinkqubo, ixesha leentsimi
• Inzuzo — inzuzo egciniweyo

Kubolekiso oluqhelekileyo, iindleko zokufumana imali zezona zongamele. Kubolekiso lweemali-mboleko ezincinci, iindleko zokusebenza zezona zongamele, ngokufuthi ngomda obanzi. Utyelelo lokuqokelela rhoqo, ababoleki basemaphandleni abasasazekileyo, iimali-mboleko ezincinci novavanyo olufuna umsebenzi omninzi konke kuthwala isixa esiyintsusa esincinci.

Kukho iziphumo ezimbini ezilandelayo. Okokuqala, ukuthelekisa ireyithi yemali-mboleko encinci nereyithi yemali-mboleko yendlu yebhanki kuthelekisa ubume beendleko obahlukeneyo, hayi amanqanaba amabini okunyoluka. Okwesibini, eyona ndlela isebenzayo yokunciphisa amaxabiso emali-mboleko encinci kukunciphisa iindleko zokusebenza ngemboleko nganye — ngoku ukuhanjiswa ngedijithali, ukuqokelelwa kwemali ngefowuni ephathekayo, iintlanganiso zamaqela kunye iinkqubo ezingcono — endaweni yokusebenzisa imida yereyithi, nto leyo edla ngokukhokelela ekubeni ababolekisi barhoxe kuqala kumacandelo amancinci nakwawona akude.

Oku kutsho, ubume beendleko buchaza ireyithi eziphezulu; abuyithetheleli nayiphi na ireyithi. Umsantsa phakathi kwexabiso elithethelekayo eligubungela iindleko nelokurhwaphiliza ukhona, kwaye ukungafihli ngeendleko ezipheleleyo zetyala koko kuvumela umboleki ukuba azahlule.

Ukusetyenziselwa kweemali-mboleko ezincinci

• Inkunzi yokusebenza yorhwebo — isitokhwe sentengiso yasemarikeni, ivenkile okanye ikhiyoski. Olona hlobo luxhaphakileyo, kwaye lolona lunamjikelo okhawulezayo wemali.
• Amagalelo emveliso yomlinganiselo omncinci — izinto zokuthunga, ukuchwela, nokusetyenzwa kokutya.
• Iiasethi ezincinci zokuvelisa — umatshini wokuthunga, ifriji, isithuthuthu, izixhobo zokuwelda.
• Amagalelo ezolimo — imbewu, isichumisi nomsebenzi wefama encinci.
• Imfuyo — amaqela eenkukhu, iibhokhwe, inkomo yobisi.
• Ukulungelelanisa ukusetyenziswa kwemali neemeko ezingxamisekileyo — iindleko zesikolo, iindleko zonyango, iindleko zomngcwabo.

Olu didi lokugqibela luyaphikiswana. Iimali-mboleko ezincinci zihlala zithengiswa zize zivavanywe njengetyala leshishini, kodwa imali iyasebenziseka ngeendlela ezininzi ekhaya, kwaye isahlulo esikhulu seemali-mboleko ezichazwa njengenkxaso-mali yeshishini enyanisweni zixhasa ukusetyenziswa kwemali ekhaya. Ukuthatha oko njengobuqhophololo kuyayichaza kakubi into leyo — eyona mfuneko ingxamisekileyo yekhaya ayisoloko iyileyo ivunywa yimveliso yemali-mboleko. Ababolekisi abayivumayo ngokucacileyo, ngokunikezela ngeemveliso ezifanelekileyo zongxamiseko nezemfundo, ngokubanzi babona ukuhlawulwa okucocekileyo kunabo benza ngathi konke ukuboleka kuyavelisa.

Ukuvavanywa komfaki-sicelo wemali-mboleko encinci

Ngaphandle kweengxelo zemali, iiphepha zomvuzo okanye ifayile yeburho yamatyala, uvavanyo luxhomekeke koku:

• Utyelelo lweshishini — ukujonga isitendi, isitokhwe, ukuhamba kwabathengi kunye nokugcinwa kweerekhodi ngokuthe ngqo
• Ukuphinda kwakhiwe ukuhamba kwemali — ukwakha umfanekiso olula weveki wengeniso neendleko ngokusuka kwiirekhodi zomboleki ngokwakhe nasekubaleni kwesitokhwe
• Ukutsalwa kweendleko zekhaya — ukutsala iindleko zokuphila, kuba iimali zeshishini nezekhaya ziyimbiza enye
• Isimilo nokuma — iingxelo ezivela kubaboneleli, abamelwane, amalungu eqela, nemibutho
• Izibophelelo ezikhoyo — kuquka ukuthenga ngetyala kubaboneleli nokuboleka okungacwangciswanga okungarekodwa libhunga letyala.
• Imbali yemali yeselula, ngokuya isiba yeyona rekhodi yengeniso ekhoyo etyebileyo.
• Ukungqinwa liqela, apho amalungu athwala uxanduva oludibeneyo kwaye ngenxa yoko bahlola ngokunzulu

Imingcipheko nezigxeko

Ukutyala ngokugqithisileyo nokuboleka okuphindaphindiweyo. Umboleki ophethe iimali-mboleko ezivela kubaboneleli abaliqela ngaxeshanye, ekungekho namnye kubo onokubona omnye, lolona hlobo lwesilelo luphindaphindayo kweli candelo. Ukuboleka ngedijithali kuye kwandisa oku kakhulu, kuba umboleki unokubamba iimali-mboleko ezininzi ngaxeshanye engazange adibane negosa lemboleko. Ukugutyungelwa kwababolekisi abancinci ziibhunga zamatyala yeyona nto inciphisa umngcipheko kwaye akukapheleli kwiimarike ezininzi.

Ukuqokelelwa kwetyala ngokunyanzelisa. Uxinzelelo lweqela yindlela eyenza ukuboleka okungenasibambiso kusebenze, kwaye lube yingozi xa lukhula lube kukuhlazisa esidlangalaleni, ukuthathwa kweempahla ngaphandle kwenkqubo, okanye uxinzelelo olufakwa kusapho lomntu ongahlawulanga. Ababolekisi abathembekileyo babeka imida ecacileyo kwindlela yokuqokelela; ezona ziganeko ezimbi zeli candelo zibangelwe kukungabikho kwaloo mida.

Imingcipheko ehambelanayo. Iziqinisekiso zeqela zisingatha kakuhle ubunzima bomntu ngamnye kodwa zisingatha kakubi iingxaki zommandla. Xa imbalela, izikhukula okanye ukuwa kwemarike kuthwaxa onke amalungu ngaxeshanye, uxanduva oludibeneyo ludlulisa umothuko endaweni yokuwufunxa.

Ukuphambuka kwinjongo. Njengoko ababolekisi besanda kwaye bephishekela ukuzinza, umyinge wobungakanani bemboleko uthande ukunyuka kwaye ababoleki abahlwempuzeke kakhulu ngokuthe ngcembe bancedwa kancinci. Oku kukruthakruthwano okubhalwe kakuhle kunokuba sisityholo, kwaye kubonisa uxinzelelo lokwenyani phakathi kokuzinza kwezemali nobunzulu bokufikelela.

Amaxabiso angacacanga. Ukucaphula ngereyithi ethe tyaba, iifizi ezihlawulwa kwangoko, ukonga okunyanzelekileyo okutsalwa kwimali ebolekwayo kunye neeprimiyamu ze-inshorensi ezidityanisiweyo kunokwenza indleko yokwenene ibe phezulu kakhulu kunokuba ireyithi ebhengeziweyo ibonisa.

Oko ubungqina bubonisayo

Uphononongo olungqongqo lwemali-mboleko encinci kule minyaka ingamashumi amabini idlulileyo luvelise umfanekiso olinganiselweyo ngakumbi kunamabango okuqala eli candelo. Izifundo ezikhethwe ngendlela engacwangciswanga kumazwe aliqela ngokubanzi zifumanisa ukuba ukufikelela kwiimali-mboleko ezincinci kwandisa utyalo-mali lweshishini kwaye kunika amakhaya ukuguquguquka okuthe chatha ekuphatheni ukuhamba kwemali nomngcipheko, kodwa ngokomyinge akuvelisi nzuzo enkulu kwingeniso, ekusetyenzisweni, empilweni okanye kwiziphumo zemfundo.

Ukuvumelana okuvunyelwene ngako kukuba imali-mboleko encinci sisixhobo sezemali esiluncedo kunokuba ibe yindlela yokuphuma ebuhlwempini ngokwayo, kwaye iinzuzo ezinokubaluleka zigxile kubaboleki abasele beneeshishini ezinokukhula. Eli libango elimxinwa kunelo elakha lenziwa leli candelo, kodwa liselokubaluleka — ukukwazi ukwenza lula ukusetyenziswa kwemali yokuphila nokutyala imali kwishishini elincinci kunexabiso lokwenene nokuba akuguquli ingeniso yekhaya.