Isilinganiso sesikweletu emholweni

Isilinganiso sezikweletu emholweni (DTI) siyingxenye yomholo ophelele wanyanga zonke womboleki oya ekukhokheleni isikweletu, esivezwa njengephesenti. I-DTI engu-40% isho ukuthi amayunithi angamashumi amane kwayikhulu atholwayo asevele abekelwe ukukhokha izimalimboleko ngaphambi kokuba kukhokhwe noma yini enye.

I-DTI isilinganiso sokukhokheka. Ibuza ukuthi umboleki angakwazi yini ukuthwala inkokhelo, okungumbuzo ohlukile kunokuthi umbolekisi angakwazi yini ukubuyisa imali uma umboleki engakwazi — lokho kuwumsebenzi we-loan-to-value ratio nesimo sesibambiso. Cishe yonke inqubomgomo yokuboleka isebenzisa zombili, ngoba ukwehluleka okubili kuzimele: imalimboleko enesibambiso esiqinile isengakwazi ukungakhokheki, futhi imalimboleko ekhokhekayo isengaba nesibambiso esibi.

Isilinganiso sibizwa nangokuthi isilinganiso sokukhokhelwa kwesikweletu (DSR) noma isilinganiso somthwalo wezikweletu, futhi ekubolekeni okudonswa emholweni isilinganiso sokudonswa. Izibalo ziyefana; umehluko usekulokho isikhungo ngasinye esikubala njengesikweletu nanjengomholo, futhi lezo zinqumo zezincazelo zibaluleke ngaphezu komkhawulo ngokwawo.

Ifomula ye-DTI

DTI = (Total monthly debt repayments ÷ Gross monthly income) × 100

Inkokhelo yemalimboleko entsha ehlongozwayo iyafakwa ku-numerator. I-DTI ebalwa ngaphandle kwayo ichaza isimo somboleki namuhla, hhayi isimo umbolekisi acelwa ukuba asidale.

I-DTI ye-front-end neye-back-end

• I-DTI ye-front-end: Ihlanganisa izindleko zezindlu kuphela (irente noma i-mortgage, kuhlanganise nezintela zendawo, izimali ezikhokhwayo, nomshwalense lapho kusebenza khona). Ngokuvamile isetshenziswa ekubolekeni kwe-mortgage, lapho umthwalo wezindlu uhlolwa ngokuhlukile.
• I-DTI ye-back-end: Ihlanganisa zonke izinkokhelo zezikweletu kuhlanganise nezindlu. Lesi yisibalo esisetshenziswa kabanzi; "DTI" ngaphandle kokucaciswa ngokuvamile kusho lokhu.

Izilinganiso ze-front-end ziwumkhuba we-mortgage futhi azenezezeli okuncane ekubolekeni okungenasibambiso noma kwebhizinisi, lapho ukuhlukaniswa okuwusizo kuphakathi kwezibopho zezikweletu nezingezona ezikweletu kunokuphakathi kwezindlu nakho konke okunye.

Okubalwa ku-numerator

Faka zonke izibopho zanyanga zonke zesivumelwano umboleki azibophezele kuzo:

• Izitolimende zazo zonke izimalimboleko ezikhona — ezasebhange, ezemali encane, ezidijithali, ezezezimali zempahla, nezingahlelekile lapho kungaqinisekiswa khona
• Inkokhelo ehlongozwayo yemalimboleko ehlolwayo
• Izinkokhelo eziphansi kwezikweletu ezijikelezayo nama-ovadrafti
• Izinkokhelo ze-hire purchase nezokuqashisa
• Izinkokhelo zesondlo eziyalwe yinkantolo nemiyalo yezikweletu zezahlulelo
• Ukudonswa emholweni okunobunjalo besikweletu, kuhlanganise nezimalimboleko zomqashi neze-sacco
• Iziqinisekiso umboleki azinikezile esezivele ziyabizwa

Khipha izindleko zokuphila ezingezona izikweletu — ukudla, ezokuthutha, izindleko zesikole, izinsiza, amaprimiyamu omshwalense. Lezi zibaluleke kakhulu ekukhokhekeni, kodwa i-DTI akulona ithuluzi elizithwebulayo, okuwubuthakathaka obuyinhloko balesi silinganiso futhi okuyisihloko sesigaba esingezansi.

Izakhiwo ze-balloon neze-interest-only zihlanekezela i-numerator. Isikweletu esinezinkokhelo eziphansi manje nenkokhelo enkulu kamuva sikhombisa i-DTI ebukeka iyinhle kakhulu kuyo yonke impilo yaso bese singakwazi ukukhokheka ekupheleni kwesikhathi. Ukuhlola izimalimboleko ezinjalo kusetshenziswa inkokhelo elinganayo ekhokha isikweletu ngokugcwele kuyisilungiso esijwayelekile.

Okubalwa ku-denominator

Umholo ophelele ngaphambi kwentela nezibanjwa ezisemthethweni, ovela emithonjeni engaqinisekiswa futhi eqinile ngokwanele:

• Umholo nezibonelelo ezijwayelekile, okufakazelwa ngamaphepha omholo nangamakhredithi asebhange
• Imali engenayo yebhizinisi esalayo, etholakala ngokuhlolwa kwemalimboleko hhayi ngokumane kushiwo
• Imali engenayo yokuqashisa, eyehliswa ngenxa yengozi yokungabi namqashi kanye neyokuqoqwa
• Umholo wempesheni nowe-annuity
• Umholo womuntu oboleka naye, lapho ebambe iqhaza ngokusemthethweni emalimbolekweni

Kusebenze ngokucophelela: amabhonasi enzeka kanye, i-overtime engeyona eyesivumelwano, ikhomishini onyakeni wokuqala, umholo ovela emthonjeni oqashe nomunye oboleka naye, nanoma yimuphi umholo ongenakulandelelwa kurekhodi lasebhange noma lwemali yeselula.

Isibonelo esisetshenziwe

Umfakisicelo uhola u-12,000 ophelele ngenyanga futhi ucela imalimboleko edinga inkokhelo engu-2,000.

• Imalimboleko yemoto: 1,800
• Ubuncane bekhadi lesikweletu: 400
• Imalimboleko yedijithali: 300
• Isamba esivele sikhona: 2,500
• Imalimboleko entsha ehlongozwayo: 2,000
• Isamba senkokhelo yesikweletu: 4,500

DTI = (4,500 ÷ 12,000) × 100 = 37.5%

Ngokomkhawulo wenqubomgomo ongu-40%, lesi sicelo siyaphumelela.

Kungani u-37.5% usengaba ngaphezu kwamandla okukhokha

Manje bheka isimo sangempela semali salowo mboleki:

• Imali engenayo ephelele yanyanga zonke: 12,000
• Intela nezibanjwa ezisemthethweni: (2,200)
• Imali engenayo esele: 9,800
• Izidingo zasendlini (ukudla, irenti, ezokuthutha, imali yesikole, ugesi namanzi): (5,500)
• Imali etholakalayo yokukhokhela isikweletu: 4,300
• Inkokhelo yesikweletu edingekayo: (4,500)
• Ukushoda: (200)

Umboleki uyaphumelela isilinganiso kodwa wehluleka izibalo. Lokhu akusona isimo esingajwayelekile — kuwumphumela obikezelwayo wokusebenzisa isivivinyo sephesenti lemali engenayo ephelele kubaboleki abanezindleko zokuphila ezidla ingxenye enkulu yemali yabo engenayo.

Ukuhlanekezela kuncike ezingeni lemali engenayo. Qhathanisa ababoleki ababili nge-DTI efanayo:

Umboleki onemali engenayo ephansi:

• Imali engenayo ephelele: 12,000
• DTI: 37.5% (Inkokhelo yesikweletu: 4,500)
• Imali engenayo esele ngemva kwezibanjwa: 9,800
• Izidingo zasendlini: (5,500)
• Imali etholakalayo yokukhokhela isikweletu: 4,300
• Isimo: Ukushoda ngo-(200)

Umboleki onemali engenayo ephezulu:

• Imali engenayo ephelele: 60,000
• DTI: 37.5% (Inkokhelo yesikweletu: 22,500)
• Imali engenayo esele ngemva kwezibanjwa: 45,000
• Izidingo zasendlini: (12,000)
• Imali etholakalayo yokukhokhela isikweletu: 33,000
• Isimo: Insalela engu-10,500

Izindleko eziyisisekelo azikhuphuki ngokuhambisana nemali engenayo. Ngakho-ke isilinganiso esifanayo sichaza ukunethezeka ezingeni elilodwa lemali engenayo nokucindezeleka kwelinye, futhi imingcele ye-DTI ethathwe ezimakethe zabathengi abanemali engenayo ephezulu ivame ukukhululeka ngokweqile uma isetshenziswa ezingeni eliphansi lokusatshalaliswa kwemali engenayo.

Indlela yemali engenayo esele

Ukulungisa kuwukuhlola insalela esikhundleni sesilinganiso:

Available surplus = Net income − Essential living costs − Existing debt service

Gunyaza lapho insalela ikwazi ukukhokhela inkokhelo ehlongozwayo ngomkhawulo ocacile — ngokuvamile ngokukhawulela ukukhokhelwa kwesikweletu ku-50% kuya ku-70% wensalela esikhundleni sephesenti lemali engenayo ephelele. Lena yindlela eyisisekelo sezibalo zokukhokheleka ekubolekiseni amabhizinisi amancane kakhulu namancane, lapho izimali zasekhaya nezebhizinisi ziyisikhwama esisodwa futhi isilinganiso semali engenayo ephelele cishe singenalo ulwazi.

Ababolekisi abaningi basebenzisa kokubili: i-DTI njengesihlungi esisheshayo, imali engenayo esele njengesivivinyo esibophezelayo. Lapho lokhu okubili kungavumelani, isibalo semali engenayo esele yisona esichaza ukuthi ngabe imali ikhona yini.

Imingcele evamile

Imikhawulo iyehluka ngokwababolekisi, umkhiqizo kanye negunya lomthetho, futhi ezimakethe ezimbalwa lokhu kumiswa ngokomthetho. Amabanga angezansi akhombisa umkhuba ojwayelekile hhayi imithetho esebenza yonke indawo.

• Ngaphansi kuka-30%: Kukhululekile; kukhona indawo yokuboleka okwengeziwe.
• 30%–40%: Indawo evamile yokugunyazwa kwemikhiqizo eminingi.
• 40%–50%: Ukuvunyelwa ngokuvamile kudinga amandla okulinganisa (isibambiso esiqinile, ubudlelwano obude, iholo eliqinisekisiwe elizinzile).
• Ngaphezu kuka-50%: Kwenqatshwa ababolekisi abaningi; kuthathwa njengenkomba yokweqile kwezikweletu.

Izichasiso ezimbili zesakhiwo:

Ukuboleka okunesibambiso kubekezelela izilinganiso eziphakeme kunokungenasibambiso. Imali-mboleko yendlu engu-45% ye-DTI kanye nemali-mboleko yomuntu siqu engenasibambiso engu-45% kuthwala ukulahlekelwa okulindelekile okuhlukile, ngoba isimo sokubuyiswa siyehluka.

Ukuboleka okudonswa eholweni kuvame ukukhawulelwa umthetho, hhayi inqubomgomo. Izindawo eziningi zomthetho zikhawulela isamba sokudonswa eholweni lomsebenzi — okuvame ukuvezwa njengengxenye enkulu yeholo eliyisisekelo noma inani elincane leholo elethwa ekhaya okumele lisale ngemva kwakho konke ukudonswa. Lapho umthetho onjalo ukhona, udlula inqubomgomo yangaphakathi futhi usebenza ezingeni lesiliphu somholo, okusho ukuthi umbolekisi kumele azi ezinye izindonswa zomboleki ngaphambi kokuba angengeze eyakhe ngokusemthethweni. Qinisekisa umthetho wamanje wendawo yakho; le mikhawulo ichitshiyelwa kaningi kunokuba izinqubomgomo eziningi zokuboleka zibuyekezwa.

I-DTI iqhathaniswa nezinye izilinganiso zokuboleka

• I-DTI: Iqhathanisa ukukhokhwa kwezikweletu neholo. Iphendula: Ingabe umboleki angakwazi ukukhokhela lokhu?
• Iholo elisele / imali esele: Iqhathanisa ukukhokhwa kwezikweletu neholo ngemva kwezindleko zokuphila. Iphendula: Ingabe imali ikhona ngempela?
• I-LTV: Iqhathanisa imali-mboleko nenani lesibambiso. Iphendula: Kungatholakala malini uma bengakwazi ukukhokha?
• I-DSCR: Iqhathanisa ukugeleza kwemali kwebhizinisi nenkonzo yesikweletu. Iphendula: Ingabe ibhizinisi lingakwazi ukukhokhela lokhu?
• I-LTI: Iqhathanisa isamba semali-mboleko neholo lonyaka. Iphendula: Ingabe umboleki ugcwele izikweletu ngokuphelele?

I-DSCR iyindlela yebhizinisi efana ne-DTI futhi ngokuvamile ivezwa njengempinda kunokuba kube amaphesenti — i-DSCR engu-1.25 isho ukuthi ukugeleza kwemali kumboza inkonzo yesikweletu ngokuphindwe ngo-1.25. Lapho iholo lomboleki livela ebhizinisini analo, zombili izilinganiso ziyasebenza futhi kufanele zivumelane.

Indawo engabonakali: isikweletu umbolekisi angakwazi ukusibona

I-DTI inembile kuphela ngokwenani elingaphezulu, futhi inani elingaphezulu ngokuvamile alipheleli.

Ukuboleka okungahlelekile akuveli ndawo. Imali ekweletwa umndeni, abaqashi, amaqembu okonga, abanikazi bezitolo kanye nababolekisi abangahlelekile inengcindezi yangempela yokubuyisela imali futhi ayinamkhondo wemibhalo.

Akubona bonke ababolekisi ababikayo. Lapho ababolekisi bedijithali nabangalawulwa bengaphandle kohlaka lwehhovisi lezikweletu, umboleki angaba nezimali-mboleko ezimbalwa ezisebenzayo ezingeke zivezwe ukusesha.

Ukubambezeleka kokubika. Imali-mboleko ethathwe ngesonto eledlule ingase ingabonakali amasonto. Abafake izicelo abenza izicelo kubabolekisi abambalwa ngesikhashana bayakusebenzisa lokhu, ngamabomu noma ngenye indlela.

Iziqinisekiso ziyizibopho ezinemibandela, hhayi ezamanje. Obolekayo oqinisekisa izikweletu ezimbalwa ze-sacco unesibopho i-DTI engasinaki kuze kube yilapho siba ngokoqobo, okuyisikhathi lapho sifika sonke ngasikhathi sinye.

Izinyathelo zokuvikela ezisebenzayo: ukuhlaziywa kwezitatimende zebhange nezimali zeselula ukuze kutholakale amaphethini okukhokha kubabolekisi abangazange bavele embikweni wehhovisi lezikweletu; imibuzo eqondile mayelana nezibopho ezingahlelekile, ebutshwa njengento evamile kunokuba ibe ukusolwa; igebe eliqaphile phakathi kwesilinganiso esibaliwe nomkhawulo wenqubomgomo; kanye nokubheka kabusha ihhovisi lezikweletu ngokushesha ngaphambi kokukhishwa kwemali ezikweletini ezinkulu kunokuba kwenziwe kuphela ngesikhathi sokufaka isicelo.

Lapho i-DTI iphambuka khona

Iholo eliphelele lisetshenziselwa ababolekayo abahola kancane. Umthombo omkhulu kunayo yonke wokukhuliswa ngokweqile kwekhono lokukhokha, ngezizathu ezichazwe ngenhla.

Isikweletu esisha asifakwanga esibalweni sezikweletu. Kuveza isilinganiso esichaza isimo esingeke sibe khona uma isikweletu sesibhaliwe.

Iholo elingahlali isikhathi eside. Iholo lezikhathi ezengeziwe, ikhomishini, iholo lesizini kanye nenyanga eyodwa eqinile kuthathwa njengokuhlala njalo.

Izindleko zekhaya ziyacatshangwa kunokuba zibuzwe. Imali ebanjwayo evamile isetshenziswa kuwo wonke umfakisicelo kungakhathalekile ubukhulu bekhaya, abondliwa noma umjikelezo wezimali zesikole.

Ukuxhasa kabusha isikweletu kubalwa kabili, noma akubalwa nhlobo. Lapho isikweletu esisha sivala esivele sikhona, ukukhokhwa kwesidala kufanele kususwe esibalweni sezikweletu — kodwa kuphela uma ukuvalwa kwesidala kuwumbandela wokukhishwa kwemali futhi kugcizelelwa ngempela.

Isilinganiso sibalwa kanye bese singaphinde sibalwe. I-DTI yombolekayo ngesikhathi sokuqalisa isikweletu ayisho lutho ngesimo sakhe eminyakeni emibili kamuva, ngemva kwezinye izikweletu ezintathu kwenye indawo. Ezikweletini ezijikelezayo nasezinqumweni zokwengeza imali, isibalo sidinga ukuvuselelwa.

Ukuthatha umkhawulo njengesivivinyo. Umkhawulo ungumngcele, hhayi ukuhlola. Izikweletu eziphasa isilinganiso zisahluleka, futhi ukuhlolwa okuqhubekayo yikho okuzibambayo.